論文

We have established a coupled assay system targeting protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT), a key enzyme in the metabolism of isoaspartyl peptides and proteins. The system utilizes a fluorogenic peptide probe containing an isoaspartyl residue at the P1′ position of the caspase-3 recognition sequence. Following PIMT-catalyzed methyl transfer reaction, the methylated probe is specifically cleaved by caspase-3 to give fluorescence activation. High-throughput screening of our chemical library with this assay system identified PIMT inhibitors that may be useful as leads in the design of chemical probes for controlling PIMT activity.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to play an important role in biological systems. More recently, sulfane sulfur (sulfur with 0 or −1 charge) molecules have been also reported to be involved in various biological phenomena such as regulation of redox signaling and antioxidant functions. Fluorescent probes are one of the important chemical tools because it is easy to use and enable the real-time detection of the target molecules in living cells and tissues. We have successfully developed a highly selective H2S-detecting fluorescent probe, HSip-1. HSip-1 has been designed on the basis of the facts that the macrocyclic polyamine ligands form a stable complex with Cu2+, and Cu2+ also reacts with H2S and make a stable CuS complex. SSip-1 is a fluorescent probe for detecting sulfane sulfur and this fluorescent probe is designed on the basis of the unique feature of sulfane sulfur to bind reversibly to other sulfur atoms and the intramolecular spirocyclization reaction of xanthene dyes. SSip-1 is a highly selective fluorescent probe and can detect sulfane sulfur reversibly. Both HSip-1 and SSip-1 were able to be used for the live-cell fluorescence imaging. Further, we applied HSip-1 to the high-throughput screening (HTS) for the inhibitors of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), one of the reactive sulfur species (RSS)-generating enzymes. We successfully found new 3MST inhibitors by screening of 174,118 compounds. We expect that these fluorescent probes and inhibitors would be useful to elucidate new functions of RSS and RSS-generating enzymes.

Hypoxia occurs in various diseases, including cancer, ischemia, and acute and chronic vascular diseases. Here we describe the design and synthesis of the first hypoxia-sensitive MRI contrast agents, SAGds. SAGds showed a pH-dependent r 1 relaxivity change associated with intramolecular chelation of the nitrogen atom of the sulfonamide moiety to the Gd 3+ center. There was a correlation between the pK a of the r 1 relaxivity change and the sum of the Hammett σ constants of substituents on the aromatic ring. Among the synthesized compounds, 4NO 22MeOSAGd was selectively reduced to the amine by rat liver microsomes under hypoxic conditions, resulting in a 1.8-fold increment of the r 1 relaxivity owing to the change in pK a of the arylsulfonamide moiety. This enhancement of the r 1 relaxivity could be clearly detected in T 1-weighted MR images. Thus, 4NO 22MeOSAGd is a 'smart' MRI contrast agent for the detection of hypoxia under physiological conditions. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We systematically synthesized bioluminogenic substrates bearing an amino group on benzothiazole, quinoline, naphthalene, and coumarin scaffolds. They emit bioluminescence in various colors: red, orange, yellow, and green. An amino-substituted cou-marylluciferin derivative, coumarylami-noluciferin (CAL), showed the shortest bioluminescence wavelength among substrates reported so far. Further, the fluorescence of CAL did not exhibit solvatochromism, which suggests that its bioluminescence is not susceptible to environmental factors. We applied CAL as an energy-donor substrate for a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system with click beetle red luciferase (CBRluc), a mutant of firefly luciferase, as the energy-donor enzyme and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as the energy-acceptor fluorophore, and obtained a clearly bimodal bioluminescence spectrum. Stable bioluminescence that is not influenced by environmental factors is highly desirable for reliable measurements in biological assays. © 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has multiple physiological roles, for example, in vasodilation and inflammation. It is a highly reactive gas under ambient conditions, so controllable H2S donors are required for studying its biological functions. Here, we describe the design, synthesis and application of a H2S donor (SPD-2) that utilizes xanthone photochemistry to control H2S release. H2S generation from SPD-2 was completely dependent on UVA-irradiation (325-385 nm), as confirmed by methylene blue assay and by the use of a H2S-selective fluorescent probe. SPD-2 was confirmed to provide controlled H2S delivery in live cells, and should be suitable for various biological applications.

