論文

Background and objective: Few studies have addressed the predictive value of positive urine cytology for prognosis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). We investigated whether the status of preoperative urine cytology could provide additional prognostic information following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Materials and methods: The study included 474 patients with primary nonmetastatic UTUC (pTa-4N0M0) from a retrospective multi-institutional cohort. The median follow-up period was 35 months. Associations between the status of urine cytologic evaluation and outcomes were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression models. Urine cytology was evaluated preoperatively using voided samples. Disease recurrence was defined as any relapse in nonbladder lesions and was coded separately from intravesical recurrence. Results: Positive urine cytology was detected in 184 patients (38.8%) preoperatively. Disease recurrence occurred in 127 patients, while intravesical recurrence occurred in 219 patients; 83 patients died of UTUC during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that only the incidence of intravesical recurrence was significantly associated with the status of urine cytologic evaluation (P = 0.024); the intravesical recurrence-free survival rates at 1 and 3 years following RNU were 61.4% and 46.2% in patients with positive urine cytology and 71.1% and 51.6% in their counterparts, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.28-2.43), tumor multifocality in RNU specimens (HR = 1.64, 95% CI; 1.09-2.47), and positive urine cytology (HR = 1.41, 95% CI; 1.08-1.85) were independent risk factors for subsequent intravesical recurrence. Conclusions: The results showed the prognostic value of positive urine cytology in patients with primary UTUC, and preoperative positive urine cytology may be associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of intravesical recurrence following RNU. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has had a great impact on the staging and treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study was to study the lymphatic anatomy of the lower extremities by constructing three-dimensional images using multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT). To select appropriate contrast media for MDCT lymphatic imaging in a cadaver, we tested four kinds of contrast media by injecting them into fresh swine kidneys. After the suitable contrast medium was selected, 10 lower extremities from 5 fresh cadavers were studied. After injection of the contrast medium, each lower extremity was scanned with high-spatial-resolution MDCT. The zinc oxide mixture was found to be the most appropriate contrast formula for MDCT imaging of cadaver lymphatics in terms of CT value and no extravasation. The high-resolution MDCT imaging revealed two different superficial lymphatic pathways in the legs. One lymphatic pathway accompanying the great saphenous vein had a constant course and was connected to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. However, another pathway, along the small saphenous vein, was variable. Some of the deep lymphatic vessels bypassed the inguinal lymph nodes. Using a new protocol, we were able to construct three-dimensional images of the lower extremity lymphatics in a cadaver model. MDCT imaging provided novel information about two different superficial lymphatic pathways in the lower extremities. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic performance of tomosynthesis with that of chest radiography for the detection of pulmonary emphysema, using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) as reference. Methods: Forty-eight patients with and 63 without pulmonary emphysema underwent chest MDCT, tomosynthesis and radiography on the same day. Two blinded radiologists independently evaluated the tomosynthesis images and radiographs for the presence of pulmonary emphysema. Axial and coronal MDCT images served as the reference standard and the percentage lung volume with attenuation values of -950 HU or lower (LAA-950) was evaluated to determine the extent of emphysema. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and generalised estimating equations model were used. Results: ROC analysis revealed significantly better performance (P < 0.0001) of tomosynthesis than radiography for the detection of pulmonary emphysema. The average sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of tomosynthesis were 0.875, 0.968, 0.955 and 0.910, respectively, whereas the values for radiography were 0.479, 0.913, 0.815 and 0.697, respectively. For both tomosynthesis and radiography, the sensitivity increased with increasing LAA-950. Conclusions: The diagnostic performance of tomosynthesis was significantly superior to that of radiography for the detection of pulmonary emphysema. In both tomosynthesis and radiography, the sensitivity was affected by the LAA-950. Key Points: • Tomosynthesis showed significantly better diagnostic performance for pulmonary emphysema than radiography. • Interobserver agreement for tomosynthesis was significantly higher than that for radiography. • Sensitivity increased with increasing LAA -950 in both tomosynthesis and radiography. • Tomosynthesis imparts a similar radiation dose to two projection chest radiography. • Radiation dose and cost of tomosynthesis are lower than those of MDCT. © 2013 European Society of Radiology.

