論文

In Alzheimer disease (AD), the microtubule-associated protein tau is found hyperphosphorylated in paired helical filaments. Among many phosphorylated sites in tau, Ser-262 is the major site for abnormal phosphorylation of tau in AD brain. The kinase known to phosphorylate this particular site is MARK2, whose activation mechanism is yet to be studied. Our first finding that treatment of cells with LiCl, a selective inhibitor of another major tau kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), inhibits phosphorylation of Ser-262 of tau led us to investigate the possible involvement of GSK-3β in MARK2 activation. In vitro kinase reaction revealed that recombinant GSK-3β indeed phosphorylates MARK2, whereas it failed to phosphorylate Ser-262 of tau. Our further findings led us to conclude that GSK-3β phosphorylates MARK2 on Ser-212, one of the two reported phosphorylation sites (Thr-208 and Ser-212) found in the activation loop of MARK2. Down-regulation of either GSK-3β or MARK2 by small interfering RNAs suppressed the level of phosphorylation on Ser-262. These results, respectively, indicated that GSK-3β is responsible for phosphorylating Ser-262 of tau through phosphorylation and activation of MARK2 and that the phosphorylation of tau at this particular site is predominantly mediated by a GSK-3β-MARK2 pathway. These findings are of interest in the context of the pathogenesis of AD. © 2005 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Viruses sometimes mimic host proteins and hijack the host cell machinery. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes liver fibrosis, a process largely mediated by the overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and collagen, although the precise underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we report that HCV non-structural protein 3 (NS3) protease affects the antigenicity and bioactivity of TGF-β2 in (CAGA) 9 -Luc CCL64 cells and in human hepatic cell lines via binding to TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α facilitates this mechanism by increasing the colocalization of TβRI with NS3 protease on the surface of HCV-infected cells. An anti-NS3 antibody against computationally predicted binding sites for TβRI blocked the TGF-β mimetic activities of NS3 in vitro and attenuated liver fibrosis in HCV-infected chimeric mice. These data suggest that HCV NS3 protease mimics TGF-β2 and functions, at least in part, via directly binding to and activating TβRI, thereby enhancing liver fibrosis.

The ansamycin antibiotic herbimycin A is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor and reduces the growth rate of various types of mammalian cells. When quiescent Rat6 fibroblast cells were treated with herbimycin A, serum-induced expression of cyclin D1 was inhibited, and this was associated with inhibition of G1 phase progression. However, herbimycin A also inhibited serum-induced G1 progression in derivatives of the Rat6 fibroblast cell line that stably overexpress a human cyclin D1 cDNA (R6ccnD1 4 cells), without affecting the expression levels of G1 cyclins. We found that herbimycin A prevented serum-induced downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), thereby leading to inactivation of the protein kinase activity of CDK2. These results suggest that herbimycin A inhibits a tyrosine kinase(s) that plays a role in degradation of the p27(Kop1) protein. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

Recently, we identified a novel human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α mRNA (type II) that differs from the known human PDGF receptor α mRNA (type I) only in its 5′-untranslated region and is regulated by E2F-1. In this study, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the mouse type II PDGF receptor α mRNA and found that the expression of this transcript was regulated by E2F-1 through an E2F-1-responsive sequence located +711/+718 downstream of the transcription start site of the type I transcript. Furthermore, we observed embryo-predominant expression of the type II transcript.

In the course of screening for the anti-Parkinsonian drugs from a library of traditional herbal medicines, we found that the extracts of choi-joki-to and daio-kanzo-to protected cells from MPP+-induced cell death. Because choi-joki-to and daio-kanzo-to commonly contain the genus Glycyrrhiza, we isolated licopyranocoumarin (LPC) and glycyrurol (GCR) as potent neuroprotective principals from Glycyrrhiza. LPC and GCR markedly blocked MPP +-induced neuronal PC12D cell death and disappearance of mitochondrial membrane potential, which were mediated by JNK. LPC and GCR inhibited MPP+-induced JNK activation through the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby inhibiting MPP +-induced neuronal PC12D cell death. These results indicated that LPC and GCR derived from choi-joki-to and daio-kanzo-to would be promising drug leads for PD treatment in the future. © 2014 Fujimaki et al.

The IRE1a-XBP1 pathway, a key component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, is considered to be a critical regulator for survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Therefore, the availability of small-molecule inhibitors targeting this pathway would offer a new chemotherapeutic strategy for MM. Here, we screened small-molecule inhibitors of ER stress-induced XBP1 activation, and identified toyocamycin from a culture broth of an Actinomycete strain. Toyocamycin was shown to suppress thapsigargin-, tunicamycin- and 2-deoxyglucose-induced XBP1 mRNA splicing in HeLa cells without affecting activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) activation. Furthermore, although toyocamycin was unable to inhibit IRE1α phosphorylation, it prevented IRE1α-induced XBP1 mRNA cleavage in vitro. Thus, toyocamycin is an inhibitor of IRE1α-induced XBP1 mRNA cleavage. Toyocamycin inhibited not only ER stress-induced but also constitutive activation of XBP1 expression in MM lines as well as primary samples from patients. It showed synergistic effects with bortezomib, and induced apoptosis of MM cells including bortezomib-resistant cells at nanomolar levels in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited growth of xenografts in an in vivo model of human MM. Taken together, our results suggest toyocamycin as a lead compound for developing anti-MM therapy and XBP1 as an appropriate molecular target for anti-MM therapy. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

