論文

The amount of information transmissible through a communications channel is determined by the noise characteristics of the channel and by the quantities of available transmission resources. In classical information theory, the amount of transmissible information can be increased twice at most when the transmission resource (e.g. the code length, the bandwidth, the signal power) is doubled for fixed noise characteristics. In quantum information theory, however, the amount of information transmitted can increase even more than twice. We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of this super-additivity of classical capacity of a quantum channel by using the ternary symmetric states of a single photon, and by event selection from a weak coherent light source. We also show how the super-additive coding gain, even in a small code length, can boost the communication performance of conventional coding technique.

The theory of capacity generally gives no guidance on how to construct codes that approach the capacity. The practical problem is to find good codes for small blocks. Although several coding schemes are proposed to exhibit superadditive coding gain, little attention is paid to this topic so far, and no experimental work is reported yet. This paper experimentally demonstrates the superadditive coding gain by designing a coding circuit for a quantum channel consisting of the ternary symmetric states in a two-state system (qubit) of a single photon.

We establish several upper bounds on the energy-constrained quantum and private capacities of all single-mode phase-insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels. The first upper bound, which we call the 'data-processing bound,' is the simplest and is obtained by decomposing a phase-insensitive channel as a pure-loss channel followed by a quantum-limited amplifier channel. We prove that the data-processing bound can be at most 1.45 bits larger than a known lower bound on these capacities of the phase-insensitive Gaussian channel. We discuss another data-processing upper bound as well. Two other upper bounds, which we call the 'ϵ-degradable bound' and the 'ϵ-close-degradable bound,' are established using the notion of approximate degradability along with energy constraints. We find a strong limitation on any potential superadditivity of the coherent information of any phase-insensitive Gaussian channel in the low-noise regime, as the data-processing bound is very near to a known lower bound in such cases. We also find improved achievable rates of private communication through bosonic thermal channels, by employing coding schemes that make use of displaced thermal states. We end by proving that an optimal Gaussian input state for the energy-constrained, generalized channel divergence of two particular Gaussian channels is the two-mode squeezed vacuum state that saturates the energy constraint. What remains open for several interesting channel divergences, such as the diamond norm or the Rényi channel divergence, is to determine whether, among all input states, a Gaussian state is optimal.

Boson sampling can simulate physical problems for which classical simulations are inefficient. However, not all problems simulated by boson sampling are classically intractable. We show explicit classical methods of finding boson sampling distributions when they are known to be highly sparse. In the methods, we first determine a few distributions from restricted number of detectors and then recover the full one using compressive sensing techniques. In general, the latter step could be of high complexity. However, we show that this problem can be reduced to solving an Ising model which under certain conditions can be done in polynomial time. Various extensions are discussed including a version involving quantum annealing. Hence, our results impact the understanding of the class of classically calculable problems. We indicate that boson samplers may be advantageous in dealing with problems which are not highly sparse. Finally, we suggest a hybrid method for problems of intermediate sparsity.

In this paper, we revisit the quantum Fisher information (QFI) calculation in SU(1,1) interferometer considering different phase configurations. When one of the input modes is a vacuum state, we show by using phase averaging, different phase configurations give the same QFI. In addition, by casting the phase estimation as a two-parameter estimation problem, we show that the calculation of the quantum Fisher information matrix (QFIM) is necessary in general. Particularly, within this setup, the phase-averaging method is equivalent to a two-parameter estimation problem. We also calculate the phase sensitivity for different input states using QFIM approach.