AimsPhrenic nerves (PNs) can be damaged during interventional cardiovascular therapy because of the nerves' proximity to the heart. This study aimed to analyse the anatomy of the PN by performing three-dimensional (3-D) imaging and pace mapping.Methods and resultsForty consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation referred for catheter ablation were enrolled in this study and underwent preoperative cardiovascular computed tomography (CT). In 10 patients with sinus rhythm during tomography, 3-D images of the right and left pericardiophrenic bundles (PBs), consisting of the ipsilateral PN and accompanying vessels, were reconstructed from the CT data. During the electrophysiological study, PN pace mapping was performed from both atria. The course of the PBs generated by CT imaging and the PN pace map generated by the 3-D mapping system were compared. By electrical pacing, the PNs were captured in 40 individuals (100%) from the superior vena cava and the right atrium, and in 17 patients (43%) from the left atrial appendage. Clear 3-D images of PBs were reconstructed in all cases in which CT-reconstruction was performed. The distance between the locations of the right PB generated by CT imaging and those of the right PN-capture sites in the right-sided heart on the mapping system was 8.7 ± 5.8 mm.ConclusionsThe 3-D routes of the bilateral PNs passing near the heart were verified by pace mapping. The preoperatively reconstructed 3-D course of the PB succeeded in locating the PN, which may facilitate the comprehension of PN anatomy to avoid its injury during interventional cardiovascular therapy. © 2013 The Author.

Rationale and Objectives Diaphragmatic motion in a standing position during tidal breathing remains unclear. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate diaphragmatic motion during tidal breathing in a standing position in a health screening center cohort using dynamic chest radiography in association with participants’ demographic characteristics. Materials and Methods One hundred seventy-two subjects (103 men; aged 56.3 ± 9.8 years) underwent sequential chest radiographs during tidal breathing using dynamic chest radiography with a flat panel detector system. We evaluated the excursions of and peak motion speeds of the diaphragms. Associations between the excursions and participants’ demographics (gender, height, weight, body mass index [BMI], smoking history, tidal volume, vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume) were investigated. Results The average excursion of the left diaphragm (14.9 ± 4.6 mm, 95% CI 14.2–15.5 mm) was significantly larger than that of the right (11.0 ± 4.0 mm, 95% CI 10.4–11.6 mm) (P < 0.001). The peak motion speed of the left diaphragm (inspiratory, 16.6 ± 4.2 mm/s; expiratory, 13.7 ± 4.2 mm/s) was significantly faster than that of the right (inspiratory, 12.4 ± 4.4 mm/s; expiratory, 9.4 ± 3.8 mm/s) (both P < 0.001). Both simple and multiple regression models demonstrated that higher BMI and higher tidal volume were associated with increased excursions of the bilateral diaphragm (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The average excursions of the diaphragms are 11.0 mm (right) and 14.9 mm (left) during tidal breathing in a standing position. The diaphragmatic motion of the left is significantly larger and faster than that of the right. Higher BMI and tidal volume are associated with increased excursions of the bilateral diaphragm.

