論文

本研究の目的は，ランドサット/TM熱画像を用いて輝度温度UHIIを客観的に評価するためには輝度温度の最大値と最小値をどの場所からどのように取るべきかを明らかにし，それによって計算される輝度温度UHIIは気温UHIIとどれぐらい一致するかを検証したものである．

本論は1998年12月から1999年3月までの夜間３つ、昼間２つのランドサットTM熱画像と同時地上観測を用いて、気象条件、観測時間、集計距離、データ処理の観点から体系的に分析した結果、冬季における気温と輝度温度について次のことを明らかにした。 (1)TM熱画像による輝度温度と気温は異なる物理量であるが、静穏な夜間に撮影されたランドサットTM熱画像が放射率補正によって気温との間に0.9という高い相関係数を示すことを確認した。 (2)気温・輝度温度の相関は集計距離（＝画像解像度）によって変わることが確認できた。東京のような都市構造では600mで最大を示すことを明らかにした。 (3)最大の相関を示した衛星画像と気温から回帰式を求め、東京の詳細な気温分布図を作成した。それにより、衛星熱画像を用いて都市気温ヒートアイランドを従来にない空間解像度で捉えることができることを再確認した。

The informal construction of dwellings (housing) and the informal growth of transport infrastructure are two main dynamics of an informal settlement growth phenomenon that may influence each other over time. Some studies have been done to understand the growth mechanisms of informal settlements, but not enough attention has been paid to study the informal growth of transport infrastructure dynamic. In this study, the morphology and spatial pattern of different types of informal settlements have been reviewed and categorized to clearly define and formulate the mechanisms of informal transport infrastructure formation in the context of informal settlement. To this end, two different dynamics have been suggested in this study for modelling of the growth of informal transport infrastructure. In the first suggested dynamic, the infrastructure is extended directly as the result of consolidation of the physical signs of dwellers' movement (foot prints) on the environment over time. In the second proposed dynamic that is the main focus of this study, the informal infrastructure growth could be considered as the function of dwelling construction (housing) dynamic in the settlement. In this context, informal transport infrastructure is extended based on an indirect dynamic by consideration of the void spaces by dwellers as the accessibility corridors in the settlement during the construction process of the settlement. Finally, to study the validity of the second proposed dynamic for modelling of the indirect growth of informal transport infrastructure, a simple conceptual model was developed and tested and the results were evaluated and discussed.

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. In this article, we present a fuzzy model for intrinsic quality assessment of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) on species occurrences obtained by Citizen Science (CS) biodiversity monitoring programs. The proposed VGI quality assurance approach evaluates the thematic and positional quality of the crowdsourced biodiversity observation in terms of the trustworthiness of the observation by combining three indicators of consistency with habitat, consistency with surroundings, and reputation of contributor, that characterize the geographical and social aspects of trust in VGI. To evaluate the performance and usability of the proposed approach for evaluating the trustworthiness of crowdsourced observations and detecting thematic and positional errors in crowdsourced observations, the developed approach was applied to the crowdsourced observations on Acer macrophyllum collected through the CS biodiversity monitoring projects of E-Flora BC and iNaturalist. The result of a conformity test at the optimal acceptance threshold (sensitivity = 0.99, specificity = 0.8, and Cohen’s kappa = 0.79), the achieved area under the curve (AUC) value (AUC = 0.98), and the results of the complementary investigation on the predictions of the proposed model indicated that the proposed fuzzy trust model exhibited promising predictive performance and was able to flag the majority of attribute and positional errors in the crowdsourced biodiversity observations.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017. The holistic land use planning process might contribute to reduce the risk of natural disaster and mitigate climate change. This also reduces huge national budget waste for reconstruction and social care after disasters. The aim of this study was to reveal the lessons derived from 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, Tsunami, and the Fukushima nuclear accident. The history of 2011 Tohoku disaster area's land use planning and actual land use change was analyzed. This found that destroyed developments by 2011 disaster have an essentially similar issue; bad repercussions of the myopic decision making structures. It suggests that holistic decision making with interactive land use planning process is important.