We prove that the ultimate channel capacity, the Holevo bound, for sending classical data on a quantum channel (the so-called classical-quantum, or cq channel) can be achieved for a pure-state cq channel by decoding codewords via a collective quantum measurement based on unambiguous state discrimination (USD). In cq communication theory, the channel decoder acts directly on the modulated codeword waveform in the quantum (viz., electromagnetic or optical) domain, and it is known that collective measurements on long codeword blocks are needed to attain the Holevo capacity, which is strictly larger than the Shannon capacity of the classical channel induced by any specific measurement choice on each channel use. The USD measurement based channel decoder we propose, can distinguish finite blocklength codeword quantum states unambiguously (i.e., an incorrect codeword is never chosen) provided one allows for a finite probability of obtaining an inconclusive (erasure) outcome. We show that the probability of the inconclusive outcome goes to zero for asymptotically long codewords whenever the code rate is below the Holevo bound. The USD channel decoder is an addition to a small list of other collective measurements known to achieve the Holevo capacity (such as, the square root measurement, the minimum probability of error measurement, the sequential decoding measurement, and the quantum successive cancellation decoder for the cq polar code). A structured optical receiver design is not known yet for any of these decoders. What makes the USD decoder special is that there is no classical analogue to truly unambiguous discrimination (say, of samples drawn from a set of probability distributions). Secondly, the erasures-only decoding of USD is likely to result in a better channel reliability function. Finally, the USD measurement seems more likely to lead naturally to a structured optical receiver design and implementation. © 2013 IEEE.

A novel pump-noise-suppressed semiconductor laser scheme is proposed. In this scheme, electrons injected into a stable intersubband state dressed by strongly resonant optical couplings stimulate amplitude-squeezed light with extremely low-threshold. Because of its high conversion efficiency and short stimulated emission lifetime at low injection current regime, this scheme can generate weak broad-band amplitude- squeezed light. We numerically estimate the characteristics of gain coefficient and output noise spectrum of this scheme. ©2003 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Optical pulse-position modulation (PPM) is one of the primary modulation formats being investigated for use in deep-space communications, as well as terrestrial fiber optical communications. We consider the problem of demodulating M-ary optical PPM waveforms, and propose a structured receiver whose mean probability of symbol error is smaller than all known receivers, and approaches the Helstrom (quantum) limit of the minimum probability of error (MPE) of discriminating between the coherent-state PPM signals. The receiver uses photodetection coupled with optimized phase-coherent optical feedback control through the PPM pulse slots and a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier. We present a general framework of optical receivers known as the 'conditional pulse nulling receiver', and present new results on ultimate limits and achievable regions of the trade-off space between the spectral versus photon efficiency of PPM, for the single-spatial-mode far-field pure-loss optical communication channel. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

We investigate the implementation of binary projective measurements with linear optics. This problem can be viewed as a single-shot discrimination of two orthogonal pure quantum states. We show that any two orthogonal states can be perfectly discriminated using only linear optics, photon counting, coherent ancillary states, and feedforward. The statement holds in the asymptotic limit of a large number of these physical resources. © 2006 The American Physical Society.

The squashed entanglement of a quantum channel is an additive function of quantum channels, which finds application as an upper bound on the rate at which secret key and entanglement can be generated when using a quantum channel a large number of times in addition to unlimited classical communication. This quantity has led to an upper bound of $\log ((1+\eta )/(1-\eta ))$ on the capacity of a pure-loss bosonic channel for such a task, where $\eta $ is the average fraction of photons that make it from the input to the output of the channel. The purpose of this paper is to extend these results beyond the single-sender single-receiver setting to the more general case of a single sender and multiple receivers (a quantum broadcast channel). We employ multipartite generalizations of the squashed entanglement to constrain the rates at which secret key and entanglement can be generated between any subset of the users of such a channel, along the way developing several new properties of these measures. We apply our results to the case of a pure-loss broadcast channel with one sender and two receivers.