Background: Recently, laparoendoscopic single-site adrenalectomy (LESS-A) has been developed as an alternative treatment for adrenal tumors. Although LESS-A is more technically complex than conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomy, its learning curve and the factors associated with poor surgical outcomes are poorly understood. We analyzed the learning curve of LESS-A and attempted to identify risk factors associated with worse surgical outcomes. Methods: We identified 103 patients who underwent LESS-A [performed by the same surgeon (A.M.)] from 2009 to 2015. The learning curve was analyzed using the moving average method (the 10-case moving average), and we assessed potential risk factors for a prolonged pneumoperitoneum time. Results: The learning curve stabilized at 30 cases. The cases were divided into two groups, the learning stage (LS) (cases 1–29) and master stage (MS) (cases 30–103) groups. The percentage of females and the frequency of previous abdominal surgery were higher in the LS group (p = 0.022 and 0.001, respectively). In the LS group, the mean pneumoperitoneum time was 92 ± 35 min, which was significantly longer than the equivalent value for the MS group (55 ± 18 min, p < 0.001). In the LS group, univariate analysis revealed that tumor size (≥50 mm) and the visceral fat area (VFA)/total fat area (TFA) ratio (≥0.49) were significantly associated with a prolonged pneumoperitoneum time (p = 0.046 and 0.046, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, tumor size and the VFA/TFA ratio were confirmed to be associated with a prolonged pneumoperitoneum time (p = 0.029 and 0.029, odds ratio 20.83 and 20.83, respectively). On the other hand, none of the examined factors were found to be associated with a prolonged pneumoperitoneum time in the MS group. Conclusions: LESS-A was performed safely in most cases. However, surgeons who are learning the LESS-A procedure need to pay attention to tumor size and visceral obesity.

Objective: Three-dimensional cardiac cine imaging has demonstrated promising clinical 1.5-Tesla results; however, its application to 3. T scanners has been limited because of the higher sensitivity to off-resonance artifacts. The aim of this study was to apply 3D cardiac cine imaging during a single breath hold in clinical patients on a 3. T scanner using the kat ARC (k- and adaptive-t auto-calibrating reconstruction for Cartesian sampling) technique and to evaluate the interchangeability between 2D and 3D cine imaging for cardiac functional analysis and detection of abnormalities in regional wall motion. Methods: Following institutional review board approval, we obtained 2D cine images with an acceleration factor of two during multiple breath holds and 3D cine images with a net scan acceleration factor of 7.7 during a single breath hold in 20 patients using a 3. T unit. Two readers independently evaluated the wall motion of the left ventricle (LV) using a 5-point scale, and the consistency in the detection of regional wall motion abnormality between 2D and 3D cine was analyzed by Cohen's kappa test. The LV volume was calculated at end-diastole and end-systole (LVEDV, LVESV); the ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial weight (LVmass) were also calculated. The relationship between functional parameters calculated for 2D and 3D cine images was analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. The bias and 95% limit of agreement (LA) were calculated using Bland-Altman plots. In addition, a qualitative evaluation of image quality was performed with regard to the myocardium-blood contrast, noise level and boundary definition. Results: Despite slight degradation in image quality for 3D cine, excellent agreement was obtained for the detection of wall motion abnormalities between 2D and 3D cine images (κ. = 0.84 and 0.94 for each reader). Excellent correlations between the two imaging methods were shown for the evaluation of functional parameters (r. >. 0.97). Slight differences in LVEDV, LVESV, LVEF and LVmass were observed, with average values of 1.6. ±. 8.9. mL, - 0.6. ±. 5.9. mL, 1.4. ±. 3.6%, and 1.3. ±. 8.7. g, respectively. Conclusions: Images obtained using the kat ARC 3D and conventional 2D cine techniques were equivalent in the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities and the evaluation of cardiac functional parameters.

