論文

サイバー・フィジカル社会に向けたロボット・AI・アバターの利用に伴い適用される法令と国際標準及びJIS規格を整理する。産業、サービス、協働ロボットなどの技術的特性に基づくロボットの分類とともに、ロボットに関する明文規定がある労働安全、通信規制、経済安全保障、医療、研究開発などの現行法令を確認した上で、ROS（Robot Operating System）の構成要素に基づきロボットの設計、安全性、操作、利用、データ保護など関連法令や規格を把握する。

本稿は、2023年に提唱したAI規正論を発展させ、AIシステム適合性評価制度の展開と統合認証の実現に向けた考察を行うものである。日本のAI制度標準化では、JIS Q 42001の制定により、マネジメントシステム規格に基づくAI統治の基盤が整備された。EUでは、AI法に基づく整合規格策定の遅延やオムニバス提案による規制緩和の動きが見られ、ブリュッセル効果の変容が顕著である。国際標準化においては、ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42での日本の貢献が大きく、複数のワーキンググループで主導的役割を担っている。AI規正論2.0の目標は、製品認証とマネジメントシステム認証を統合した「統合認証」の実現であり、サイバネティック・アバターの認証研究を通じてその実用性を検証している。信頼できるAI社会の実現に向け、国際標準化活動を通じてAI統治のベストプラクティスを世界に発信していくことが求められる。

1970年代のコンピュータによる情報処理が行われるようになった時代からAI社会の到来に至るまでの情報法の形成と個人情報保護法制の展開を振り返るとともに、技術革新の各段階について、コンピュータ、インターネット、SNS・スマートフォン、そしてAIの登場により生じた法的課題とプライバシー環境の変遷を考察する。日本の個人情報保護法の立法及び改正過程、OECDガイドラインからEUのGDPRやAI法、日EU間の十分性認定、APECのCBPRシステムなど、国内外の個人情報保護法制の発展を確認する。さらに、AI社会の進展と次世代の技術進化に伴い将来的に新たに生ずことが予想される課題を例示し、技術と法の相互作用の歴史を紐解くことで、新興技術がもたらす変革に対し、法制度はいかに応答すべきかを探る手がかりを提示する。

Cybernetic avatars integrate physical and virtual avatars to enhance human capabilities in diverse scales and contexts.

Purpose: This study aims to fill the gap in the literature and to explore the potential of using cybernetic avatars as tools for climate and energy transformation within the context of public policies, demonstrating their role in heightening awareness and fostering positive attitudes towards sustainable energy among individuals, as well as enhancing the efficiency and communication of public administration. Design/methodology/approach: In the context of disseminating knowledge about the climate impacts of day-to-day human activities, the authors address main elements that constitute the specific basic terms of reference for a draft framework aimed at using cybernetic avatars as tools for climate and energy transformation. Findings: The symbiosis of consumer awareness, technological innovation, and educational endeavours, facilitated by cybernetic avatars, constitutes the linchpin for an environmentally responsible and sustainable energy future. As the energy sector adapts to the evolving preferences of the new generation, the integration of avatars and advanced technologies emerges as a pivotal factor in sculpting a conscientious and ecologically sustainable energy landscape. Social implications: Energy 4.0 technologies transform the energy sector. Industry 4.0 drives digitalisation, which brings various means, such as Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain and the metaverse, that reshape energy markets and enable distributed energy transactions. These technologies combine to create the concept of avatarisation, which imagines a digital representation in a virtual world, driving us towards Society 5.0. Originality/value: The authors propose a draft framework for the implementation cybernetic avatars in climate and energy policy (“Nexus Avatar Platform for Sustainable Future”), consisting of three main elements: vision, tool scope, and policy coherence. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105005869157&origin=inward