Fluorescence imaging of calcium ions (Ca2+) has become an essential technique for investigation of signaling pathways involving Ca2+ as a second messenger. But, Ca2+ signaling is involved in many biological phenomena, and therefore simultaneous visualization of Ca2+ and other biomolecules (multicolor imaging) would be particularly informative. For this purpose, we set out to develop a fluorescent probe for Ca2+ that would operate in a different color region (red) from that of probes for other molecules, many of which show green fluorescence, as exemplified by green fluorescent protein (GFP). We previously developed a red fluorescent probe for monitoring cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, based on our established red fluorophore, TokyoMagenta (TM), but there remained room for improvement, especially as regards efficiency of introduction into cells. We considered that this issue was probably mainly due to limited water solubility of the probe. So, we designed and synthesized a red-fluorescent probe with improved water solubility. We confirmed that this Ca2+ red-fluorescent probe showed high cell-membrane permeability with bright fluorescence. It was successfully applied to fluorescence imaging of not only live cells, but also brain slices, and should be practically useful for multicolor imaging studies of biological mechanisms.

We designed a ratiometric carbohydrate sensor consisting of the boron dipyrromethene fluorophore substituted with boronic acid at the 2-position, based upon the strong substituent dependency of the absorbance/fluorescence wavelengths of BODIPY. The substituent is in equilibrium between the boronic acid B(OH)2 and boronate (B(OH)3−) forms, which have different absorbance/fluorescence wavelengths in the visible region. Reaction of the boronic acid moiety with hydroxy groups of carbohydrate affords a cyclic ester and shifts the equilibrium in favor of the boronate (B(OR)3−) form, resulting in a carbohydrate-concentration-dependent change of the fluorescence ratio. Thus, the sensor, BA-BODIPY, can ratiometrically detect carbohydrate at a pH near the pKa of cyclic ester formation.

Lanthanide complexes have unique chemical characteristics compared with typical organic complexes, and have recently attracted much interest because of the expanding need for new bioanalytical sensors. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permits noninvasive three-dimensional imaging inside opaque organisms, and gadolinium ion (Gd3+) complexes have become important tools as MRI contrast agents. However, most of them are nonspecific, and report solely on anatomy. Therefore, responsive MRI contrast agents, so-called "smart" MRI contrast agents whose ability to relax water protons is greatly enhanced by recognition of a particular biomolecule, have great potential for elucidating biological phenomena. On the other hand, lanthanide complexes such as europium (Eu3+) and terbium (Tb 3+) complexes have excellent luminescence properties for biological applications, i.e., long luminescence lifetime of the order of milliseconds and a large Stoke's shift of >200 nm. Their long-lived luminescence is especially suitable for time-resolved measurements, because the interference from short-lived background fluorescence and scattered light rapidly decays to a negligible level after a pulse of excitation light is applied, and the emitted light can be collected after an appropriate delay time. These luminescent lanthanide complexes have already found commercial use as highly sensitive luminescent probes in heterogeneous and homogeneous assays. This paper reviews our research on the design and synthesis of responsive lanthanide-based MRI and luminescent probes for advanced bioimaging. © 2010 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

Fluorescence imaging is one of the most powerful techniques for visualization of the temporal and spatial biological events in living cells. Many fluorescent probes have been developed so far and contributed greatly to biological and medical researches. For biological applications, xanthene dyes have many favorable characteristics, such as high water solubility and high fluorescence quantum yield, and have been utilized as the fluorescent core for a large number of fluorescent probes. In this manuscript, we introduce a novel red fluorescein analogue, TokyoMagenta (TM), in which the O atom at the 10 position of the xanthene moiety is replaced with a Si atom, and the absorption and emission wavelengths of TM are about 90 nm longer than those of fluorescein. These silicon-substituted xanthene dyes would be useful for multicolor imaging. Nowadays, we think these xanthene dyes have been becoming one of practical fluorophores for biological researches.

