論文

Three new cyclopeptides with serial Phe residues were identified with the aid of HPLC-DAD analysis, from the culture broth of Cladobotryum varium, a fungal pathogen causing mushroom cobweb disease. Cladoamides A (1) and B (2) have two consecutive N-methylphenylalanine units in the destruxin class cyclic depsipentapeptide framework, while cladoamide C (3) has a three consecutive Phe motif in a cyclopentapeptide structure. Of these three cyclopeptides, 1 showed potent autophagy-inducing activity at 10 mu g/mL, comparable to a positive control, rapamycin. For the determination of the absolute configurations of the Ile residues in 1 and 3, new conditions for separating Ile and alto-Ile, using a pentafluorophenyl-bonded solid phase and methanolic solvent, were established within the analytical scheme of the advanced Marfey's method, thus offering a convenient alternative to the C-3 Marfey's method, which requires elution with a threesolvent mixture. The sequence of two D-Phe and one L-Phe in 3 was determined through NMR chemical shift prediction by DFT-based calculations and chemical synthesis, which demonstrated the significance of noncovalent interactions in the accurate calculation of stable conformers for peptides with multiple aromatic rings.

In the course of screening for an inhibitor of ER stress-induced XBP1 activation, we isolated a new member of the triene-ansamycin group compound, trierixin, from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp. AC 654. Trierixin was purified by column chromatography on silica gel and by HPLC. The molecular formula of trierixin is C37H52N2O8S. Trierixin inhibited thapsigargin-induced XBP1-luciferase activation in HeLa/XBP1-luc cells and endogenous XBP1 splicing in HeLa cells with an IC 50 of 14 ng/ml and 19 ng/ml, respectively. Moreover, in the process of isolating trierixin, we isolated structurally related mycotrienin II and trienomycin A as inhibitors of ER stress-induced XBP1 activation from a culture broth of a trierixin-producing strain. This study provides the first observation that triene-ansamycins have a novel inhibitory effect against XBP1 activation. © Japan Antibiotics Research Association.

© 2016 American Chemical Society. Two new structurally unique compounds bearing a nitrogen- and sulfur-containing tricyclic ring system, ulbactin F (1) and its diastereomeric isomer ulbactin G (2), were isolated from the culture extract of a sponge-derived Brevibacillus sp. The structures and absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by NMR analysis and X-ray crystallographic analysis. These compounds inhibit the migration of tumor cells in the submicromolar to micromolar range.

© 2014, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Xanthohumol (XN) is a natural anticancer compound that inhibits the proliferation of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells. However, the precise mechanism of the antitumour effects of XN on oestrogen (E2)-dependent cell growth, and especially its direct target molecule(s), remain(s) largely unknown. Here, we focus on whether XN directly binds to the tumour suppressor protein prohibitin 2 (PHB2), forming a novel natural antitumour compound targeting the BIG3-PHB2 complex and acting as a pivotal modulator of E2/ERα signalling in breast cancer cells. XN treatment effectively prevented the BIG3-PHB2 interaction, thereby releasing PHB2 to directly bind to both nuclear- and cytoplasmic ERα. This event led to the complete suppression of the E2-signalling pathways and ERα-positive breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, but did not suppress the growth of normal mammary epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that XN may be a promising natural compound to suppress the growth of luminal-type breast cancer.

天然物創薬研究が衰退しつつある今日，このたびの遠藤先生のガードナー国際賞ご受賞は「天然物スクリーニングから創薬へ」を再認識させ，これが天然物創薬研究の再活性化につながることになることを期待する．天然物スクリーニングは創薬研究だけでなく，ケミカルバイオロジー研究を展開するうえでのバイオプローブの探索でも非常に有効な手段である．ここでは，話題提供として，われわれの「創薬に至らなかった天然物スクリーニングとケミカルバイオロジーへの展開」を紹介する．

Abstract UTKO1 is a synthetic analog of a natural tumor cell migration inhibitor, moverastin, isolated from microbial extracts of Aspergillus sp. 7720. UTKO1 was initially developed as a mixture of the stereoisomers. In this study, a concise and unified synthesis of the 4 optically active stereoisomers of UTKO1 was achieved from a known optically pure dihydro-α-ionone through a 5-step sequence. The key transformation in the synthesis was a Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) reaction between an optically active enoltriflate and a known aldehyde to install the chiral allylic hydroxy group at C2′. Simple chromatographic separation of the 2 diastereomers with regard to the allylic hydroxy group was possible by the derivatization into the corresponding acetals with Nemoto's optical resolution reagent, (S)- or (R)-5-allyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octene (ALBO). All 4 synthetic stereoisomers of UTKO1 exhibited comparable tumor cell migration inhibitory activity.