In the present study we have characterized eight human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines for levels of expression of cyclins D1, E, A and B1; CDKs 1, 2 and 4; the CDK inhibitors p16(INK4), p21(WAF1), and p27(KIP1); the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein; and in vitro CDK2- and CDK4-associated kinase activity; and also compared the growth properties of these cell lines. The level of the cyclin D1 protein varied by over 30-fold amongst the eight cell lines. The high level in two cell lines was associated with amplification of this gene, but in three cell lines it was due to post-transcriptional events. Amongst the eight cell lines there was a significant correlation between the levels of cyclin D1, Rb and p27(KIP1) proteins, and CDK4-associated kinase activity. Furthermore, when an exogenous cyclin D1 cDNA was over-expressed in the EC109 cell line by transfection, this led to increased expression of both Rb and p27(KIP1). There was, however, no correlation between the level of cyclin D1 expression and the cell doubling times, duration of the G1 phase, or colony-forming efficiency in agar. Two of the cell lines displayed a high level of the cyclin E protein, low levels of cyclin D1, lacked expression of the Rb protein and expressed high levels of the p16(INK4) protein. One of these cell lines displayed amplification of the latter gene. There was no correlation between the levels of cyclins E or A and in vitro CDK2 kinase activity, but CDK2 kinase activity was inversely correlated with the duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Taken together, these studies indicate marked heterogeneity in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins amongst a series of esophageal carcinoma cell lines. The correlation between the levels of the cyclin D1, Rb and p27(Kip1) proteins suggest the existence of a homeostatic feedback loop between positive and negative acting components of the cell cycle machinery.

Erbstatin, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has antitumor activity on L1210 mouse leukemia. We tried to find the mechanism of this cytotoxic effect of erbstatin. Erbstatin increased trypan blue exclusion in cultured LI210 cells. The cytotoxic action of erbstatin was accompanied with shrinking of the cells and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, characteristics of apoptosis. The DNA fragmentation was induced with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well, methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate and herbimycin A. In addition, intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by erbstatin before cell death. Erbstatin-induced DNA fragmentation was prevented by zinc ions, but not by cycloheximide or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Thus, erbstatin induced apoptotic cell death in L1210 cells by inhibiting tyrosine kinase. © 1994, Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry. All rights reserved.

ホスホリパーゼＣの阻害剤としてフォリペプチンを単離し、報告した。(2ページ)

放線菌におけるチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤アーブスタチンの生合成を検討し、その知見を基に放射能ラベル化されたアーブスタチンの合成法を報告した。(3ページ)

チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤アーブスタチンの制癌効果を動物実験によって検討し、結果を報告した。(4ページ)

The broad-spectrum antagonist of neuropeptide receptor, [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu17]substance P, induced apoptosis selectively in human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells, which express gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, but not in other types of tumor cells as well as normal cells. The addition of gastrin-releasing peptide or bombesin and the inhibitor of caspase-3 suppressed [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]substance P-induced apoptosis. Moreover, [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]substance P-induced apoptosis was not suppressed by Bcl-2 over-expression. Thus, blockage of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic option in SCLC which has become resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.

Cell migration is an essential step for tumor metastasis. The small GTPase Rac1 plays an important role in cell migration. Previously, we reported that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced two waves of Rac1 activation; namely, at 5 min and 12 h after stimulation. A second wave of EGF-induced Rac1 activation was required for EGF-induced cell migration, however, the spatiotemporal regulation of the second wave of EGF-induced Rac1 activation remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is activated in the process of EGF-induced cell migration, and that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) produced by 5-LOX mediated the second wave of Rac1 activation, as well as cell migration. Furthermore, these effects caused by LTC4 were found to be blocked in the presence of the antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1). This blockage indicates that LTC4-mediated CysLT1 signaling regulates the second EGF-induced wave of Rac1 activation. We also found that 5-LOX inhibitors, CysLT1 antagonists and the knockdown of CysLT1 inhibited EGF-induced T cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1 (Tiam1) expression. Tiam1 expression is required for the second wave of EGF-induced Rac1 activation in A431 cells. Therefore, our results indicate that the 5-LOX/LTC4/CysLT1 signaling pathway regulates EGF-induced cell migration by increasing Tiam1 expression, leading to a second wave of Rac1 activation. Thus, CysLT1 may serve as a new molecular target for antimetastatic therapy. In addition, the CysLT1 antagonist, montelukast, which is used clinically for allergy treatment, might have great potential as a novel type of antimetastatic agent. 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is activated in the process of EGF-induced cell migration, and that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) produced by 5-LOX mediated Rac1 activation and cell migration. LTC4-mediated CysLT1 signaling regulates Tiam1 expression which is required for Rac1 activation. © 2013 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.