論文

Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), encoded by PADI4, plays critical roles in the immune system; however, its contribution to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis remains controversial. The pathological roles of PAD4 were investigated in lupus model mice. An imiquimod (IMQ)-induced lupus model was analyzed in wild-type (WT) and Padi4-knockout (KO) mice. Proteinuria, serum anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody, and renal infiltrated cells were evaluated. Neutrophil migration and adhesion were assessed using adoptive transfer and adhesion assay. PAD4-regulated pathways were identified by RNA-sequencing of Padi4 KO neutrophils. Padi4 KO mice exhibited significant improvements in proteinuria progression compared with WT mice, whereas, serum anti-dsDNA antibody and immune complex deposition in the glomeruli showed no difference between both mice strains. Padi4 KO mice showed decreased neutrophil infiltration in the kidneys. Adoptively transferred Padi4 KO neutrophils showed decreased migration to the kidneys of IMQ-treated WT mice, and adhesion to ICAM-1 was impaired in Padi4 KO neutrophils. Padi4 KO neutrophils exhibited reduced upregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-primed Padi4 KO neutrophils demonstrated reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and lower expression of JNK-associated leucine zipper protein (JLP), a p38 MAPK scaffold protein. Neutrophils from heterozygous Jlp KO mice showed impaired adhesion to ICAM-1 and decreased migration to the kidneys of IMQ-treated WT mice. These results indicated a pivotal role of PAD4-p38 MAPK pathway in renal neutrophil infiltration in TLR7 agonist-induced lupus nephritis, and the importance of neutrophil-mediated kidney inflammation. Inhibition of the PAD4-p38 MAPK pathway may help in formulating a novel therapeutic strategy against lupus nephritis.

OBJECTIVE: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles regulate susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and immune-mediated diseases. This study aims to elucidate the impact of HLA alleles to T cell subsets. METHODS: We performed genome-wide and HLA allele association analysis for T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain repertoire in 13 purified T cell subsets from the ImmuNexUT database, consisting of 407 donors with ten immune-mediated diseases and healthy controls. RESULTS: HLA class II alleles were associated with TRBV gene usage and the public clones of CD4 T cells, while HLA class I alleles were associated with CD8 T cells. RA-risk and immune-mediated diseases-risk HLA alleles were associated with TRBV gene usage of naive and effector CD4 T cell subsets and public clones accumulating in Th17. Clonal diversity was independent of HLA alleles and was correlated with transcriptome changes that reflect TCR signaling. CONCLUSION: This study revealed in vivo evidence that both HLA alleles and environmental factors shape naive and effector TCR repertoires in RA and immune-mediated diseases patients.

BACKGROUND: Current strategies that target cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), or signaling molecules (e.g., Janus kinase (JAK)) have advanced the management for allergies and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism that underpins its clinical efficacy have largely remained elusive, especially in the local tissue environment. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic, epigenetic, and immunological targets of JAK inhibitors (JAKis), focusing on their effects on synovial fibroblasts (SFs), the major local effectors associated with destructive joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: SFs were activated by cytokines related to inflammation in RA, and were treated with three types of JAKis or a TNF-α inhibitor (TNFi). Dynamic changes in transcriptome and chromatin accessibility were profiled across samples to identify drug targets. Furthermore, the putative targets were validated using luciferase assays and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based genome editing. RESULTS: We found that both JAKis and the TNFi targeted the inflammatory module including IL6. Conversely, specific gene signatures that were preferentially inhibited by either of the drug classes were identified. Strikingly, RA risk enhancers for CD40 and TRAF1 were distinctively regulated by JAKis and the TNFi. We performed luciferase assays and CRISPR-based genome editing, and successfully fine-mapped the single causal variants in these loci, rs6074022-CD40 and rs7021049-TRAF1. CONCLUSIONS: JAKis and the TNFi had a direct impact on different RA risk enhancers, and we identified nucleotide-resolution targets for both drugs. Distinctive targets of clinically effective drugs could be useful for tailoring the application of these drugs and future design of more efficient treatment strategies.