Very recent studies indicate that sulfur atoms with oxidation state 0 or -1, called sulfane sulfurs, are the actual mediators of some physiological processes previously considered to be regulated by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST), one of three H2S-producing enzymes, was also recently shown to produce sulfane sulfur (H2S n). Here, we report the discovery of several potent 3MST inhibitors by means of high-throughput screening (HTS) of a large chemical library (174,118 compounds) with our H2S-selective fluorescent probe, HSip-1. Most of the identified inhibitors had similar aromatic ring-carbonyl-S-pyrimidone structures. Among them, compound 3 showed very high selectivity for 3MST over other H2S/sulfane sulfur-producing enzymes and rhodanese. The X-ray crystal structures of 3MST complexes with two of the inhibitors revealed that their target is a persulfurated cysteine residue located in the active site of 3MST. Precise theoretical calculations indicated the presence of a strong long-range electrostatic interaction between the persulfur anion of the persulfurated cysteine residue and the positively charged carbonyl carbon of the pyrimidone moiety of the inhibitor. Our results also provide the experimental support for the idea that the 3MST-catalyzed reaction with 3-mercaptopyruvate proceeds via a ping-pong mechanism.

The absorption and emission wavelengths of group 14 pyronines and rhodamines, which contain silicon, germanium, or tin at the 10 position of the xanthene chromophore, showed large bathochromic shifts compared to the original rhodamines, owing to stabilization of the LUMO energy levels by σ *-π * conjugation between group 14 atom-C (methyl) σ * orbitals and a π * orbital of the fluorophore. These group 14 pyronines and rhodamines retain the advantages of the original rhodamines, including high quantum efficiency in aqueous media (φ fl = 0.3-0.45), tolerance to photobleaching, and high water solubility. Group 14 rhodamines have higher values of reduction potential than other NIR light-emitting original rhodamines, and therefore, we speculated their NIR fluorescence could be controlled through the photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) mechanism. Indeed, we found that the fluorescence quantum yield (φ fl) of Si-rhodamine (SiR) and Ge-rhodamine (GeR) could be made nearly equal to zero, and the threshold level for fluorescence on/off switching lies at around 1.3-1.5 V for the SiRs. This is about 0.1 V lower than in the case of TokyoGreens, in which the fluorophore is well established to be effective for PeT-based probes. That is to say, the fluorescence of SiR and GeR can be drastically activated by more than 100-fold through a PeT strategy. To confirm the validity of this strategy for developing NIR fluorescence probes, we employed this approach to design two kinds of novel fluorescence probes emitting in the far-red to NIR region, i.e., a series of pH-sensors for use in acidic environments and a Zn 2+ sensor. We synthesized these probes and confirmed that they work well. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) are ubiquitous membrane-associated or secreted ectoenzymes that have a role in regulating extracellular nucleotide and phospholipid metabolism. Among the members of the NPP family, NPP1 and -3 act on nucleotides such as ATP, while NPP2, -6, and -7 act on phospholipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. NPP6, a recently characterized NPP family member, is a choline-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, but its functions remain to be analyzed, partly due to the lack of highly sensitive activity assay systems and practical inhibitors. Here we report synthesis of novel NPP6 fluorescence probes, TG-mPC and its analogues TG-mPC 3C, TG-mPC 5C, TG-mPENE, TG-mPEA, TG-mPhos, TG-mPA, TG-mPMe, and TG-mPPr. Among the seven NPPs, only NPP6 hydrolyzed TG-mPC, TG-mPC 3C, and TG-mPENE. TG-mPC was hydrolyzed in the cell lysate from NPP6-transfected cells, but not control cells, showing that it is suitable for use in cell-based NPP6 assays. We also examined the usefulness of TG-mPC as a fluorescence imaging probe. We further applied TG-mPC to carry out high-throughput NPP6 inhibitor screening and found several NPP6-selective inhibitors in a library of about 80 000 compounds. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, we identified a potent and selective NPP6 inhibitor with an IC 50 value of 0.21 μM. Our NPP6-selective fluorescence probe, TG-mPC, and the inhibitor are expected to be useful to elucidate the biological function of NPP6. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays roles in many physiological processes, including relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, mediation of neurotransmission, inhibition of insulin signaling, and regulation of inflammation. Also, hydropersulfide (R-S-SH) and polysulfide (-S-Sn-S-) have recently been identified as reactive sulfur species (RSS) that regulate the bioactivities of multiple proteins via S-sulfhydration of cysteine residues (protein Cys-SSH) and show cytoprotection. Chemical tools such as fluorescent probes and selective inhibitors are needed to establish in detail the physiological roles of H2S and polysulfide. Recent Advances: Although many fluorescent probes for H2S are available, fluorescent probes for hydropersulfide and polysulfide have only recently been developed and used to detect these sulfur species in living cells. Critical Issues: In this review, we summarize recent progress in developing chemical tools for the study of H2S, hydropersulfide, and polysulfide, covering fluorescent probes based on various design strategies and selective inhibitors of H2S- and polysulfide-producing enzymes (cystathionine γ-lyase, cystathionine β-synthase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase), and we summarize their applications in biological studies. Future Directions: Despite recent progress, the precise biological functions of H2S, hydropersulfide, and polysulfide remain to be fully established. Fluorescent probes and selective inhibitors are effective chemical tools to study the physiological roles of these sulfur molecules in living cells and tissues. Therefore, further development of a broad range of practical fluorescent probes and selective inhibitors as tools for studies of RSS biology is currently attracting great interest.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic gas with the smell of rotten eggs, plays key roles in many physiological processes, including relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, mediation of neurotransmission, inhibition of insulin signaling, and regulation of inflammation. The most commonly used methods or detecting H2S are the methylene blue method and the electrode method, but these methods require destructive sampling, e.g., homogenization of biological samples. On the other hand, the fluorescence detection method has been widely used in biological studies to study the physiological roles of H2S, because this technology provides real-time, easy-to-use, nondestructive detection in live cells or tissues. Many selective fluorescent probes for H2S have been reported. Sulfane sulfur compounds contain divalent sulfur atoms bonded to other sulfur atom(s), as in persulfides (RSSH) and polysulfides (RSSnSR). They are currently attracting increasing interest because one of the mechanisms of activity regulation of proteins by H2S is sulfhydration of cysteine residues (RSH→RSSH). Since H2S and sulfane sulfur are redox partners, they are very likely to coexist in biological systems, and from a reactivity point-of-view, sulfane sulfur seems likely to be much more effective than H2S in S-sulfhydration. Therefore, sulfane sulfur may be involved in mediating at least some of the biological activities of H2S. In this review, we summarize recent work on fluorescent probes selective for H2S and/or sulfane sulfur, and we briefly review their applications to biological studies.