The redelivery problem occurs when a delivery service cannot deliver an item to the recipient on the first attempt, requiring one or more additional attempts. There are impacts on profit, efficiency, convenience, traffic, and the environment. In recent years, the redelivery problem in Japan has been aggravated by the growth of e-commerce, which increases delivery volumes. As a solution, many convenience stores offer courier package pickup services, but the actual net benefits are uncertain. In this industry, store locations are chosen based on profitability and subject to laws and regulations. This study developed a model to assess the accessibility of convenience stores and their possible contribution to solve the redelivery problem. We defined a “delivery desert” as area where a resident cannot access the nearest convenience store package pickup service within walking distance, and developed a model that considers physical load relative to customer age and topographic slope. We then conducted a case study in a suburban neighborhood in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and showed that (1) about 65% of residents in the study area live in a delivery desert, (2) regulations that restrict the location of convenience stores have a very small impact on our results, and (3) the percentage of people living in a delivery desert is low for the age groups targeted by convenience stores. These findings could serve as a reference in policy discussions for solving the redelivery problem.

With the rapid economic achievement, urbanized area is increasing by 4-5 % per year in China now. It is necessary to realtimely monitor and analyze the changes in a spatial and quantitative way for reasonable utilization of national lands and healthy growth of cities. But the status of development is not clearly mastered by planners and governors because of the lack of spatial information in China, like most of developing countries in the world. This study aims to temporarily and tangibly investigate the progress of urbanization of Shanghai, the biggest city of China, with an integration of GPS (Global Positioning System), RS (Remote Sensing) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) for spatial data acquisition and processing. It is concluded that the urbanized area in Shanghai has been expanded by 2.5 times since 1979 and will probably continue until the beginning of the 21st century. As the results of the analyses at a historical and political viewpoint, the urbanization in Shanghai are relatively political than other developing countries or developed countries. The authors believe that the integrated analytical approach used here is widely applicable to many of cities both in China and other developing countries where few of spatial data is available.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017. Though change is often problematic and complicated by circumstance, and in the case of disaster profoundly damaging, it can also be an opportunity to improve otherwise intractable systemic problems. With that in mind, this chapter defines the nature of change as viewed through the lens of resilience and further outlines the relationship between resilience, adaptation, and transformation. Because change is often negative, strategies to build resilience are rationally directed towards coping with its consequences or resisting it outright. Similarly, because change is complicated, with many inter-connected parts, it is difficult to prepare for even when its causes are well understood. Most contemporary theories of resilience recognize the role of complexity, risk and vulnerability, but there is not yet a strong understanding of how to manage change as it impacts groups differently across scales, from local communities to regions, or even nations. The authors propose that resilience planning and theory can be improved by acknowledging the complexities of the adaptive cycle and panarchy in particular. The chapters of the book are offered as case studies and amplification of this idea, either in practice or in theory, from the perspective of multiple fields. The point of view is global, but includes informative chapters written by Japanese contributors who focus on the unprecedented change brought about by the 2011 Tohoku disaster in northern Japan. This perspective is often missing in such collections primarily because of the language barrier.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017. Building resilience requires a good strategy for managing change across disciplines as well as scales of community. The chief difficulty is that it can be difficult to recognize the nature of change even when processes are ongoing and easy to observe. Inertia and the bias of previous knowledge can cloud perspective, while a lack of communication and even awareness of issues between local communities and government or other groups, hinders the process. Change is a powerful motivator for planning resilience. The complexity that usually comes with it suggests we need to build in enough flexibility to manage the unknown as it comes up rather than try to plan for all events in advance. That is not to say that preparation is not useful. To the contrary, it is important to become as best informed as possible of risks and vulnerabilities, as well as to share knowledge about best practices and lessons learned from experience at every level of practice. In that regard, learning is an important part of the process. Building on the body of texts collected in this book the authors propose two key insights: 1. In the case of resilience, learning is best undertaken as a reflexive practice, meaning that knowledge should be constantly tested by practice and critical questioning. 2. Building an approach to resilience that incorporates all scales is essential in order to manage complex problems. Future research will aim to test these insights by finding case studies that show how communities modified their response as they responded in a crisis. Using that information an evidence based process can be developed for policy makers and leaders in order to prepare communities to act more effectively and be more resilient in the face of change.