論文

This study examined associations of the General Factor of Personality (GFP) with trait emotional intelligence (EI) and emotional and behavioral problems in Japanese children and adolescents. We used self- and parent-rated personality data to extract the two GFPs using the Ten Item Personality Inventory. Participants were 10,357 Japanese children and adolescents (M = 13.99 years; SD = 2.53; range 9–18; 5177 boys, 5168 girls, 12 unknown). Correlational and multiple regression analyses revealed that the two GFPs were significantly associated with trait EI. However, the association between the self-rated GFP and trait EI was weaker than previously reported. The GFPs were also associated with emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents above and beyond trait EI. These findings support the notion that the GFP reflects social effectiveness and imply differences in the GFP-trait EI association between youths and adults.

It was originally hypothesized by Block that what has come to be known as the General Factor of Personality (GFP) reflects ego-resiliency. We test Block’s hypothesis in two studies. In Study 1 a meta-analysis (N = 15,609) examining the relationship between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience was conducted. In Study 2 (N = 157) archival data from Block and Block was used to examine the association between rater judged ego-resiliency across childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood and the GFP based on self-report in early adulthood. Using structural equation modeling for the meta-analytic data, the correlation between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience was estimated at r = 0.93. Using a trait-state occasion model to test the hypothesis in Study 2, the correlation between the GFP and rated ego-resiliency was estimated at r = 0.85. The results of the two studies offer substantial support for Block’s original hypothesis. Given the strength of the associations between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience one may conclude that the two constructs largely reflect the same underlying phenomenon.

The purpose of this study was to validate the 20-item Mini-K scale, which is the short form of the Arizona Life History Battery, as translated into Japanese. Two samples of Japanese adults (N=2000; 50.0% men; Mage=40.9 for the first survey; N=400; 50.0% men; Mage=42.2 for the second survey) completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Japanese translation of the Mini-K. The results showed that the psychometric properties of the Japanese Mini-K scale were comparable to those of the original English version. The scale had good reliability based on Cronbach's and McDonald's . Convergent validity was demonstrated by the correlation between the Mini-K scores and life history indicators. In addition, the Mini-K score was related to both personality and psychosomatic health. The translated scale provides a valid and reliable instrument in Japanese that measures human life-history strategy.

本研究の目的は，大規模社会調査のデータを横断的研究の観点から二次分析することによって，ビッグ・ファイブ・パーソナリティ特性に及ぼす年齢と性別の影響を検討することであった。分析対象者は4,588名（男性2,112名，女性2,476名）であり，平均年齢は53.5歳（SD＝12.9，23–79歳）であった。分析の対象とされた尺度は，日本語版Ten Item Personality Inventory（TIPI-J；小塩・阿部・カトローニ，2012）であった。年齢と性別，それらの交互作用項を独立変数，ビッグ・ファイブの5つの側面を従属変数とした重回帰分析を行ったところ，次のような結果が得られた。協調性と勤勉性については年齢の線形的な効果が有意であり，年齢に伴って上昇する傾向が見られた。外向性と開放性については性別の効果のみ有意であり，男性よりも女性の外向性が高く，開放性は低かった。神経症傾向については年齢の線形的効果と性別との交互作用が有意であり，若い年齢では男性よりも女性の方が高い得点を示した。

本研究の目的は，東京大学で行われている「体験活動」と呼ばれる課外活動を通じて，大学生の社会情緒的側面がいかに発達するのかを検討することであった。分析対象者は276名（男性：164名，女性：106名，性別無回答6名）であり，一時点目の調査時点での平均年齢は20.46歳（SDage＝1.43，Medianage＝20，レンジ：18–27歳）であった。分析の対象とされた変数は，パーソナリティ特性，首尾一貫感覚，感情制御方略であった。各パーソナリティ特性と首尾一貫感覚の相対的な安定性，平均値の変化，および変化の個人差についてそれぞれ検討を行った。その結果，パーソナリティ特性と首尾一貫感覚は活動前後で高い程度で相対的に安定していることが示された。また平均値の変化については，外向性と首尾一貫感覚において統計的に有意な得点の上昇がみられた。さらに，その変化の個人差は，個人の感情制御方略の傾向によって一部説明されることも明らかとなった。分析結果より，肯定的再評価をよく用いるものほど外向性のレベルがより高くなる方向へ変化し，受容をよく用いるものほど外向性のレベルがより下がることが示された。本研究の結果は，大学生においても体験活動のような課外活動への参加が社会情緒的発達に対して効果的である可能性を示唆している。