Type B acute aortic dissection (AAD) is often successfully managed with medical therapy, with a lower mortality rate, compared with type A AAD. Although the number of AAD patients complicated with atrial fibrillation (AF) has increased, reflecting an aging society, there have only been a few reports regarding the association of AAD and AF. Furthermore, there is no consensus on anticoagulation therapy in ADD patients complicated with AF, despite the importance of anticoagulation therapy in AF treatment. Here, we discuss a 79-year-old man with type B AAD and chronic AF complicated with the rapid left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus formation after discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy. Emergent contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed type B AAD with a partially thrombosed false lumen from the bifurcation of the aorta and the left subclavian artery to above the diaphragm. Ulcer-like projection was observed in the proximal thrombosed false lumen. Ten days after discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy, LAA thrombus was detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which was not observed on admission. After anticoagulation therapy was resumed, the LAA thrombus disappeared, but the partially thrombosed false lumen was enlarged. The second discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy stabilized the dissected aorta and did not cause recurrence of LAA thrombus. In conclusion, clinicians need to balance the prevention of LAA thrombus formation with the complete thrombosis of a false lumen in patients with AAD and AF.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Objectives: : Functional venous anatomy in the brain has been mostly understood from the morphological and embryological points of view and no published study has directly evaluated the blood flow volume of cerebral small veins. We developed a method to directly evaluate the relative blood volume in small venous channels using multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and applied it to evaluate the blood volume in each tributary of the cavernous sinus, which plays an important role in cerebral venous drainage. Patients and Methods: : Ten patients with small brain tumors who had normal venous anatomy were included in the present study. All of them underwent preoperative 320-row multi-detector CT. After injecting the contrast bolus, we measured the Hounsfield units (HUs) at 10 time point over 60 s in each tributary of the cavernous sinus. The gamma distribution fitting to each HU enabled us to obtain a time-density curve and determine the relative venous volume in each venous channel. Results: : In terms of blood volume, the superficial middle cerebral vein and inferior petrosal sinus were the largest inflow and outflow channels of the cavernous sinus and accounted for 36.1% and 24.7% of its inflow and outflow on average, respectively. The superior orbital vein did not contribute to the blood volume passing through the cavernous sinus in the current study. Conclusions: : The present study allowed us to determine the relative blood volume in each tributary of the cavernous sinus, which was very useful to understand the physiological actual venous drainage pattern concerning the cavernous sinus in normal anatomy.

© 2019 Objective: Our specific aim was to introduce the TachoSil binding suturing technique for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients when closing the parenchymal defect after tumor excision during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), which is a novel technique for reducing the risk of developing subsequent pseudoaneurysm (PA). Methods: We identified 113 pT1aN0M0 RCC patients who underwent LPN at our institution. Eighty-one (72%) patients underwent the suturing procedure without binding TachoSil, whereas 32 (28%) patients underwent renorraphy with the renal defect closed together with TachoSil. The vascular complications were evaluated by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with enhanced contrast material at the first visit after LPN. We conducted Fischer's exact test to determine risk factors for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). Results: The median age was 55 (36–86) years old and the median follow-up time was 65 (12–147) months. In the overall population, there were 11 (11%) patients who underwent TAE because they developed PA. All 11 patients exhibited the imaging findings of PA, and were all from the conventional suturing group. In contrast, no patients for whom the TachoSil binding method was used had any significant findings on imaging (14% vs. 0%). Based on the analysis to determine risk factors for TAE due to PA development, the TachoSil binding suturing technique was one of the significant indicators for reducing the risk of developing PA. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the TachoSil binding suturing technique might reduce the development of PA after LPN. Prospective randomized study and comparison to the standard 2 or 3–layer renorrhaphy is needed to prove its actual value.

© 2018 International Psychogeriatric Association. In Japan, 4.6 million people are living with dementia and the number is expected to rise to 7 million by 2025. Amyloid-β (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) is used for cognitively normal Japanese people with or without subjective cognitive decline (SCD) for the purpose of clinical trials or diagnosis. Nevertheless, no empirical studies have been conducted on the safety of disclosing amyloid status to such populations. We conducted amyloid PET imaging on 42 participants (Aβ positive (n = 10) and negative (n = 32)). State anxiety and depression were measured at pre- and post-disclosure, and test-related distress at post-disclosure. Mean state anxiety and depression scores were below the cut-off through pre- and post-disclosure in the Aβ positive and negative groups. State anxiety and depression did not change over time and were not different between groups. Mean test-related distress scores were within normal limits at post-disclosure in both groups. No significant difference was found between groups. Disclosing Aβ positive results did not cause greater mood disturbance than negative results in a short period of time. The short-term psychological safety of disclosing Aβ PET results to asymptomatic Japanese adults with SCD was indicated.