Purpose: India is a fast-growing economy, that has a majority share in the global information technology industry (IT). Rapid urbanisation and modernisation in India have strained its energy sector, which is being reformed to cope. Despite being the global IT heart and having above average research output in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), India has not yet managed to leverage its benefits to the full. This study aims to address the role of AI and information management (IM) in India’s energy transition to highlight the challenges and barriers to its development and use in the energy sector. Design/methodology/approach: The study, through analysis of proposed strategies, current policies, available literature and reports, discusses the role of AI and IM in the energy transition in India, highlighting the current situation and challenges. Findings: The results show dispersed research and development incentives for IT in the Indian energy sector; however, the needed holistic top-down approach is lacking, calling for due attention in this matter. Adaptive and swift actions from policymakers towards AI and IM are warranted in India. Practical implications: The ongoing transition of the Indian energy sector with the integration of smart technologies would result in increased access to big data. Extracting the maximum benefits from this would require a comprehensive AI and IM policy. Social implications: The revolution in AI and robotics must be carried out in line with sustainable development goals, to support climate action and to consider privacy issues – both areas in India must be strengthened. Originality/value: The paper offers an original discussion on certain applicable solutions regarding the energy transition of AI coming from the Global South; they are based on lessons learned from the Indian case studies presented in this study.

This article focuses on issues which need to be considered in aiming to ensure both the effectiveness of infectious disease control measures and the protection of the right to privacy from the following perspectives. 　(1) Issues regarding the restriction of the right to privacy in emergency situations, including (i) the types of measures taken in emergency situations and issues with respect to the restriction of the right to privacy in emergency situations, (ii) the normalisation, constancy and fixation of exceptional measures in emergency situations, (iii) dual-use and use for purposes different from those originally intended, (iv) acquisition of secondary information and the emergence of unexpected situations (e.g. the applicability of "body temperature" to special care-required personal information and the acquisition of secondary information associated with the measurement of body temperature, and examples of mission creep); and (5) the need to respond to over-reaction without recognising the urgency of the situation. 　(2) Issues concerning privacy in countermeasures against infectious diseases, including (i) the procedures for requesting and disclosing personal information and privacy, (ii) the obligation to cooperate in active epidemiological investigations of specific patients and others based on the amended Infectious Diseases Control Act and restrictions on the right to privacy, (iii) the applicability of personal information concerning the acceptance of tests and other examinations as special care-required personal information, and (iv) the need to respond to over-reaction without recognising the urgency of the situation. (ii) the necessity of the implementation of information security management measures in relation to infectious disease countermeasures. 　(3) Issues concerning the use of technology for the purpose of countermeasures against infectious diseases and privacy, including (i) the use of GPS location information, (ii) considerations required to resolve concerns in the introduction and spread of contact confirmation applications, (iii) the acquisition of biometric information and the use of biometrics, and (iv) sewage epidemiological surveys and privacy (privacy of drainage).

In order to identify international trends in AI governance , this paper overviewed the status of AI-related legislation in 74 countries and institutions and analysed the current status of main trends in relation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (OECD), the G7 Summit, the United Nations, the AI Safety Summit, and Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, Peru, the UK, and the US, which have started to develop legislation for AI governance. Through this research, international trends in AI regulation legislation have been surveyed and analysed to contribute to policy-making which will support the future of AI governance.

We are currently promoting a project to develop (physical or virtual) avatar technology and to create a society where everyone can engage in various activities as they wish, beyond physical constraints, by using avatars. We are particularly concerned with enriching our communications, interactions, and relationships through avatars. However, this aim cannot be achieved by technology alone. We have to consider the ELSI (ethical, legal and social issues) concerning avatars as well. In this workshop, the speakers will introduce some of our technologies and then raise ethical and legal questions concerning avatars. Then we would like to discuss these issues with all the participants.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the legal implications of cybernetic avatars (CA), which will be used in our daily life as remotely operated and autonomous robots. Such legal aspects consider the research, development, and use of 'cyber-physical systems (CPS)', which combine 'cyber' and 'physical' elements, and are referred to as the 'avatar law'. The legal issues regarding CA need to be considered from the same perspective not only in Japan but also internationally.

