論文

The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. The authors conducted a retrospective study in which patients with malignant melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, gastric cancer or renal cell carcinoma who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies were included. Of 247 patients, 118 developed a total of 182 irAEs. In the multivariate Fine-Gray regression analysis, serum albumin level ≥3.6 g/dl (hazard ratio: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.10-2.39; p = 0.015) and history of Type I hypersensitivity reactions (hazard ratio: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.02-2.14; p = 0.037) were significantly associated with the development of irAEs. High serum albumin levels and history of Type I hypersensitivity reactions are risk factors for irAEs.

Background: Non-inferiority of trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) plus bevacizumab (BEV) to irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine plus BEV in metastatic colorectal cancer was investigated in the phase III TRUSTY study, and we conducted a phase II study of FOLFIRI (5-FU+leucovorin+irinotecan) plus zib-aflibercept (AFL) after FTD/TPI plus BEV. However, the TRUSTY study failed during the recruitment of our patients. Objective: We present the findings of a phase II study on the efficacy of FOLFIRI plus zib-aflibercept (AFL) after FTD/TPI plus BEV, including clinical results with plasma biomarker analyses. Methods: This was a multicenter, single-arm, phase II study in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory or intolerant to oxaliplatin, fluoropyrimidine, BEV, and FTD/TPI. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. Fifteen plasma angiogenesis-associated biomarkers were analyzed using a Luminex® multiplex assay U-kit. Results: Between January 2020 and May 2022, 26 patients (median age, 68 years) from 15 sites were enrolled. The median progression-free survival was 4.9 months (85% confidence interval, 3.4 month–not estimated). The overall response and disease control rates were 8% and 62%, respectively. The median levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and placental growth factor, both targets of AFL, were below the measurable limit of 30 pg/mL and 16 pg/mL, respectively. Patients were divided into two groups at the median levels of baseline biomarkers. The progression-free survival did not differ between high and low expressers of placental growth factor (p = 0.7), while it tended to be shorter in those with high levels of osteopontin (p = 0.05), angiopoietin-2 (p = 0.07), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (p = 0.1). Conclusions: This study did not meet the primary endpoint. Hence, FOLFIRI plus AFL should not be used after FTD/TPI plus BEV for metastatic colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to determine factors not targeted by AFL that may affect the efficacy of the treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: jRCTs041190100.

Various malignancies exhibit high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). The MSI-IVD kit, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method, was the first tumor-agnostic companion diagnostic to detect MSI status in MSI-H solid tumors. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS), which can also detect MSI-H/dMMR, has been made clinically available; however, its real-world concordance with PCR-based testing of MSI-H/dMMR remains to be investigated. The co-primary end points included the positive and negative predictive values of MSI-H/dMMR. A retrospective analysis of 80 patients who had undergone both MSI testing and NGS between July 2015 and March 2021 was conducted. Five patients were confirmed to have MSI-H in both examinations. Among the 75 patients diagnosed as microsatellite stable (MSS) by PCR-based testing, one with pancreatic cancer was diagnosed as having MSI-H after NGS. One patient with pancreatic cancer was diagnosed as having MSS in both tests was found to have a mutation in MLH1 by NGS, which was confirmed as dMMR by IHC staining. NGS had positive and negative predictive values of 100% (5/5) and 98.7% (74/75), respectively, for MSI-H. The concordance between NGS and PCR-based testing was 98.8% (79/80). Thus, NGS can be useful for evaluating MSI/MMR status in clinical practice and can be an important alternative method for detecting MSI-H/dMMR in the future.

Background: Older adults with advanced gastrointestinal cancer face diverse physical challenges associated with the disease, treatments, and aging. Maintaining morale is crucial for these patients, as it enables them to sustain psychological well-being and a sense of fulfillment. We aimed to assess the relationships between appetite, coping strategies, and changes in morale after three months of follow-up in older adults with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Methods: A three-month longitudinal observational study was conducted among 79 older adults (aged 70 and over) with advanced gastrointestinal cancer receiving chemotherapy as outpatients at a hospital in Japan between 2022 and 2024. We assessed morale using the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, appetite using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire, coping strategies using the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory, frailty using the Geriatric 8 scale, and symptoms using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. A linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the difference in change in morale from baseline to three months later between high- and low-appetite groups. Results: Data from 66 participants who completed the follow-up were analyzed. The participants (mean age = 76.8 years) had a mean nutritional appetite score of 14.3, morale score of 12.0, and frailty score of 11.7. Acceptance was the most frequently used coping strategy. At three months from baseline, morale was lower in the low-appetite group than in the high-appetite group. While the change in morale over three months did not differ significantly between the two appetite groups, the use of substances as a coping strategy was significantly associated with lower morale after three months (p = 0.01). Conclusions: While low baseline appetite was associated with lower morale, it was not significantly associated with changes in morale over three months. Instead, reliance on substance use as a coping strategy appeared more important. Therefore, monitoring substance use may be useful for identifying patients who need greater psychological support. Additionally, considering support methods that enable older adults to enjoy eating aligned with their values might be beneficial. These results serve as a foundation for future research aimed at understanding and supporting the morale of older adults with gastrointestinal cancer.

