論文

Genetic variants involving steroidogenic acute regulatory protein cause lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is characterized by impaired steroidogenesis in the adrenal glands and gonads. Functional assessment of variant STAR proteins is necessary for an accurate genetic diagnosis. Ideally, steroidogenic cells should be used to assess the functionality of STAR proteins, but the presence of endogenous STARs in steroidogenic cells precludes such a method. Here, we generated Star-edited cells from steroidogenic Y1 mouse adrenocortical tumor cells by genome editing. Star-edited Y1 cells exhibited very low but measurable cAMP-dependent pregnenolone production. Furthermore, stimulation of the cAMP pathway for 2 weeks resulted in the formation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of Star-edited Y1 cells, which resembled the histology of the adrenal glands of patients with lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The steroidogenic defect of Star-edited Y1 cells can be restored by transient overexpression of mouse Star. We found that human STAR can also restore defective steroidogenesis in Star-edited Y1 cells, and we were able to construct a novel in vitro system to evaluate human STAR variants. Collectively, we established Star-edited Y1 cells that retain the steroidogenic pathway downstream of the Star protein. Star-edited Y1 cells recapitulate the functional and morphological changes of lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia and can be used to evaluate the functionality of human STAR variants.

It has been observed that growth velocity of toddlers and school children shows seasonal variation, while such seasonality is unknown in infants. The aim of this study was to examine whether growth velocity (length and weight) of infants differs by seasons. We assessed longitudinal measurement data obtained for 9,409 Japanese infants whose parents used the mobile phone application, "Papatto Ikuji", during the period from January 2014 to October 2017. On average, each infant had 4.8 entries for length and 5.4 entries for weight. The mean daily change in sex- and age-adjusted z-scores between two time points was estimated as the growth velocity during that period: ΔLAZ/day and ΔWAZ/day for length and weight, respectively. We analyzed 20,007 ΔLAZ/day (mean, -0.0022) and 33,236 ΔWAZ/day (mean, 0.0005) measurements, and found that ΔLAZ/day showed seasonal differences with increases during summer. We conducted a multilevel linear regression analysis, in which effects of age, sex, nutrition and season of birth were adjusted, showing significant difference in ΔLAZ/day between winter and summer with a mean ΔLAZ/day difference of 0.0026 (95%CI 0.0015 to 0.0036; P < 0.001). This seasonal difference corresponded to 13% of the average linear growth velocity in 6-month-old infants. A modest effect of nutrition on linear growth was observed with a mean ΔLAZ/day difference of 0.0015 (95%CI 0.0006 to 0.0025; P < 0.001) between predominantly formula-fed infants and breastfed infants. In conclusion, we observed that linear growth, but not weight gain, of Japanese infants showed significant seasonality effects represented by increases in summer and decreases in winter.

Insufficient thyroid hormone production in newborns is referred to as congenital hypothyroidism. Multinodular goiter (MNG), characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules, is usually seen in adults and is recognized as a separate disorder from congenital hypothyroidism. Here we performed a linkage analysis of a family with both nongoitrous congenital hypothyroidism and MNG and identified a signal at 15q26.1. Follow-up analyses with whole-genome sequencing and genetic screening in congenital hypothyroidism and MNG cohorts showed that changes in a noncoding TTTG microsatellite on 15q26.1 were frequently observed in congenital hypothyroidism (137 in 989) and MNG (3 in 33) compared with controls (3 in 38,722). Characterization of the noncoding variants with epigenomic data and in vitro experiments suggested that the microsatellite is located in a thyroid-specific transcriptional repressor, and its activity is disrupted by the variants. Collectively, we presented genetic evidence linking nongoitrous congenital hypothyroidism and MNG, providing unique insights into thyroid abnormalities.

