論文

A small freshwater fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) has been one of the most attractive experimental systems for research in genetics and developmental biology. We have formed an international consortium Medaka Genome Initiative (MGI) to collect and share various information and resources on medaka. The MGI has set an ambitious goal aiming at the complete sequencing of the medaka genome and as a feasibility study we have begun sequencing one particular chromosome, linkage group 22 (LG22) of approximately 22 Mb in size. Initial sequence analysis revealed unique features of the medaka genome in comparison to fugu genome.

The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) recently completed a sequence of the human genome. As part of this project, we have focused on chromosome 8. Although some chromosomes exhibit extreme characteristics in terms of length, gene content, repeat content and fraction segmentally duplicated, chromosome 8 is distinctly typical in character, being very close to the genome median in each of these aspects. This work describes a finished sequence and gene catalogue for the chromosome, which represents just over 5% of the euchromatic human genome. A unique feature of the chromosome is a vast region of approximately 15 megabases on distal 8p that appears to have a strikingly high mutation rate, which has accelerated in the hominids relative to other sequenced mammals. This fast-evolving region contains a number of genes related to innate immunity and the nervous system, including loci that appear to be under positive selection--these include the major defensin (DEF) gene cluster and MCPH1, a gene that may have contributed to the evolution of expanded brain size in the great apes. The data from chromosome 8 should allow a better understanding of both normal and disease biology and genome evolution.

Flaky tail mice possess two distinct autosomal recessive mutations, hair abnormality (matted: ma) and stratum corneum layer abnormality (flaky tail: ft), and develop dermatitis spontaneously with high serum IgE even under specific pathogen free condition. We demonstrated that flaky tail mice possess loss of function mutation in Filaggrin (Flg) which is one of the major component of stratum corneum, and showed skin barrier abnormality, although our genetically engineered Flg null mice did not develop dermatitis spontaneously. As a result of segregation of ft and ma mutations, we identified that ma mutation is responsible for the dermatitis phenotype in flaky tail mice, and Tmem79 nonsense mutation (Tmem79(ma)) is corresponding to the ma mutation. Tmem79 is expressed in outermost cell of stratum granulosum layer, and ma mice showed abnormal lamellar granule secretory system and abnormal formation of stratum corneum. Thus, Tmem79(ma/ma) mice provides a useful mouse model for spontaneous dermatitis caused by skin barrier gene deficiency. Further analysis for Tmem79(ma/ma) mice would elucidate important mechanisms for development of atopic dermatitis.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no established treatment. To better understand the pathology and develop a treatment modality for SCI, an understanding of the physiological changes following SCI at the molecular level is essential. However, studies on SCI have primarily used rodent models, and few studies have examined SCI in non-human primates. In this study, we analyzed the temporal changes in gene expression patterns following SCI in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using microarray analysis and mRNA deep sequencing. This analysis revealed that, although the sequence of events is comparable between primates and rodents, the inflammatory response following SCI is significantly prolonged and the onset of glial scar formation is temporally delayed in primates compared with rodents. These observations indicate that the optimal time window to treat SCI significantly differs among different species. This study provides the first extensive analysis of gene expression following SCI in non-human primates and will serve as a valuable resource in understanding the pathology of SCI.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that epidermal barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: We performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial to investigate whether protecting the skin barrier with a moisturizer during the neonatal period prevents development of AD and allergic sensitization. METHODS: An emulsion-type moisturizer was applied daily during the first 32 weeks of life to 59 of 118 neonates at high risk for AD (based on having a parent or sibling with AD) who were enrolled in this study. The onset of AD (eczematous symptoms lasting >4 weeks) and eczema (lasting >2 weeks) was assessed by a dermatology specialist on the basis of the modified Hanifin and Rajka criteria. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of AD plus eczema (AD/eczema) at week 32 of life. A secondary outcome, allergic sensitization, was evaluated based on serum levels of allergen-specific IgE determined by using a high-sensitivity allergen microarray of diamond-like carbon-coated chips. RESULTS: Approximately 32% fewer neonates who received the moisturizer had AD/eczema by week 32 than control subjects (P = .012, log-rank test). We did not show a statistically significant effect of emollient on allergic sensitization based on the level of IgE antibody against egg white at 0.34 kUA/L CAP-FEIA equivalents. However, the sensitization rate was significantly higher in infants who had AD/eczema than in those who did not (odds ratio, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.22-6.73). CONCLUSION: Daily application of moisturizer during the first 32 weeks of life reduces the risk of AD/eczema in infants. Allergic sensitization during this time period is associated with the presence of eczematous skin but not with moisturizer use.