© 2018, Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: Surgical procedures for impaired forearm rotation such as for chronic radial head dislocation remain controversial. We hypothesized that the morphological axis of the proximal radius is important for stable forearm rotation, and we aimed to clarify the relationship between the morphological axis and the kinematic axis of the proximal radius using four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT). Methods: Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled. Four-dimensional CT of the dominant forearm during supination and pronation was obtained. The rotation axis of forearm rotation was calculated from all frames during supination and pronation. The principle axis of inertia, which represents the most stable rotation axis of a rigid body, was calculated for the proximal radius by extending its surface data incrementally by 1% from the proximal end. The angle between the kinematic rotation axis and the morphological rotation axis of each length was calculated. Results: The rotation axis of the forearm was positioned on the radial head 0.0 mm radial and 0.4 mm posterior to the center of the radial head proximally and 2.0 mm radial and 1.2 mm volar to the fovea of the ulnar head distally. The principle axis at 15.9% of the length of the proximal radius coincided with the forearm rotation axis (kinematic axis). Individual differences were very small (SD 1.4%). Conclusion: Forearm rotation was based on the axis at 16% of the length of the proximal radius. This portion should be aligned in cases of severe morphological deformity of the radial head that cause “rattling motion” of the radial head after reduction procedures.

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: Weightbearing of the hindfoot affects positional changes of the ankle joint and subtalar joint (ankle-joint complex [AJC]). However, it is difficult to assess the kinematic changes in the hindfoot in a natural full weightbearing condition using conventional CT or cone beam computed tomography (CT) due to limitations of acquiring foot images under a physiological weightbearing condition using those imaging modalities. Analysis of AJC kinematics using fluoroscopy and 2D-3D registration technique requires data on the number of steps and amount of time to build and match the bones. This study aimed to analyze the effect of full weightbearing on hindfoot motion when standing using upright CT and 3D-3D surface registration. Methods: Forty-eight AJCs of 24 asymptomatic volunteers (13 women, 11 men) were examined under no weightbearing, 50% weightbearing, and single leg full weightbearing conditions while standing. The CT images were acquired from the distal femur to the whole foot using a 320-row upright CT scanner. The condition of each weightbearing stance was measured using a pressure mat. Bone-to-bone rotations of the talus relative to the tibia and calcaneus relative to the talus were evaluated using the surface registration technique. Image quality of the CT and intra- and interobserver reliabilities of the rotation angle were also evaluated. Results: All CT images were excellent or good quality and the intra- and interobserver correlation coefficients for the angle were 0.996 and 0.995, respectively. The motion of the ankle joint and subtalar joint under 50% and 100% weightbearing were as follows (in degrees); the talus plantarflexed (5.1 ± 4.5 and 6.8 ± 4.8), inverted (1.3 ± 1.4 and 2.0 ± 1.6), and internally rotated (2.4 ± 4.2 and 4.3 ± 4.6) relative to the tibia, and the calcaneus dorsiflexed (2.8 ± 1.4 and 3.8 ± 1.7), everted (5.3 ± 2.6 and 8.0 ± 3.6), and externally rotated (3.0 ± 2.0 and 4.1 ± 2.4) relative to the talus, respectively. Conclusions: The effect of weightbearing was clearly identified using an upright CT and the 3D-3D registration technique. Three-dimensional kinematics under static full weightbearing were opposite between the ankle and subtalar joints on their respective axes.