Laser-light (coherent-state) modulation is sufficient to achieve the ultimate (Holevo) capacity of classical communication over a lossy and noisy optical channel, but requires a receiver that jointly detects long modulated codewords with highly nonlinear quantum operations, which are near-impossible to realize using current technology. We analyze the capacity of the lossy-noisy optical channel when the transmitter uses coherent state modulation but the receiver is restricted to a general quantum-limited Gaussian receiver, i.e., one that may involve arbitrary combinations of Gaussian operations (passive linear optics: beamsplitters and phase-shifters, second order nonlinear optics (or active linear optics): squeezers, along with homodyne or heterodyne detection measurements) and any amount of classical feedforward within the receiver. Under these assumptions, we show that the Gaussian receiver that attains the maximum mutual information is either homodyne detection, heterodyne detection, or time sharing between the two, depending upon the received power level. In other words, our result shows that to exceed the theoretical limit of conventional coherent optical communications, one has to incorporate non-Gaussian, i.e., third or higher-order nonlinear operations in the receiver. Finally we compare our Gaussian receiver limit with experimentally feasible non-Gaussian receivers and show that in the regime of low received photon flux, it is possible to overcome the Gaussian receiver limit by relatively simple non-Gaussian receivers based on photon counting.

Laser-light (coherent-state) modulation is sufficient to achieve the ultimate (Holevo) capacity of classical communication over a lossy and noisy optical channel, but requires a receiver that jointly detects long modulated code words with highly nonlinear quantum operations, which are near-impossible to realize using current technology. We analyze the capacity of the lossy-noisy optical channel when the transmitter uses coherent-state modulation but the receiver is restricted to a general quantum-limited Gaussian receiver, i.e., one that may involve arbitrary combinations of Gaussian operations [passive linear optics: beam splitters and phase shifters; second-order nonlinear optics (or active linear optics): squeezers, along with homodyne or heterodyne detection measurements] and any amount of classical feedforward within the receiver. Under these assumptions, we show that the Gaussian receiver that attains the maximum mutual information is either homodyne detection, heterodyne detection, or time sharing between the two, depending upon the received power level. In other words, our result shows that to exceed the theoretical limit of conventional coherent optical communication, one has to incorporate non-Gaussian, i.e., third- or higher-order nonlinear operations in the receiver. Finally we compare our Gaussian receiver limit with experimentally feasible non-Gaussian receivers and show that in the regime of low received photon flux, it is possible to overcome the Gaussian receiver limit by relatively simple non-Gaussian receivers based on photon counting. © 2014 American Physical Society.

Laser-light (coherent-state) modulation is sufficient to achieve the ultimate (Holevo) capacity of classical communication over a lossy and noisy optical channel, but requires a receiver that jointly detects long modulated codewords with highly nonlinear quantum operations, which are near-impossible to realize using current technology. We analyze the capacity of the lossy-noisy optical channel when the transmitter uses coherent state modulation but the receiver is restricted to a general quantum-limited Gaussian receiver, i.e., one that may involve arbitrary combinations of Gaussian operations (passive linear optics: beamsplitters and phase-shifters, second order nonlinear process (squeezers), along with homodyne or heterodyne detection measurements) and any amount of classical feedforward within the receiver. Under these assumptions, we show that the Gaussian receiver that attains the maximum mutual information is either homodyne detection, heterodyne detection, or time sharing between the two, depending upon the received power level. In other words, our result shows that to exceed the theoretical limit of conventional coherent optical communications, one has to incorporate non-Gaussian (i.e. higher order nonlinear) operations in the receiver. © 2014 IEEE.

Brighter far-field pattern of a phase-locked Nd:YAG microchip laser array was obtained by the Talbot effect in a three-mirror cavity. The laterally coupled Nd:YAG microchip laser array produced a pair of spots with sharper peaks with an angular separation of λ/d in its far-field, where d is the distance between the adjacent sources, indicating an out-of-phase spatial mode coupling was improved. The far-field spot size is reduced by a factor of 9.3 compared with that obtained by incoherent pile of the individual microchip laser outputs. We demonstrated that the far-field pattern is improved by enhancing the self-imaging with side mirrors which make the array source disguise as infinity. A mode selecting slit placed right after the crystal is also effective to stabilize the out-of-phase mode.