We have developed a small-molecular probe, consisting of cyclic RGD pentapeptides bearing a nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorophore at the 4′-residue, which detects integrin αVβ3 activity in terms of fluorescence intensity decrease due to quenching of the fluorophore by interaction with tyrosine-122 at the binding site of the protein. This probe appears to be suitable for a practical, high-throughput fluorescence assay to screen small-molecular modulators of integrin activity. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n>1) are endogenous regulators of many physiological processes. In order to better understand the symbiotic relationship and cellular cross-talk between H2S and H2Sn, it is highly desirable to develop single fluorescent probes which enable dual-channel discrimination between H2S and H2Sn. Herein, we report the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of the first dual-detection fluorescent probe DDP-1 that can visualize H2S and H2Snwith different fluorescence signals. The probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity to H2S and H2Snin aqueous media and in cells.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) was identified as a potential antidiabetes target. Many DPP4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and vildagliptin, have been developed and marketed, but superior therapeutic agents are still required. Therefore, we have developed new methodology for screening of DPP4 inhibitors. Absorption-based measurements with para-nitroaniline or fluorescence-based measurements with the coumarin derivative 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin are often used for the screening of protease inhibitors, including DPP4 inhibitors, but these strategies are not sufficiently sensitive because of interfering background absorption and fluorescence, thus giving rise to many false-positive and false-negative results. Therefore, we have designed and synthesised a novel DPP4 probe (Gly-Pro-BCD-Tb; Gly=glycine, Pro=proline, andBCD defines the backbone of the probe comprising an aniline derivative as on/off switch, a 7-amino-4-methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone (cs-124) as antenna moiety, and a diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N'',N''-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) as chelator moiety, Tb=terbium) for time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements. TRF measurements with Gly-Pro-BCD-Tb showed high sensitivity and reliability in the inhibitory assay relative to Gly-Pro-MCA (MCA=4- methylcoumarin-7-amide), a conventional fluorescence probe for DPP4. Further, we employed our probe for high-throughput DPP4 inhibitor screening with 3841 randomly selected compounds and found that epibestatin, an epimer of bestatin (a well-known anticancer drug and general aminopeptidase inhibitor), showed dose-dependent DPP4 inhibitory activity. Interestingly, bestatin did not exhibit DPP4 inhibitory activity. We believe that this screening system will be useful for the discovery of DPP4 inhibitors with novel structural scaffolds. Reliable and highly sensitive inhibitor screening has been realised through the synthesis of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) probe (see picture). The inhibitor screening employed high-throughput time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements and identified epibestatin as a DPP4 inhibitor. Copyright © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Firefly luciferase is widely used as a reporter gene in assays to study gene expression, gene delivery, and so on because of its extremely high signal-to-noise ratio. The availability of a range of bioluminogenic substrates would greatly extend the applicability of the luciferin-luciferase system. Herein, we describe a design concept for functional bioluminogenic substrates based on the aminoluciferin (AL) scaffold, together with a convenient, high-yield method for synthesizing N-alkylated ALs. We confirmed the usefulness of ALs as bioluminogenic substrates by synthesizing three probes. The first was a conjugate of AL with glutamate, Glu-AL. When Glu-AL, the first membrane-impermeable bioluminogenic substrate of luciferases, was applied to cells transfected with luciferase, luminescence was not observed; that is, by using Glu-AL, we can distinguish between intracellular and extracellular events. The second was Cy5-AL, which consisted of Cy5, a near-infrared (NIR) cyanine fluorescent dye, and AL, and emitted NIR light. When Cy5-AL reacted with luciferase, luminescence derived from Cy5 was observed as a result of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) from AL to Cy5. The NIR emission wavelength would allow a signal to be observed from deeper tissues in bioluminescence in vivo imaging. The third was biotin-DEVD-AL (DEVD=the amino acid sequence Asp-Glu-Val-Asp), which employed a caspase-3 substrate peptide as a switch to control the accessibility of the substrate to luciferase, and could detect the activity of caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. This generalized design strategy should be applicable to other proteases. Our results indicate that the AL scaffold is appropriate for a range of functional luminophores and represents a useful alternative substrate to luciferin. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