The development of tyrosine‑kinase inhibitors has improved survival rates for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Despite the progress, not all the patients can universally receive the benefit from treatment due to the individual underlying conditions in a real‑world setting. The present study focused on the well‑known but under‑studied condition of GIST with hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia in GIST is characterized by hypoglycemic symptoms such as dizziness, sweating and confusion. It is caused by several factors such as multiple liver metastases, drug adverse effects, postoperative complications and paraneoplastic syndrome [non‑islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH)]. Comprehensive analysis of this condition has been hindered due to its rarity, and has been mostly limited to case reports. In the present study, a single‑institution retrospective analysis of GIST with hypoglycemia was conducted to investigate its prevalence and prognosis, and the cause of this condition. The present study identified that the prevalence of hypoglycemic episodes of GIST was 4.1% in all patients with GIST, and recurrent hypoglycemic cases had a poor prognosis. The present study identified 1 case with recurrent hypoglycemia due to NICTH. Since NICTH is a rare hypoglycemic cause and requires further evaluation, an autopsy and genetic sequencing were performed using the available clinical materials. Through this histological and genetic investigation, the histological diversity of NICTH‑GIST was revealed and insulin‑like growth factor II (IGF‑II) amplification was identified. Furthermore, a chronological analysis was performed using multiple resected archived samples from the same case, and revealed that diffuse IGF‑II expression may have occurred in the early phase of tumor development. The present study catalogued the characteristics of GIST with hypoglycemia with a focus on NICTH‑GIST.

Background: Precision medicine is a promising therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer. However, only a few patients are eligible for genotype-matched treatments because of the low detection rate of actionable genomic alterations, and the clinical application of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) in pancreatic cancer has not been completely investigated. CGP provides considerable information, including the prognosis and eligibility of patients for genotype-matched treatments, which can guide physicians’ treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of CGP to patient outcomes. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study enrolled patients with recurrent or metastatic pancreatic cancer with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma who underwent systemic chemotherapy between April 2018 and April 2022. We reviewed the medical records for patient characteristics, survival, and genomic information. We compared overall survival (OS) between patients who received CGP (CGP group) and those who did not (non-CGP group). Results: Of 111 eligible patients, 59 underwent CGP. Median OS was significantly longer in the CGP than the non-CGP group (25.2 vs. 11.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.49; P = 0.0013). Six patients (10.2%) underwent genotype-matched treatments, with a median OS of 35.5 months, compared to 17.0 months for those who did not. The CGP group demonstrated a higher transition rate to subsequent chemotherapy than did the non-CGP group (76.3% vs. 48.1%, P = 0.0030). Conclusions: OS was prolonged in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent CGP, probably due to its influence on physicians’ treatment strategies. These findings highlight the importance of the proactive and timely implementation of CGP in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Background: In older patients, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is difficult to treat using standard therapies, including surgery and cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy. Paclitaxel (PTX) has radiosensitizing activity. We conducted a phase I trial of PTX combined with radiotherapy to establish a standard therapy for locally advanced ESCC in older patients. Methods: Enrollment was conducted at six centers in Japan from April 2016 to September 2019. The participants were aged ≥ 70 years, had locally advanced ESCC, and were intolerant to surgery or unwilling. A fixed 60-Gy radiation dose was administered in 30 fractions. PTX dosing levels started at 30 mg/m2 weekly for 6 weeks. Depending on the number of DLTs, the dose was set to be increased by 10 mg/m2 or switched to biweekly. A geriatric assessment was performed before treatment using the Geriatric-8 screening tool. The primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Results: We enrolled 24 patients (6 per group); DLT was observed in one (grade 4 hypokalemia), one (grade 3 aspiration), two (grade 3 radiodermatitis, grade 3 esophageal hemorrhage), and two (grade 3 anorexia, grade 5 pneumonitis) patients in the weekly PTX 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/m2 groups, respectively. All adverse events, except death in the 60 mg/m2 group, showed reversible improvement, and the safety profile was considered acceptable. The 2-year survival and complete response rates were 40.0% and 54.2%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between favorable and unfavorable Geriatric-8 scores. Conclusions: The recommended PTX dose with concomitant radiation was determined to be 50 mg/m2 weekly. Phase II trials at this dose are underway.