© 2019 The Authors Objective: To assess diaphragmatic motion during forced breathing in a health screening center cohort by time-resolved quantitative analysis using dynamic chest radiography and demonstrate the characteristics and associations with demographics and pulmonary function of participants. Materials and methods: This prospective study includes 174 volunteers (99 males; median 57, range 36–93 years old) that underwent dynamic chest radiography with a flat panel detector system during forced breathing in a standing position. We automatically tracked and recorded the positions of the top of the diaphragms and the excursions on images of each participant and calculated peak motion speeds based on the data. We investigated the associations with demographics and pulmonary function statistically. Results: The average excursions of the diaphragms during forced breathing were 49.1 ± 17.0 mm (right; mean ± standard deviation) and 52.1 ± 15.9 mm (left). The peak motion speeds were 26.7 ± 10.0 mm/s (right) and 32.2 ± 12.4 mm/s (left) in the inspiratory phase and 22.1 ± 12.7 mm/s (right) and 24.3 ± 10.3 mm/s (left) in the expiratory phase. Excursions and peak motion speeds of the left diaphragm were significantly greater than the right. Higher body mass index (BMI) and vital capacity (VC) were associated with greater excursions and faster peak motion speeds of the diaphragms. Conclusions: Time-resolved quantitative analysis of the diaphragms with dynamic chest radiography demonstrated the characteristics of diaphragmatic motion during forced breathing in a health screening cohort. Higher BMI and VC were associated with excursions and peak motion speeds of the diaphragms.

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Purpose: To investigate if the presence and severity of traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis are associated with poorer survival in subjects with ILA. Method: The study included 3,594 subjects (378 subjects with ILA and 3,216 subjects without ILA) in AGES-Reykjavik Study. Chest CT scans of 378 subjects with ILA were evaluated for traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis, defined as dilatation of bronchi/bronchioles within areas demonstrating ILA. Traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis Index (TBI) was assigned as: TBI = 0, ILA without traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis: TBI = 1, ILA with bronchiolectasis but without bronchiectasis or architectural distortion: TBI = 2, ILA with mild to moderate traction bronchiectasis: TBI = 3, ILA and severe traction bronchiectasis and/or honeycombing. Overall survival (OS) was compared among the subjects in different TBI groups and those without ILA. Results: The median OS was 12.93 years (95%CI; 12.67 – 13.43) in the subjects without ILA; 11.95 years (10.03 – not reached) in TBI-0 group; 8.52 years (7.57 – 9.30) in TBI-1 group; 7.63 years (6.09 – 9.10) in TBI-2 group; 5.40 years (1.85 – 5.98) in TBI-3 group. The multivariable Cox models demonstrated significantly shorter OS of TBI-1, TBI-2, and TBI-3 groups compared to subjects without ILA (P < 0.0001), whereas TBI-0 group had no significant OS difference compared to subjects without ILA, after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking status. Conclusions: The presence and severity of traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis are associated with shorter survival. The traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis is an important contributor to increased mortality among subjects with ILA.

Objective: To evaluate whether the change in computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) metrics after balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) can predict treatment effect in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. Methods: This study included 82 CTEPH patients who underwent both CTPA and right heart catheterization (RHC) before and at the scheduled time of 6 months after BPA. The diameters of the main pulmonary artery (dPA), ascending aorta (dAA), right atrium (dRA), right ventricular free wall thickness (dRVW), and right and left ventricles (dRV, dLV) were measured on CTPA. The correlation of the New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA FC), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, and calculated CT metrics with a decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (ΔmPAP) using RHC (used as the reference for BPA effect) was investigated. Using multiple regression analysis, independent variables were also identified. Results: In univariate analysis, clinical indicators (NYHA FC, 6MWD, and BNP level) improved significantly after BPA and were significantly correlated with ΔmPAP (p < 0.01). In the univariate analysis of CTPA parameters, dPA, dRA, dPA/dAA ratio, dRVW, and dRV/dLV ratio decreased significantly and were significantly correlated with ΔmPAP (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that decreased dPA (p = 0.001) and decreased dRA (p = 0.039) on CTPA were independent predictive factors of ΔmPAP. Conclusions: Decreased dPA and dRA on CTPA could predict a decrease in mPAP after BPA, thus potentially eliminating unnecessary invasive catheterization. Key Points: • The reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in CTEPH patients was significantly correlated with the clinical indices improvement and CTPA parameter decrease. • The decreased diameter of the main pulmonary artery and the decreased diameter of the right atrium on CTPA were independent predictors of mean pulmonary artery pressure reduction.