Context: Thyroglobulin (Tg), encoded by TG, is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. TG defects result in congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Most reported patients were born before the introduction of newborn screening (NBS). Objective: We aimed to clarify the phenotypic features of patients with TG defects diagnosed and treated since the neonatal period. Methods: We screened 1061 patients with CH for 13 CH-related genes and identified 30 patients with TG defects. One patient was diagnosed due to hypothyroidism-related symptoms and the rest were diagnosed via NBS. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their genotypes, and clinical characteristics were compared. We evaluated the functionality of the 7 missense variants using HEK293 cells. Results: Twenty-seven rare TG variants were detected, including 15 nonsense, 3 frameshift, 2 splice-site, and 7 missense variants. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 13 patients with biallelic truncating variants and 17 patients with monoallelic/biallelic missense variants. Patients with missense variants were more likely to develop thyroid enlargement with thyrotropin stimulation than patients with biallelic truncating variants. Patients with biallelic truncating variants invariably required full hormone replacement, whereas patients with missense variants required variable doses of levothyroxine. Loss of function of the 7 missense variants was confirmed in vitro. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the largest investigation on the clinical presentation of TG defects diagnosed in the neonatal period. Patients with missense variants showed relatively mild hypothyroidism with compensative goiter. Patients with only truncating variants showed minimal or no compensative goiter and required full hormone replacement.

Mutations in PAX8, the gene for a thyroid-specific transcription factor, causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with autosomal dominant inheritance. All previously detected PAX8 mutations except one are located in the DNA-binding paired domain. The proband, a 1-yr-old boy, was diagnosed with CH in the frame of newborn screening. He had high serum TSH level (180 mU/L) and low serum free T4 level (0.4 ng/dL). Ultrasonography revealed that the proband had thyroid hypoplasia. Importantly, he had a family history of CH, i.e., his mother also had CH and hypoplasia. Next generation sequencing-based mutation screening revealed a novel heterozygous PAX8 mutation (c.116A>C, p.His39Pro) that was transmitted to the proband from the mother. Expression experiments with HeLa cells confirmed that His39Pro-PAX8 exhibited defective transactivation of the TG promoter-luciferase reporter. In conclusion, we identified and described a novel loss-of-function PAX8 mutation in a family with thyroid hypoplasia. Patients with dominantly inherited CH and no extrathyroidal abnormalities could have PAX8 mutations.

Genetic defects of the TSH receptor (TSHR) signaling pathway cause a form of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) known as TSH resistance. Consistent with the physiological understanding that thyroidal iodine uptake is up-regulated by TSHR signaling, most patients with TSH resistance have low to normal thyroidal 123I uptake representing the classic TSH resistance. However, paradoxically high 123I uptake was reported in four molecularly-confirmed patients indicating nonclassic TSH resistance. Here, we report the fifth patient with the nonclassic phenotype. He was a 12-yr-old CH patient and treated with levothyroxine. At the age 11 yr, he showed slightly small thyroid gland and elevated thyroidal 123I uptake. Genetic analysis showed that he was compound heterozygous for two known missense mutations (Arg109Gln and Arg450His) in the TSHR gene. Further, the signal transduction of Arg109Gln-TSHR was defective in both Gs- and Gq-coupled pathways, while Arg450His-TSHR showed Gq-dominant defect. 123I uptake was evaluated earlier in 16 patients with TSH resistance, and a correlation between TSH levels and 123I uptake was shown in patients with specific genotypes (Arg450His or Leu653Val). Collectively, we have re-confirmed that the emergence of the nonclassic phenotype requires two factors: mutant TSHR with Gq-dominant coupling defect and relatively high levels of serum TSH.

Objective: To clarify the characteristics of milestone achievement of Japanese infants using data assessed and recorded in real time via a Web-based app by caregivers. Study design: Between 2014 and 2019, the achievement of developmental milestones of 16 627 Japanese infants were recorded via the mobile app Papatto Ikuji along with pertinent information including sex, birth date, anthropometric measurements, and information on feeding. The milestones consisted of 20 items belonging to 4 domains: personal-social, fine motor-adaptative, language, and gross motor. The distribution of age at milestone achievement was compared with 4 conventional normative data. Subgroup analyses according to sex, season of birth, and feeding methods were performed with restricted mean survival time analysis. Results: Age distributions of milestone achievement were generally similar in the app-based and conventional data. The exception was “Smile responsively,” for which the age at achievement seemed higher in the app-based data. Subgroup analyses showed female-dominant sex differences in the achievement of person-social and language milestones. The results also showed seasonality in achievement of gross motor milestones, with earlier achievement in infants born in winter compared with those born in summer. Conclusions: We describe mobile app-based data on developmental milestone achievements that were recorded in real time. The app-based data were generally comparable with conventional normative data, suggesting that its potential to assess the development of children in real time. This could be used complementarily with the current well-child visits at scheduled time points.