Nivolumab (NIVO) plus low-dose ipilimumab (IPI) has shown a promising survival benefit in first-line treatment of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that this regimen might also be beneficial for MSI-H gastric cancer (GC), which accounts for ~5% of all GC cases. NO LIMIT (WJOG13320G/CA209-7W7) is an investigator-initiated, single-arm, open-label, 14-center phase 2 trial of NIVO plus low-dose IPI for MSI-H GC in the first-line setting. Eligibility criteria include unresectable advanced, recurrent, or metastatic gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma; confirmed MSI-H status with the MSI-IVD Kit (FALCO); no prior systemic anticancer therapy; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1; and a measurable lesion per RECIST 1.1. The primary objective of the study is to determine the overall response rate (ORR) for the NIVO+IPI regimen as assessed by blinded independent central review. Secondary end points include progression-free survival, overall survival, duration of response, safety, tolerability, and biomarkers. The number of patients was set at 28 on the basis of the threshold and expected ORR values of 35 and 65%, respectively, with a one-sided alpha error of 0.025 and power of 0.80. Subjects will receive treatment with nivolumab (240 mg) biweekly in combination with ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) every 6 weeks. The results of this study should clarify the therapeutic potential of NIVO+IPI for MSI-H GC in the first-line setting.

Background: Despite the proven efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against various types of malignancies, they have been found to induce immune-related adverse events, such as enterocolitis; however, the clinical features of ICI-induced enterocolitis remain to be sufficiently elucidated, which is significant, considering the importance of early detection in the appropriate management and treatment of ICI-induced enterocolitis. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the utility of capsule endoscopy as a screening tool for ICI-induced enterocolitis. Methods: This single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted on patients with malignancy who received any ICI between April 2016 and July 2020 at Keio University Hospital. Next, second-generation capsule endoscopy (CCE-2) was performed on day 60 after ICI initiation to explore the entire gastrointestinal tract. Results: Among the 30 patients enrolled herein, 23 underwent CCE-2. Accordingly, a total of 23 findings were observed in 14 (60.8%) patients at any portion of the gastrointestinal tract (7 patients in the colon, 4 patients in the small intestine, 2 patients in both the colon and the small intestine, and 1 patient in the stomach). After capsule endoscopy, 2 patients (8.7%) developed ICI-induced enterocolitis: both had significantly higher Capsule Scoring of Ulcerative Colitis than those who had not developed ICI-induced enterocolitis (p = 0.0455). No adverse events related to CCE-2 were observed. Conclusions: CCE-2 might be a safe and useful entire intestinal tract screening method for the early detection of ICI-induced enterocolitis in patients with malignancies.

