著書

This is the second publication in the APO Productivity Databook series, which was relaunched last year. The results and analysis presented in this volume are based on the APO Productivity Database, constructed under the joint research effort of the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory at Keio University. The APO Productivity Database project was established in September 2007. In the past year research effort has been focused on building the basic structure of the database. Among other work areas, the APO productivity questionnaire was revamped to meet the data requirements of the APO Productivity Database better, with an expanded list of economic indicators and estimates. Metadata of countries’ national accounts were also collected in a survey appended to the APO questionnaire to build a knowledge base of cross-country data comparability. These improvements are reflected in this edition of the APO Productivity Databook. In this report, results presented in last year’s edition have been rerun with more harmonized data and definitions, made possible by the work input into the APO Productivity Database. In the questionnaire, national experts were requested to submit the whole time series. Consequently, the time series are not only updated with new data for 2006, but latest revisions to the back series are also included. Where there are discrepancies between the two editions, explanations are given. New analysis and features have also been made available for this report. Baseline indicators (as presented in Databook 2008) are conducted for all 20 APO member economies (referred to as the　 APO20) and the three reference economies, namely the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), the US and the EU. However, due to data limitations, further analysis is not possible for all countries. Progressively more sophisticated measurements and analysis are therefore conducted for two further layers of country subgroups. For example, final demand analysis and real income comparisons are conducted for 17 APO member economies and the three reference economies, whereas total factor productivity estimates are constructed for three APO member economies (the ROC, Japan and Korea) and two reference economies (China and the US). While maintaining the inclusion of all APO member economies in our analysis of the basic indicators, analysis of labor productivity is deepened for countries where the data demand can be supported.

This is the third publication in the APO Productivity Databook series, based on the APO Productivity Database project that was established in September 2007. The results and analysis presented in this volume are constructed under the joint research effort of the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University. In this report, results presented in last year’s edition have been rerun with more harmonized data and definitions, made possible by the research progress of the APO Productivity Database. The APO questionnaire was revamped to meet the data requirements of the APO Productivity Database better, with an expanded list of economic indicators and estimates. In the questionnaire, national experts were requested to submit the whole time series. Consequently, the time series are not only updated with new data for 2007, but latest revisions to the back series are also included. Metadata of respective countries’ national accounts were also collected in a survey appended to the APO questionnaire to build a knowledge base of cross-country data comparability. Where there are discrepancies between the two editions, explanations are given. Baseline indicators are calculated for 23 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies (referred to as the APO20) and three non-member countries in Asia, which are the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei and Myanmar, and two reference economies, the US and the EU. Brunei and Myanmar are included in the APO Productivity Database for the first time to complete the ASEAN group. Furthermore, final demand analysis and real income comparisons are conducted for 17 APO member economies, China and the two reference economies, whereas total factor productivity (TFP) estimates are constructed for seven APO member economies (the ROC, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Thailand) and for China and the US as reference economies. While maintaining the inclusion of all APO member economies in our analysis of the basic indicators, analysis of labor productivity is deepened for countries where the data demand can be supported.

This is the fourth publication in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian countries in relation to global and regional economies. The productivity measures in this report are based on the estimates developed in the APO Productivity Database project conducted since September 2007 as a joint research effort of the APO and Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University, under consultancy of Professors Dale W. Jorgenson (Harvard University) and W. Erwin Diewert (University of British Columbia). Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies (referred to as the APO20) and nine non-member countries in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (hereafter GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (hereafter UAE), and two reference economies, the United States (US) and European Union (EU). The GCC countries are included in the APO Productivity Database for the first time in this publication to cover the Western Asian countries. The sources of economic growth are decomposed to factor inputs of labor and capital services and total factor productivity (TFP) during 1970–2008 for 13 Asian economies (China, the ROC, Fiji, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and the US as reference economies.