Common variants strongly influence the risk of human autoimmunity. Two categories of variants contribute substantially to the risk: (i) coding variants of HLA genes and (ii) non-coding variants at the non-HLA loci. We recently developed a novel analytic pipeline of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire to understand how HLA coding variants influence the risk. We identified that the risk variants increase the frequency of auto-reactive T cells. In addition, to understand how non-coding variants contribute to the risk, the researchers conducted integrative analyses using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL) and demonstrated that the risk non-coding variants dysregulate specific genes’ expression and splicing. These studies provided novel insight into the immunological consequences of two major genetic risks, and we will introduce these research achievements in detail in this review.

Alternative splicing contributes to complex traits, but whether this differs in trait-relevant cell types across diverse genetic ancestries is unclear. Here we describe cell-type-specific, sex-biased and ancestry-biased alternative splicing in ~1 M peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 474 healthy donors from the Asian Immune Diversity Atlas. We identify widespread sex-biased and ancestry-biased differential splicing, most of which is cell-type-specific. We identify 11,577 independent cis-splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs), 607 trans-sGenes and 107 dynamic sQTLs. Colocalization between cis-eQTLs and trans-sQTLs revealed a cell-type-specific regulatory relationship between HNRNPLL and PTPRC. We observed an enrichment of cis-sQTL effects in autoimmune and inflammatory disease heritability. Specifically, we functionally validated an Asian-specific sQTL disrupting the 5' splice site of TCHP exon 4 that putatively modulates the risk of Graves' disease in East Asian populations. Our work highlights the impact of ancestral diversity on splicing and provides a roadmap to dissect its role in complex diseases at single-cell resolution.

ObjectiveIdiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) demonstrate characteristic clinical phenotypes depending on the myositis‐specific antibody (MSAs) present. We aimed to identify common or MSA‐specific immunological pathways in different immune cell types from peripheral blood by transcriptome analysis.MethodsWe recruited 33 patients with IIM who were separated into the following groups: 15 patients with active disease at onset and 18 with inactive disease under treatment. All patients were positive for MSAs: anti–melanoma differentiation‐associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody (Ab) in 10 patients, anti‐Mi‐2 Ab in 7, and anti‐aminoacyl‐transfer RNA synthetase (ARS) Ab in 16. The patients were compared with 33 healthy controls. Twenty‐four immune cell types sorted from peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry, RNA sequencing, and differentially expressed gene analysis combined with pathway analysis.ResultsThe frequencies of memory B cell types were significantly decreased in active patients, and the frequency of plasmablasts was prominently increased in active patients with anti‐MDA5 Ab in comparison with healthy controls. The expression of type I interferon (IFN)‐stimulated genes of all immune cell types was increased in the active, but not inactive, patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress‐related genes in all IIM memory B cells and oxidative phosphorylation‐related genes in inactive IIM double negative B cells were also increased, suggesting prominent B cell activation in IIM. Furthermore, active patients with anti‐MDA5 Ab, anti‐Mi‐2 Ab, or anti‐ARS Ab were distinguished by IFN‐stimulated and oxidative phosphorylation‐related gene expression in plasmablasts.ConclusionUnique gene expression patterns in patients with IIM with different disease activity levels and MSA types suggest different pathophysiologies. Especially, B cells may contribute to common and MSA‐specific immunological pathways in IIM.

Aging is a significant risk factor for autoimmunity, and many autoimmune diseases tend to onset during adulthood. We conducted an extensive analysis of CD4 + T cell subsets from 354 patients with autoimmune disease and healthy controls via flow cytometry and bulk RNA sequencing. As a result, we identified a distinct CXCR3 mid CD4 + effector memory T cell subset that expands with age, which we designated “age-associated T helper (T H A) cells.” T H A cells exhibited both a cytotoxic phenotype and B cell helper functions, and these features were regulated by the transcription factor ZEB2. Consistent with the highly skewed T cell receptor usage of T H A cells, gene expression in T H A cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus reflected disease activity and was affected by treatment with a calcineurin inhibitor. Moreover, analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that T H A cells infiltrate damaged organs in patients with autoimmune diseases. Together, our characterization of T H A cells may facilitate improved understanding of the relationship between aging and autoimmune diseases.