論文

Abstract We introduce a new flexible one-dimensional photochemical model named Photochemical and RadiatiOn Transport model for Extensive USe (PROTEUS), which consists of a Python graphical user interface (GUI) program and Fortran 90 modules. PROTEUS is designed for adaptability to many planetary atmospheres, for flexibility to deal with thousands of or more chemical reactions with high efficiency, and for intuitive operation with GUI. Chemical reactions can be easily implemented into the Python GUI program in a simple string format, and users can intuitively select a planet and chemical reactions on GUI. Chemical reactions selected on GUI are automatically analyzed by string parsing functions in the Python GUI program, then applied to the Fortran 90 modules to simulate with the selected chemical reactions on a selected planet. We performed a benchmark test of PROTEUS to confirm its validity, by applying it to the Martian atmosphere and the Jovian ionosphere. PROTEUS can significantly save the time for those who need to develop a new photochemical model; users just need to write chemical reactions in the Python GUI program and just select them on GUI to run a new photochemical model. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Several observations using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) reported that the brightness morphology of the oxygen OI] 135.6 nm emissions on Europa’s atmosphere has a north‐south asymmetry which changes with the position of Europa with respect to the Jovian magnetospheric plasma sheet. Similar north‐south asymmetry of Io’s auroral limb glow has been explained by higher electron flux into the atmosphere on the hemisphere that faces the plasma sheet center. This explanation, however, has not yet been evaluated for the case of Europa quantitatively. In this study, we used a test particle simulation for the Jovian magnetospheric electrons to estimate the brightness of the 135.6 nm aurora in Europa’s atmosphere and evaluate the cause of the north‐south asymmetry with the previously suggested idea, in which the strong deceleration of the magnetospheric flux tube results in the inhomogeneous electron flux into Europa’s atmosphere (the “slow‐down effect”). Our simulation successfully recreates the systematically changing north‐south asymmetry of Europa’s oxygen aurora brightness using the “slow‐down effect”. With deceleration into 10% of the background plasma flow, the maximum north‐to‐south brightness ratio is estimated at 2.17 and 2.56 on the trailing (plasma‐upstream) and leading (downstream) side, respectively. However, the previously observed brightness ratio is larger on the trailing side (up to ∼ 5). The results indicate that additional model scenarios are required to fully explain the north‐south asymmetry of Europa’s oxygen aurora morphology.

Abstract Ion pickup by the solar wind is ubiquitous in space plasma. Because pickup ions are originally produced by ionization of an exospheric neutral atmosphere, their measurements contain information on the exospheric neutral abundance. Here we established a method to retrieve exospheric number densities, by analyzing the ion velocity distribution functions of pickup ions measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. We successfully retrieved exospheric oxygen density distributions at altitudes ranging from 1000 to 10,000 km around Mars except for the vicinity of the bow shock. This method can be applied to other space missions to study the upper atmosphere of planets, moons, and other small bodies in our solar system, where pickup ions exist.

Abstract C+ emission is generated by electron impact, dissociative ionization, photoionization, and resonant scattering with carbon-related atoms, molecules, and ions in the Martian ionosphere and thermosphere. The contribution of each mechanism to the emission, however, has not been elucidated due to the difficulty of observation and the fact that a part of the emission cross section is unclear. The current paper isolates the C+ emission mechanism using remote-sensing and in situ observations on board Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN. Both electron impact and dissociative ionization/photoionization contribute to C+ emission below 150 km altitude when the CO density is high, but only dissociative ionization/photoionization contributes to the emission for the low CO density case, while only dissociative ionization/photoionization dominates the emission at altitudes between 150 and 165 km for both CO density cases. It is difficult to estimate the total flux of suprathermal electrons in the ionosphere from remote-sensing observations of C+ emission because the contribution of electron impact to C+ emission is small. In contrast, C-atom remote-sensing observations might provide a better understanding of the total flux of suprathermal electrons in the ionosphere than C+ emission, and global ultraviolet observations could be utilized as a tool for monitoring the ionosphere. The total flux of suprathermal electrons estimated from C-atom emission may be utilized to isolate the contribution of each C+ emission process to the brightness more accurately. This suggests that the C+ and C-atom emissions might be tracers of spatiotemporal variations in the Martian ionosphere and thermosphere.