本研究の目的は成人形成期の人のアイデンティティと複数の社会的関係性がいかに関連するかを検討することであった。分析対象者は385名（男性：210名，女性：175名；M＝22.4，SD＝2.4，レンジ：18–29歳）であった。対象者のアイデンティティは多次元自我同一性尺度（MEIS；谷，2001）を用いて測定され，社会的関係性は，改訂版親密な対人関係体験尺度（ECR-R；Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000; 島，2010）を用い，養育者・友人・恋人に対するアタッチメント・スタイルを測定した。対象ごとのアタッチメント・スタイル，年齢，性別を独立変数とし，アイデンティティの各側面を従属変数とした重回帰モデルを用いた共分散構造分析を行い，以下の結果を得た。「自己斉一性・連続性」は養育者に対するアタッチメント・スタイルからの効果が有意となった。「対自的同一性」は年齢からの効果が有意であり，「対他的同一性」は友人と恋人に対するアタッチメント・スタイルからの効果が有意となった。「心理社会的同一性」は年齢と，友人に対するアタッチメント・スタイルからの効果が有意となった。この結果から，主観的なアイデンティティの側面は養育者との関係性と関連し，社会的なアイデンティティに関しては友人や恋人との間の関係性が関連することが示唆された。

Considerable research has been performed on the association between sibling composition and various characteristics, including personality, intelligence, and social attitudes. These studies suggest that birth order among siblings could weakly but significantly affect the development of personality traits and intelligence. However, few studies on the association between sibling composition and moral foundations have been conducted. Therefore, the present study investigated whether sibling composition (only child, firstborn, laterborn) is related to moral values with a between-family design. A sample of 500 Japanese adults (250 women) completed the self-administered online questionnaire. The mean age was 45.42 years (SD = 8.53, range = 20–60, median = 46). The general linear model was used to test the association between sibling composition and moral values. The results showed no differences in five moral foundation and two higher-order moral dimension scores between firstborns and laterborns. However, only children scored lower on care/harm, fairness/cheating, and individualizing foundation than laterborns. This finding might indicate that growing up with their siblings positively affects the development of care/harm and fairness/cheating (individualizing foundation) regardless of one's position among those siblings.

This study investigated the age differences in the Dark Triad (DT) traits with 2 independent samples. Personality was measured using the Short Dark Triad and the Dark Triad Ditty Dozen. Results showed a significant negative correlation between age and DT traits except for narcissism, which differed between the samples. Significant age-by-sex interaction effects were observed for Macitiavellianism and the DT composite score, indicating that women showed a steeper downward age trend in dark personalities.

Little research has been conducted on personality development in non-Western countries. The present study investigated age differences in personality in Japanese middle adults (N = 2000; M = 40.94 years; SD = 5.35, range 30-49; 1000 women). After controlling for educational level, annual income, marital status, and gender, it was found that the level of Emotionality was negatively associated with age. Honesty-Humility, on the other hand, was positively associated with age. However, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness were not associated with the participant age. These findings suggest that trends in personality development may differ slightly between Western and non-Western countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In this study, we conducted the translation and validation of the K-SF-42 in Japan (Figueredo, 2017). The K-SF-42 is a new short form of the Arizona Life History Battery. We obtained empirical evidence that the original seven-factor structure could be applied to the Japanese translated version of K-SF-42 (K-SF-42-J). We also observed good internal consistency of the seven scales of K-SF-42-J. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis findings suggest that the K-SF-42-J can be used in both sexes and diverse age groups. The KSF- 42-J scales showed similar correlates as the English original, with higher scores of other life history strategy measurement, trait emotional intelligence, well-being, and cultural and social resources in childhood. Use of the K-SF-42-J will allow researchers with Japanese speaking samples to integrate their findings with the existing life history strategy research literature. The brevity of the K-SF-42-J will be appealing to researchers who are concerned about taxing the time and motivation of their participants.

The purpose of this study was to validate the 7-item long-term mating orientation scale (LTMO) as translated into Japanese. Two samples of Japanese adults (N=2000; 50.0% male; Mage=40.9 for the first survey; N=300; 54.7% male; Mage=42.4 for the second survey) completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Japanese translation of the LTMO. The results showed that the psychometric properties of the Japanese LTMO scale were comparable to those of the original English version. The scale had adequate reliability based on Cronbach's and McDonald's . Convergent validity was demonstrated by the correlation between the LTMO scores and related variables: human life history strategies, short-term sociosexual orientation, attitude to infidelity, romantic attachment style, and so on. The translated scale provides a valid and reliable instrument in Japanese that measures human mating strategy.