論文

日本におけるフランス語の学習者は、学習方法がフランスと異なるため、議論や討論のようなアクティビティに対して苦手意識を持っている場合が多い。日本人の学習者は、確かに、討論の場で自分を前に押し出すことや、自分の考えを合理的に説明することに慣れていない。他方で、CECRLによると、B2レベルから学習者には討論に近いアクティビティに参加できるように、思考を合理的に述べる能力と、異なる考えを比較し、突き合わせる能力の習得が求められる。ところで、CECRLで求められている能力は、明らかに欧米さらに欧州中心主義的な考えに基づいており、日本の学習者の考え方や文化的なバックグラウンドを必ずしも踏まえていない。本論文では、この問題における仮説や困難を考察し、さらに合理的な思考能力の獲得の重要性について述べる。このため、日本の外国語授業における論証・論述の教育法を概観してから、フランス語の授業で討論に慣れさせるための実践方法を提案する。

L'acte de lire, souvent secondaire par rapport à l'oral, qui est mis en avant pour son importance communicative, est porteur d'un message qui est construit différemment par chacun. La lecture est aussi indispensable à l'épanouissement social de chacun à travers l'apprentissage et la communication en langues étrangères. Au Japon, nous observons un phénomène assez commun dans le contexte d'apprentissage des langues étrangères dans lequel beaucoup d'apprenants japonais réagissent avec un « blocage » face à un texte. Afin de mieux comprendre ces « blocages », nous commencerons par discuter de la place de la compétence en lecture dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère. Ensuite, nous examinerons l'activité de lecture en tant que processus psycholinguistique, et ce pour pouvoir mieux comprendre les obstacles à la lecture en langue étrangère dans un contexte général. Ensuite, nous discuterons des difficultés rencontrées dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des compétences en lecture dans le contexte de l'enseignement des langues étrangères au Japon. Finalement, nous verrons des démarches d'enseignement de la lecture qu'il serait pertinent d'adopter dans ce contexte. The act of reading, which is often side-lined in favor of speech because of its communicative importance, also carries a meaning that is constructed differently by each person. It is also essential for the social development of every person through the act of learning and communicating in foreign languages. In Japan, we can observe a common phenomenon among foreign language learners where many learners react by « freezing-up » while reading a text. To better understand these learning difficulties, we will start the discussion by defining the importance of reading comprehension in the context of French as a foreign language. Next, we will define the reading activity as a psycholinguistic process, to be able to better understand the barriers to reading in foreign language in general. Then, we will discuss the difficulties encountered in the teaching and learning of reading skills in the context of foreign language education in Japan. Finally, we will examine teaching methods for reading activities that are relevant to this context.

This article examines the everyday adaptation practices of marginalized inhabitants in present-day Morocco as they respond to their urban domestic environments and resist recent slum relocation projects. We first address urban policies imple-mented during the French protectorate era (1912–56), many of which have contin-ued to impact Moroccan cities in the twenty-first century. Our research emphasizes the inadequacy of current urban policies and architectural designs, as well as their incompatibility with inhabitants’ ways of living and spatial needs. We explore how different socio-spatial practices in traditional medina cities, shantytowns, and social housing complexes illustrate marginalized social groups’ adaptation to official policies and sociocultural changes. Acknowledging that the built environment expresses the beliefs, cultures, and social backgrounds of inhabitants, we aim to illustrate their ways of living through case studies of two marginalized communities in the Douar El-Garaa shantytown in Rabat and a social housing complex in the suburbs of Casablanca. Our findings identify socio-spatial appropriation and adaptation practices that are rooted in sociocultural habits codified by Islamic customs and other Moroccan cultural norms.

In this paper, the aim is to develop a construction system that utilizes digital technology which measures the completed shape and checks its degree of safety. This is because in the case of conventional construction, it is assumed that drawing and structure are consistent by using advanced construction techniques. However, it cannot always be assumed that there are correct composition parts and advanced construction techniques in all geographical areas. Under such conditions, and through the use of digital technology, it can be easier to integrate the errors that occurred while the structure is being built as part of the construction process rather than to try to make the structure consistent with the original design.

This research paper investigates the peculiarities of unplanned urban fabrics known for developing in a spontaneous way. By studying the characteristics of their urban form, a set of rules, functions, and objectives used for an experimental urban form-finding model are explored. Based on these features, the development of a parametric model seeks to grasp certain characteristics of spontaneous urban tissues in old Islamic cities and incorporate them into an experimental social housing proposal. By the use of genetic algorithms, the model aims to offer better adaptability and more diversification which will be to while still keeping a degree of preservation to the distinctive aspects that define those settlements. The use of a genetic solver is expected to be a problem-solving method that can simulate and offer a wide range of objective-based spatial that are considerably adaptive to particular urban contexts. In this study, we discuss the defining aspects and constituents of the urban form of these settings before interpreting them into algorithmic components to be incorporated in a parametric model.

This research discusses designing an experimental framework to reinterpret the urban form of self-organizing traditional Islamic cities with computational design tools. These types of ancient urban tissues are characterized with emergent behaviour that is expressed through the incorporation, in their spatial structure, of apparent randomness and inherent complex organization. The said framework highlights some of the important physiological and organisational features of theses urban environments before reinterpreting to be incorporated in a computational design process. A set of functional constraints and objectives inspired by characteristics of the aforementioned urban settings are defined for a form-generation algorithm. This methodology is described through a threefold process comprising of formulation, generation and evaluation steps that allow for the optimization of the urban form. While making use of algorithmic design software to define the components for a generative urban design model, this research also uses multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithms as a theoretical basis for the optimization and analysis of this model. An evolutionary computing solver and Pareto front evaluation methodology are used in order to evaluate and visualize a multitude of optimized solutions. Built on these features, the development of an experimental urban model means both to explore the generation of proposed results and to develop the design system behind it.