This is the fifth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a long-term cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO) member economies (referred to as the APO20) – Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (hereafter ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereafter Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereafter Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, and nine non-member economies in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (hereafter GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (hereafter UAE). In addition, as reference economies, the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Australia are included. This edition covers the period 1970–2010. The productivity measures in this report are based on the estimates developed for the APO Productivity Database project conducted since September 2007 as a joint research effort between the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University. The concepts of the estimates in this edition are mainly based on the System of National Accounts in 1993 (1993 SNA). In this edition, some significant revisions on the national accounts were incorporated. Observing new developments for upgrading of statistics systems in APO member economies, in December 2011, Thailand newly published its national accounts based on the 1993 SNA, and Japan published its national accounts with the new benchmark year 2005, which has considerable impacts on its gross domestic product (GDP). In August 2011, the Philippines published its new national accounts based on the 1993 SNA and partly on the 2008 SNA. While there are movements toward upgrading the SNA, some countries, such as Cambodia and Indonesia, still have not fully introduced the 1993 SNA. The variations of data definitions and coverage occur due to these different statuses of SNA adaptions among the member economies, calling for data harmonization for performing comparative productivity analyses. This Databook project tries to reconcile the national accounts variations that are based on the different concepts and definitions to provide harmonized estimates for international comparison. To analyze the overall productivity improvement as well as partial productivity improvement (i.e., labor productivity and capital productivity), the Databook project constructs the estimates of capital services appropriate to the concept of capital input introduced in the 2008 SNA. Based on our estimates of capital services, the sources of economic growth in each economy are decomposed to factor inputs of labor and capital and total factor productivity (TFP) for 15 Asian economies – China, the ROC, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam – along with the US as a reference economy. In addition, TFP estimates for India and Iran are newly presented in this edition.

This is the sixth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. Productivity analysis will allow valuable insights into the long-term growth potential of an economy. With a focus on long-term analysis, the APO Productivity Databook not only looks at a country’s productivity performance, but also its economic composition and sources of growth in order to provide readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics. 　Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO) member economies (referred to as the APO20) – Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, and nine non-member economies in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. Turkey has been newly included in this edition as a reference country. This edition covers the period 1970–2011. 　New developments for the upgrading of statistics systems in APO member economies have resulted in Malaysia and Hong Kong publishing their accounts based on the 2008 SNA in May 2012 and September 2012, respectively. In May 2011, the Philippines published its new accounts based on the 1993 SNA and elements of the 2008 SNA. While there are movements toward upgrading the SNA, some countries, such as Cambodia and Indonesia, have still not fully introduced the 1993 SNA. The different statuses of SNA adaptions among the member economies can result in discrepancies between data definitions and coverage, calling for data harmonization in order to perform comparative productivity analyses. This Databook project tries to reconcile the national accounts variations that are based on the different concepts and definitions, and provide harmonized estimates for international comparison.

The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive time-series database on outputs, intermediate inputs, and labor and capital inputs by industry and to provide a first result of the growth accounting framework for the Kingdom of Bhutan during 1990–2014. In particular, the hydropower electricity generation has had a considerable impact not only on the production-side of GDP, but also on the demand-side of GDP in the recent Bhutanese economic growth. Our growth accounting framework is designed to identify the impacts by electricity. The structure of this report is as follows. In section 2, the time-series Supply and Use Tables (SUT) are newly developed, sustaining the basic consistency with the Bhutan system of national accounts (BTSNA). The development of the time-series use tables enables to provide the comprehensive estimates of prices and quantities in outputs and intermediate inputs (energy, material, and service) by industry. In the SUT, the economic transaction between Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) as a producer of hydropower electricity and Bhutan Power Corporation (BPC) as a distributor of electricity is described, sustaining a consistency with the physical tables in the Electricity Account by NSB (2015). In section 3, this study newly develops the labor database consisting of the number of workers, hours worked per worker, and hourly wage, which are cross-classified by gender, education attainment, age, and employment status by industry. Based on the data we develop, the time-series estimates of compensation of employees (COE) are estimated and the quality-adjusted labor inputs (QALI), as an appropriate measure of labor inputs recommended in the 2008 SNA are estimated in each industry. In section 4, the time-series matrices of investment and capital stock by type of assets and industry are newly developed. Based on the developed time-series use tables and capital stock matrices, the rate of returns are estimated endogenously by industry. Using the estimated use costs of capital by type of assets and industry, capital services by industry are estimated. In section 5, based on the estimated outputs and capital, labor energy, material, and service (KLEMS) inputs for Bhutan, the TFP growths by industry are developed for the whole periods of our observation of 1990–2014. The first set of the results at the industry and the aggregate levels are introduced. References and the details of the estimated tables are presented in sections 6 and 7, respectively.