BACKGROUND: Filaggrin (FLG) is a major protein component of the stratum corneum (SC) layer, and FLG loss-of-function mutations are a predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). Previous cohort studies of children from northern and western Europe have reported FLG loss-of-function mutation frequencies of 15.1-20.9% and 5.8-13.0% in AD and non-AD groups, respectively. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the association between AD prevalence of FLG loss-of-function mutation carriers and climate conditions, we determined the AD prevalence and FLG loss-of-function mutation frequencies in a cohort of children from Ishigaki Island. Ishigaki Island has a subtropical climate with high humidity (monthly average, 60.8-78.7%) and high temperature (monthly average, 18.5-29.4 degrees C) throughout the year. METHODS: We diagnosed AD prevalence and analyzed eight FLG loss-of-function mutations in the Japanese population against a cohort of 721 children from the Kyushu University Ishigaki Atopic Dermatitis Study (KIDS) cohort. Parents gave consent for the mutation analysis during their medical examinations from 2001 to 2006. RESULTS: Average AD prevalence was 7.3% per year, and a total of 127 children (17.6%) were diagnosed with AD at least once between 2001 and 2006. The average total serum IgE level differed significantly between the AD and non-AD groups (199.0 and 69.0IU/ml, respectively). Although five kinds of FLG loss-of-function mutations isolated in previous Japanese FLG mutation studies were identified, the FLG loss-of-function mutation frequency in children of the KIDS cohort was not significantly different between the AD and non-AD groups (7.9% and 6.1%, respectively; P=0.174). CONCLUSION: The FLG loss-of-function mutation frequency was not significantly different between the AD and non-AD groups in a cohort of children from Ishigaki Island, which has a subtropical climate, suggesting that FLG loss-of-function mutations are not always a predisposing factor for AD prevalence.

Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4 (Dpysl4) is a known regulator of hippocampal neuron development. Here, we report that Dpysl4 is involved in growth regulation, polarization and differentiation of dental epithelial cells during tooth germ morphogenesis. A reduction in Dpysl4 gene expression in the tooth germ produced a loss of ameloblasts, resulting in the decrease of synthesis and secretion of enamel. The inhibition of Dpysl4 gene expression led to promotion of cell proliferation of inner enamel epithelial cells and inhibition of the differentiation of these cells into pre-ameloblasts, which was confirmed by analyzing cell polarization, columnar cell structure formation and the expression of ameloblast marker genes. By contrast, overexpression of Dpysl4 in dental epithelial cells induces inhibition of growth and increases the expression of the inner enamel epithelial cell marker gene, Msx2. These findings suggest that Dpysl4 plays essential roles in tooth germ morphogenesis through the regulation of dental epithelial cell proliferation, cell polarization and differentiation.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing eczematous skin disorder that is frequently associated with elevated serum IgE levels and a personal or family history of AD, allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Filaggrin is a major constituent of the stratum corneum (SC) and contributes to keratin filament aggregation. Its breakdown products form natural moisturizing factor, which plays a central role in hydration of the SC. Sequence analysis and epidemiological studies indicate that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene known to cause the autosomal dominant scaly skin disorder ichthyosis vulgaris are major genetic predisposing factors of AD. Mutations in filaggrin are also associated with atopic asthma. These findings established the 'filaggrin hypothesis,' which states that AD can be triggered by the chronic exposure of barrier-disrupted skin to percutaneous antigens due to abnormalities in filaggrin. In this chapter, we summarize the genome-wide screening of AD susceptibility loci, filaggrin biochemistry and recent epidemiological studies on filaggrin mutations and allergic diseases. We also summarize recent advances in the study of skin barrier mechanisms and filaggrin-associated skin barrier abnormalities in animal models. Taken together, these findings provide novel perspectives on the pathophysiology of AD and effective therapeutic methods for the treatment and/or prevention of AD through the modification of skin barrier dysfunction.