We adopted a spirocyclization-based strategy to design γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl selenorhodamine green (gGlu-HMSeR) as a photo-inactive compound that would be specifically cleaved by the tumor-associated enzyme γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) to generate the potent photosensitizer HMSeR. gGlu-HMSeR has a spirocyclic structure and is colorless and does not show marked phototoxicity toward low-GGT-expressing cells or normal tissues upon irradiation with visible light. In contrast, HMSeR predominantly takes an open structure, is colored, and generates reactive oxygen species upon irradiation. The γ-glutamyl group thus serves as a tumor-targeting moiety for photodynamic therapy (PDT), switching on tumor-cell-specific phototoxicity. To validate this system, we employed chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a widely used model for preliminary evaluation of drug toxicity. Photoirradiation after gGlu-HMSeR treatment resulted in selective ablation of implanted tumor spheroids without damage to healthy tissue.

Artificial ligands of streptavidin (ALiS) with association constants of 106 M-1 were discovered by high-throughput screening of our chemical library, and their binding characteristics, including X-ray crystal structure of the streptavidin complex, were determined. Unlike biotin and its derivatives, ALiS exhibits fast dissociation kinetics and excellent cell permeability. The streptavidin-ALiS system provides a novel, practical compound-dependent methodology for repeated reversible cycling of protein localization between intracellular organella.