ホスファチジルイノシトール代謝回転阻害剤イノスタマイシンが、G1サイクリンの発現を阻害することによりNRK細胞のG1期進行を阻害することを報告した。(5ページ)

熱帯植物Desmos chinennsisからチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤デスマールを単離し、報告した。(4ページ)

チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤アーブスタチン誘導体の細胞周期に及ぼす影響を報告した。(3ページ)

© 2016 Elsevier Inc. E-cadherin is a major component of the epithelial adherens junction. However, the regulatory mechanism of E-cadherin expression is still poorly understood. In this study, we found that EGF decreased E-cadherin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells. Since E-cadherin down-regulation is a well-known hallmark of the EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition), we investigated whether EGF induced E-cadherin down-regulation during the EMT. EGF was unable to affect the expression of mesenchymal markers (such as N-cadherin, vimentin or fibronectin) or EMT-regulating transcription factors (such as SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, ZEB2 or TWIST), suggesting that EGF induced E-cadherin down-regulation via an EMT-independent mechanism. On the other hand, the MEK inhibitor U0126 was found to suppress EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation at the transcriptional level, suggesting that the MEK/ERK pathway is involved in EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation. Moreover, we also found that EGF disrupted cell-cell contact, stimulated cells to form an elongated shape with filamentous protrusions, and induced cell migration in LoVo cells. These effects were suppressed by U0126. Therefore, EGF is suggested to induce E-cadherin down-regulation at the transcriptional level through the MEK/ERK pathway, which might result in, at least in part, the induction of cellular morphological changes and cell migration in LoVo cells.

—A new indole alkaloid, pendolmycin {1}, was isolated from NocardioPsis strain SA1715 as an inhibitor of epidermal-growth-factor-induced phosphatidylinositol turn-over in A431 cells. The structure of pendolmycin is closely related to that of teleocidin B {2} and of lyngbyatoxin A [3]. Pendolmycin may be a biosynthetic intermediate of these alkaloids. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Japan Antibiotics Research Association. A thermophilic bacterium Thermosporothrix hazakensis NBRC 105916 which belongs to the class Ktedonobacteria was investigated to explore its biosynthetic potential of secondary metabolites. UV-guided fractionation led to the identification of a new benzenoid metabolite designated ktedonoketone (6) and an α-diketone metabolite 2’-oxosattabacin (7) along with five known compounds. Compound 7 was previously described as a synthetic compound, but this is the first finding as a natural product. Compound 7 induced adipocyte differentiation at 10–20 μM and autophagy at 1–10 μM. Compound 6 showed weak inducing activity of adipocyte differentiation. The biosynthetic origin of hazakacin (3), an acyloin-type compound, was elucidated by 13C-labeled precursor-feeding experiments.

© 2017 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association. The wingless/int-1 (Wnt) signal transduction pathway plays a central role in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. When β-catenin: a component of the Wnt pathway, is mutated into an active form, cell growth signaling is hyperactive and drives oncogenesis. As β-catenin is mutated in a wide variety of tumors, including up to 10% of all sporadic colon carcinomas and 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas, it has been considered a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we screened an in-house natural product library for compounds that exhibited synthetic lethality towards β-catenin mutations and isolated nonactin, an antibiotic mitochondrial uncoupler, as a hit compound. Nonactin, as well as other mitochondrial uncouplers, induced apoptosis selectively in β-catenin mutated tumor cells. Significant tumor regression was observed in the β-catenin mutant HCT 116 xenograft model, but not in the β-catenin wild type A375 xenograft model, in response to daily administration of nonactin in vivo. Furthermore, we found that expression of an active mutant form of β-catenin induced a decrease in the glycolysis rate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tumor cells with mutated β-catenin depend on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for survival. Therefore, they undergo apoptosis in response to mitochondrial dysfunction following the addition of mitochondrial uncouplers, such as nonactin. These results suggest that targeting mitochondria is a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for tumor cells that harbor β-catenin mutations.

Overexpression of cyclin D1 due to gene rearrangement, gene amplification, or simply increased transcription occurs frequently in several types of human cancers. However, overexpression of cyclin D1 in cell culture system is insufficient, by itself, to cause malignant transformation. In the present study, we found that when rodent fibroblasts that overexpress cyclin D1, but not normal fibroblasts, were treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), there was enhanced cell cycle progression, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation, induction of anchorage-independent growth, and enhanced invasion of a Matrigel barrier. These enhanced responses to bFGF appear to be due to increased expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, at both the mRNA and protein levels, in the cyclin D1-overexpressing cells. We obtained evidence that this increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expression is mediated through cyclin D1 activation of the pRB/E2F pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that in vivo cyclin D1 overexpression can enhance tumor progression, at least in part, by potentiating the stimulatory efforts of bFGF, which is often produced by stromal cells, and the growth of adjacent tumor cells.

© 2018 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved. This issue is dedicated to Prof Hamao Umezawa in appreciation of his great contributions to pioneering research on antibiotics targeting oncogenes.

© 2017 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association. Xanthohumol (XN), a simple prenylated chalcone, can be isolated from hops and has the potential to be a cancer chemopreventive agent against several human tumor cell lines. We previously identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a target of XN; VCP can also play crucial roles in cancer progression and prognosis. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the contribution of VCP to the antitumor activity of XN. Several human tumor cell lines were treated with XN to investigate which human tumor cell lines are sensitive to XN. Several cell lines exhibited high sensitivity to XN both in vitro and in vivo. shRNA screening and bioinformatics analysis identified that the inhibition of the adenylate cyclase (AC) pathway synergistically facilitated apoptosis induced by VCP inhibition. These results suggest that there is crosstalk between the AC pathway and VCP function, and targeting both VCP and the AC pathway is a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for a subset of tumor cells.