Gain-of-function variants in SAMD9, which resides on chromosome 7, cause MIRAGE syndrome that is associated with congenital adrenal insufficiency and gonadal dysgenesis. We previously reported a Japanese patient with MIRAGE syndrome carrying a de novo heterozygous SAMD9 variant (p.Ala1479Ser). In this study, we confirmed the pathogenicity of Ala1479Ser-SAMD9 in vitro. Genetic study results revealed an atypically low variant allele frequency (26%) and we suspected of genomic rearrangement(s) involving chromosome 7. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and short tandem repeat analysis showed presence of mosaic maternal isodisomic uniparental disomy 7 (UPD7). Deep sequencing using DNA samples obtained at 0, 6, 10, and 25 mo of age revealed that the percentage of cells with UPD7 increased constantly from 6% to 82% over 25 mo, and this increase coincided with a decrease in the percentage of cells with p.Ala1479Ser from 94% to nearly undetectable levels. We further screened for low-allele-frequency and rare SAMD9 variants in eight patients with Silver-Russel syndrome and maternal UPD7; however, none of the patients harbored such a variant. In conclusion, our case demonstrates that genetic findings can vary considerably in patients with MIRAGE syndrome and that a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including SNP array and deep sequencing, is important in such cases.

Membrane-less organelles (MLOs) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) play pivotal roles in biological processes. During LLPS, proteins and nucleotides are extremely condensed, resulting in changes in their conformation and biological functions. Disturbed LLPS homeostasis in MLOs is thought to associate with fatal diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, it is important to detect changes in the degree of crowding in MLOs. However, it has not been investigated well due to the lack of an appropriate method. To address this, we developed a genetically encoded macromolecular crowding sensor CRONOS (crowding sensor with mNeonGreen and mScarlet-I) that senses the degree of macromolecular crowding in MLOs using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system. CRONOS is a bright biosensor with a wide dynamic range and successfully detects changes in the macromolecular volume fraction in solution. By fusing to the scaffold protein of each MLO, we delivered CRONOS to MLO of interest and detected previously undescribed differences in the degree of crowding in each MLO. CRONOS also detected changes in the degree of macromolecular crowding in nucleolus induced by environmental stress or inhibition of transcription. These findings suggest that CRONOS can be a useful tool for the determination of molecular crowding and detection of pathological changes in MLOs in live cells.

We previously performed next-generation sequencing-based genetic screening in patients with autoantibodynegative type 1 diabetes, and identified the p.Leu168Pro mutation in HNF1B. Here, we report the clinical course of the patient and the results of functional characterization of this mutation. The proband had bilateral renal hypodysplasia and developed insulin-dependent diabetes during childhood. The pathogenicity of Leu168Pro-HNF1B was evaluated with three-dimensional structure modeling, Western blotting, immunofluorescence analysis and luciferase reporter assays using human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Three-dimensional structure modeling predicted that the Leu168 residue is buried in the DNA-binding Pit-Oct-Unc-specific (POUS) domain and forms a hydrophobic core. Western blotting showed that the protein expression level of Leu168Pro-HNF1B was lower than that of wild-type (WT) HNF1B. Immunofluorescence staining showed that both WT- and Leu168Pro-HNF1B were normally localized in the nucleus. The cells transfected with WT-HNF1B exhibited 5-fold higher luciferase reporter activity than cells transfected with an empty vector. The luciferase activities were comparable between WT-HNF1B/Leu168Pro-HNF1B and WT-HNF1B/empty vector co-transfection. In conclusion, Leu168Pro is a protein-destabilizing HNF1B mutation, and the destabilization is likely due to the structural changes involving the hydrophobic core of POUS. The disease-causing Leu168Pro HNF1B mutation is a loss-of-function mutation without a dominant-negative effect.