With recent technological developments, such as machine learning, data collection has become increasingly important. However, due to privacy issues, there is an ethical problem in collecting data on everyday activities. In this study, we aimed to develop a mechanism for acquiring consent interactively by using a robot and, as a first step, focus on a dialogue strategy in which users feel safe to provide their data. Specifically, we investigated the effects of reminder and rationale provided by the robot in situations where consent is obtained. We conducted two experiments in which users conversed with a virtual robot agent in a crowd setting. We found that the robot reminder improved the degree of understanding regarding the use of data. In addition, the permission rate was improved by robot notifications. However, no effect of rationale was observed. These results contribute to the discussion on the ethical aspects of data collection by robots.

Smart cities do not exist without robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). As the case of the COVID-19 pandemic shows, they can assist in combating the novel coronavirus and its effects, and preventing its spread. However, their deployment necessitate the most secure, safe, and efficient use. The purpose of this article is to address the regulatory framework for AI and robotics in the context of developing resilient organisations in smart cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study provides regulatory insights necessary to re-examine the strategic management of technology creation, dissemination, and application in smart cities, in order to address the issues regarding the strategic management of innovation policies nationally, regionally, and worldwide. To meet these goals, the article analyses government materials, such as strategies, policies, legislation, reports, and literature. It also juxtaposes materials and case studies, with the help of expert knowledge. The authors emphasise the imminent need for coordinated strategies to regulate AI and robots designed for improving digital and smart public health services globally.

This article aims to illustrate the basis for the development of authentication, which will be the foundation of future cybernetic-avatar (CA) infrastructures, enabling the safe and secure use of CA’s. This will be realised by the authentication of CA operators (User Authentication Technology), identification and authentication of CA’s (CA Authentication), and ensuring connectivity and existence between operators (User Entities) and the CA’s themselves (CA Notarisation). An ELSI (Ethical, Legal, Social Implications) research platform will be established, to develop a new dimension of the legal field, that is, AI, Robot, and Avatar Law to solve the social issues and realise an avatar lifestyle.

AI統治（ガバナンス）の国際的な動向を把握するため、74の国及び機関のAI関係の法整備の状況を調査。国際的な取り組みについては、経済協力開発機構（OECD）、G7サミット、国際連合、AI Safety Summit、AI統治に向けた法整備に着手しているブラジル、カナダ、中国、EU、ペルー、イギリス、米国の現状を紹介。AI統治のゆくえを考える上での基礎資料として、AI規制に関する法整備の国際的な趨向を調査し分析する。

民間部門におけるAIの利用や研究開発が注目されがちであるが、公的部門における利用において検討が必要な課題も多い。国外のAI規制に関する議論においては、行政におけるAI利用に関する方針も示されつつある。これらの点を踏まえ、各国のAI規制を紹介することで、AI技術の一層の発展と社会的な影響を探求し期待しつつも、AIの利用に関する適切な法規制やガイドライン等の整備の検討に資する現況を把握したい。

①AIシステムの研究開発から利用、販売及びサービスの提供にあたって必要な「ルール（規制）」を定め、②その遵守について自主的な取り組みを尊重しつつ、③販売やサービス提供において「事実上の強制規格」として機能する「ルール（整合規格・技術標準・要求事項）」を導入し、④それを計画、実施、評価及び改善するためのマネジメントシステム規格を定め、⑤これらの仕組みを規律するための根拠を法定するとともに、⑥「AI規正委員会（仮称）」を設置し、⑦「日本版AIシステム適合性評価制度」を中核とするAI規制構想を提案する。 専ら自主的な規律に期待するソフトローの検討を試行錯誤し続けるのではなく、一方で、反対意見が根強い規制（実質的な禁止事項の法定等）の導入に伴うハードローへの抵抗感を払拭するため、これまで検討がなされてきた原則・指針やガイドライン等をめぐる議論からは発想を転換した取り組みを模索することが本稿の目的である。当該目的を達成するために、規範の遵守を自主性に委ねハードローによる規制を行わない法規制回避論からの脱却、国際的な動向を踏まえたAI規制の「最適化(optimisation)」、AIの研究開発・利用における将来的なAI規制政策に資する方策により、新たなAI規制の制度設計を試みる。