Indications for the use of transarterial embolization (TAE) for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) have been established. However, the efficacy of TAE for PPH complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of TAE for PPH complicated by DIC. A database review was conducted to identify patients who were treated with TAE for PPH at our hospital. TAE was performed in 41 patients during the study period. Effective hemostasis was achieved in all cases, but additional procedures, such as reembolization or hysterectomy, were required in five patients (12.2%). The typical causes of PPH included uterine atony (18 cases), placenta previa (15 cases), amniotic fluid embolism (DIC‐type) (11 cases), and placenta accreta spectrum (10 cases). The mean blood loss was 3836 mL. The mean obstetrical DIC and the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis DIC scores were 7.9 and 2.6, respectively. The efficacy of hemostasis was comparable between patients with and without DIC. However, the complete success rate of TAE was lower in patients with DIC as the condition worsened than that in non‐DIC patients. Overall, TAE is effective as a minimally invasive treatment for PPH complicated by DIC.

The anatomical design of the human foot is considered to facilitate generation of bipedal walking. However, how the morphology and structure of the human foot actually contribute to generation of bipedal walking remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the three-dimensional kinematics of the foot bones under a weight-bearing condition using cadaver specimens, to characterize the innate mobility of the human foot inherently prescribed in its morphology and structure. Five cadaver feet were axially loaded up to 588N (60 kgf), and radiographic images were captured using a biplane X-ray fluoroscopy system. The present study demonstrated that the talus is medioinferiorly translated and internally rotated as the calcaneus is everted owing to axial loading, causing internal rotation of the tibia and flattening of the medial longitudinal arch in the foot. Furthermore, as the talus is internally rotated, the talar head moves medially with respect to the navicular, inducing external rotation of the navicular and metatarsals. Under axial loading, the cuboid is everted simultaneously with the calcaneus owing to the osseous locking mechanism in the calcaneocuboid joint. Such detailed descriptions about the innate mobility of the human foot will contribute to clarifying functional adaptation and pathogenic mechanisms of the human foot.

Improving our understanding on how the foot and ankle joints kinematically adapt to coronally wedged surfaces is important for clarifying the pathogenetic mechanism and possible interventions for the treatment and prevention of foot and lower leg injuries. It is also crucial to interpret the basic biomechanics and functions of the human foot that evolved as an adaptation to obligatory bipedal locomotion. Therefore, we investigated the three-dimensional (3D) bone kinematics of human cadaver feet on level (0°, LS), medially wedged (−10°, MWS), and laterally wedged (+10°, LWS) surfaces under axial loading using a biplanar X-ray fluoroscopy system. Five healthy cadaver feet were axially loaded up to 60 kg (588N) and biplanar fluoroscopic images of the foot and ankle were acquired during axial loading. For the 3D visualization and quantification of detailed foot bony movements, a model-based registration method was employed. The results indicated that the human foot was more largely deformed from the natural posture when the foot was placed on the MWS than on the LWS. During the process of human evolution, the human foot may have retained the ability to more flexibly invert as in African apes to better conform to MWS, possibly because this ability was more adaptive even for terrestrial locomotion on uneven terrains. Moreover, the talus and tibia were externally rotated when the foot was placed on the MWS due to the inversion of the calcaneus, and they were internally rotated when the foot was placed on the LWS due to the eversion of the calcaneus, owing to the structurally embedded mobility of the human talocalcaneal joint. Deformation of the foot during axial loading was relatively smaller on the MWS due to restricted eversion of the calcaneus. The present study provided new insights about kinematic adaptation of the human foot to coronally wedged surfaces that is inherently embedded and prescribed in its anatomical structure. Such detailed descriptions may increase our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism and possible interventions for the treatment and prevention of foot and lower leg injuries, as well as the evolution of the human foot.