Objectives Indigo naturalis, a herbal medicine effective against ulcerative colitis, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and induces interleukin-22-mediated antimicrobial peptide production. Anti-inflammatory activity and the prevention of secondary infection are essential for the management of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (CIOM); therefore, we developed an indigo naturalis ointment to be administered topically for CIOM and evaluated its feasibility. Methods We performed a single-centre, open-label, prospective feasibility study from March 2017 to December 2018. The key eligibility criteria for the subjects were as follows: (1) receiving chemotherapy for a malignant tumour; (2) grade 1 or 2 CIOM and (3) receiving continuous oral care. The treatment protocol comprised topical indigo naturalis ointment application three times a day for 7 days. The primary endpoint assessed was feasibility. The secondary endpoints assessed were the changes in oral findings, oral cavity pain and safety. Results Nineteen patients with CIOM were enrolled. The average feasibility (the proportion of prescribed applications that were carried out) observed in this study was 94.7%±8.9% (95% CI 90.5% to 99.0%), which was higher than the expected feasibility. The revised oral assessment guide scores of the mucous membrane domain and total scores were significantly improved. All patients reported a reduction in oral cavity pain, with a median pain resolution duration of 6 days. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions The indigo naturalis ointment was feasible, and showed the potential for efficacy and safety. Larger randomised controlled trials are needed to further assess the efficacy and safety of indigo naturalis compared with a placebo. Trial registration number UMIN000024271.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the residual disease distribution and recurrence patterns in patients with ESCC responding to NAC. Summary Background Data: To appropriately plan a prospective trial for the organ preservation approach which includes additional chemoradiotherapy in patients who responded to NAC, the distribution of residual disease needs to be elucidated. Given that the residual tumor is located in the regional field, chemoradiotherapy can be safely added to eliminate the residual disease. Methods: Overall, 483 patients with resectable ESCC who received NAC followed by transthoracic esophagectomy at 2 high-volume centers were reviewed. The recurrence-free survival, overall survival (OS), and residual and recurrent tumor patterns were compared among the pathological responses. Results: Compared with nonpathological responders, pathological responders exhibited significantly longer recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio of Grade 1b/2/3 compared with Grade 0; 0.25 (P < 0.001)/0.17 (P < 0.001)/0.16 (P = 0.003)] and OS [hazard ratio of Grade 1b/2/3 compared with Grade 0; 0.26 (P < 0.001)/0.12 (P < 0.001)/0.11 (P = 0.003)]. In terms of the distribution of recurrence, the percentages of solitary recurrence in the regional field out of all recurrence was significantly higher in patients with Grade 1b (60%)/2 (67%)/3 (67%) whereas less than 25% in Grade 0 or 1a. Conclusions: It was found that postoperative recurrence in responders occurred in the regional field mostly as a solitary lesion without the distant failure, indicating that the residual tumor cells can be eliminated by additional chemoradiotherapy.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy over previous cytotoxic chemotherapies in clinical trials among various tumors. Despite their favorable outcomes, they are associated with a unique set of toxicities termed as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Among the toxicities, ICI-related pneumonitis has poor outcomes with little understanding of its risk factors. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether pre-existing interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) is a potential risk factor for ICI-related pneumonitis. Materials and Methods: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and gastric cancer, who was administered either nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or atezolizumab between September 2014 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Information on baseline characteristics, computed tomography findings before administration of ICIs, clinical outcomes, and irAEs were collected from their medical records. Pre-existing ILA was categorized based on previous studies. Results: Two-hundred-nine patients with a median age of 68 years were included and 23 (11.0%) developed ICI-related pneumonitis. While smoking history and ICI agents were associated with ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .005 and .044, respectively), the categories of ILA were not associated with ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .428). None of the features of lung abnormalities were also associated with ICI-related pneumonitis. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that smoking history was the only significant predictor of ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .028). Conclusion: This retrospective study did not demonstrate statistically significant association between pre-existing ILA and ICI-related pneumonitis, nor an association between radiologic features of ILA and ICI-related pneumonitis. Smoking history was independently associated with ICI-related pneumonitis. Further research is warranted for further understanding of the risk factors of ICI-related pneumonitis.

Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been administered for several cancers and have shown great efficacy. However, they are associated with various immune-related adverse events. Here, we report a case with severe lichenoid eruption following nivolumab administration that improved after the withdrawal of concomitant medications and the patient could continue nivolumab therapy. While nivolumab has been reported to cause severe skin reactions, the current case suggests that severe cutaneous manifestations after nivolumab administration could also be caused by the acquisition of immunogenicity of concomitant medications, including the one that was safely administered before nivolumab treatment and discontinuation of them may enable the patient to continue nivolumab therapy.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS:  In Japan, the elderly population has been increasing annually. The number of elderly patients for whom esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy (CS) is indicated also has been rising. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of routine endoscopy in a cohort of octogenarians aged 85 years and older - defined by the World Health Organization as the very elderly. PATIENTS AND METHODS:  A total of 5,586 patients underwent EGDs, and 2,484 patients underwent CSs performed at the Keio University Hospital from January to September 2014. One hundred eighty-five EGDs and 70 of the CS were performed in the very elderly. Six hundred nine EGDs and 262 CS were performed on younger patients (aged forties). Statistical analysis was performed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS:  On univariate analysis, the rate of adverse events (AEs) in the very elderly was significantly higher compared to the younger group (6.3 % vs. 1.1 %; P  < 0.01). Moreover, the very elderly cohort received substantial therapeutic intervention as compared to the younger (16.9 % vs. 6.9 %; P  < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, independent risk factors of AEs included: very elderly patients (odds ratio (OR) 3.30, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.05 - 10.35), inpatients (OR 3.22, 95 % CI 1.34 - 7.74), and use of pethidine hydrochloride prescription (OR 3.44, 95 % CI 1.51 - 7.81). CONCLUSIONS:  Routine endoscopy in the very elderly incurs a significant risk of AEs, particularly when combined with pethidine hydrochloride prescription.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) generally appears in the skin or oral cavity, but rarely occurs in the small intestine, where it can cause bleeding. To date, only 35 cases of small intestinal PG have been reported in the English literature. We retrospectively collected information from the clinical records of seven cases of small intestinal PG that were managed in our hospital and summarized the characteristics. Further information on the clinical characteristics was obtained from the literature. Capsule endoscopy, useful for identifying the source of hemorrhage in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, can detect PGs. Treatment can often be accomplished with endoscopic mucosal resection.