論文

Fluid retention is characteristic of veno-occlusive disease (VOD). We hypothesized that plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a neurohormone secreted in response to volume expansion, may be associated with VOD after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). BNP was measured before and weekly after HSCT in 46 recipients. Sixteen patients developed VOD. BNP concentrations were similar before and on day 0 in patients with and without VOD, but were significantly higher on day 7 and later in those with VOD. Patients with VOD had significantly higher peak BNP concentrations before engraftment than those without VOD (median, 634.4 versus 80.9 pg ml(-)(1); P=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that VOD was independently associated with BNP elevation (odds ratio, 50.1; 95% CI: 5.2-478.4; P<0.01). Landmark analysis at day 7 showed that patients with peak BNP concentration of >/= 180 pg ml(-)(1) had significantly worse 100-day survival than patients with peak BNP <180 pg ml(-)(1) (54 versus 91%; P<0.01). In multivariate analysis, BNP elevation before day 7 significantly predicted 100-day survival (hazard ratio 5.3; 95% CI: 1.1-24.3; P=0.03). These findings suggest that plasma BNP may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of VOD.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy that originates from leukemia-initiating cells (LICs). The identification of common mechanisms underlying LIC development will be important in establishing broadly effective therapeutics for AML. Constitutive NF-kappaB pathway activation has been reported in different types of AML; however, the mechanism of NF-kappaB activation and its importance in leukemia progression are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed myeloid leukemia mouse models to assess NF-kappaB activity in AML LICs. We found that LICs, but not normal hematopoietic stem cells or non-LIC fractions within leukemia cells, exhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activity. This activity was maintained through autocrine TNF-alpha secretion, which formed an NF-kappaB/TNF-alpha positive feedback loop. LICs had increased levels of active proteasome machinery, which promoted the degradation of IkappaBalpha and further supported NF-kappaB activity. Pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome complex markedly suppressed leukemia progression in vivo. Conversely, enhanced activation of NF-kappaB signaling expanded LIC frequency within leukemia cell populations. We also demonstrated a strong correlation between NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha secretion in human AML samples. Our findings indicate that NF-kappaB/TNF-alpha signaling in LICs contributes to leukemia progression and provide a widely applicable approach for targeting LICs.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication of solid organ transplant. Although living donor liver transplant (LDLT) has been increasingly performed, PTLD after LDLT has not been well investigated. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of PTLD after LDLT. We investigated 323 consecutive patients undergoing adult-to-adult LDLT and identified three patients who developed biopsy-proven PTLD. All of them were seropositive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and had hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis at transplant. All three patients developed late-onset and monomorphic PTLD, including one diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and two Burkitt lymphomas with c-myc rearrangement. Two of them were EBV negative. The initial therapy included chemotherapy, rituximab, and immunosuppression withdrawal. One patient died of sepsis during treatment and two patients achieved complete responses. We showed a relatively low incidence and distinct clinicopathological features of PTLD after adult-to-adult LDLT, which might reflect the unique nature of LDLT.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Although various risk factors for AKI have been reported, the influence of pretransplant comorbidity on the incidence of AKI has not been well investigated. We performed a retrospective analysis of 207 consecutive patients undergoing myeloablative or nonmyeloablative SCT between 2001 and 2009, using the hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) as a representative of pretransplant comorbidities. According to Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria, 158 patients (76.3%) developed AKI, and 92 patients (44.4%) developed severe AKI (RIFLE class I or class F) within 100 days after SCT. The cumulative incidence of severe AKI within 100 days in patients with an HCT-CI score 0, 1-2, and >/=3 was 21.3%, 48.8%, and 73.9%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the HCT-CI was independently associated with severe AKI (HCT-CI 1-2: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.42, P < .01; HCT-CI >/=3: adjusted HR 4.69, P < .01). In a landmark analysis, patients with severe AKI had a lower 3-year overall survival (OS) (39.3% versus 61.4%, P < .01), and a higher 3-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (40.8% versus 5.6%, P < .01) than those without AKI. Multivariate analysis showed that severe AKI was a significant risk factor for worse OS (HR: 2.10, P = .01) and NRM (HR: 6.15, P < .01). Thus, it is important to assess the HCT-CI to predict the incidence of AKI, which is a strong indicator of worse prognosis after SCT.

Background: Diffuse lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) are genetically classified into 3 distinct subtypes based on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status and codeletion of chromosome 1p and 19q (1p/19q). However, the subtype-specific effects of additional genetic lesions on survival are largely unknown. Methods: Using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling, we investigated the subtype-specific effects of genetic alterations and clinicopathological factors on survival in each LGG subtype, in a Japanese cohort of LGG cases fully genotyped for driver mutations and copy number variations associated with LGGs (n = 308). The results were validated using a dataset from 414 LGG cases available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results: In Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, NOTCH1 mutations (P = 0.0041) and incomplete resection (P = 0.0019) were significantly associated with shorter survival. In Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, PIK3R1 mutations (P = 0.0014) and altered retinoblastoma pathway genes (RB1, CDKN2A, and CDK4) (P = 0.013) were independent predictors of poor survival. In IDH-wildtype LGGs, co-occurrence of 7p gain, 10q loss, mutation in the TERT promoter (P = 0.024), and grade III histology (P < 0.0001) independently predicted poor survival. IDH-wildtype LGGs without any of these factors were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.042), and were less likely to have genetic lesions characteristic of glioblastoma, in comparison with other IDH-wildtype LGGs, suggesting that they likely represented biologically different subtypes. These results were largely confirmed in the cohort of TCGA. Conclusions: Subtype-specific genetic lesions can be used to stratify patients within each LGG subtype. enabling better prognostication and management.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a heterogeneous group of peripheral T-cell malignancies characterized by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 infection, whose genetic profile has recently been fully investigated. However, it is still poorly understood how these alterations affect clinical features and prognosis. We investigated the effects of genetic alterations commonly found in ATL on disease phenotypes and clinical outcomes, based on genotyping data obtained from 414 and 463 ATL patients using targeted-capture sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism array karyotyping, respectively. Aggressive (acute/lymphoma) subtypes were associated with an increased burden of genetic and epigenetic alterations, higher frequencies of TP53 and IRF4 mutations, and many copy number alterations (CNAs), including PD-L1 amplifications and CDKN2A deletions, compared with indolent (chronic/smoldering) subtypes. By contrast, STAT3 mutations were more characteristic of indolent ATL. Higher numbers of somatic mutations and CNAs significantly correlated with worse survival. In a multivariate analysis incorporating both clinical factors and genetic alterations, the Japan Clinical Oncology Group prognostic index high-risk, older age, PRKCB mutations, and PD-L1 amplifications were independent poor prognostic factors in aggressive ATL. In indolent ATL, IRF4 mutations, PD-L1 amplifications, and CDKN2A deletions were significantly associated with shorter survival, although the chronic subtype with unfavorable clinical factors was only marginally significant. Thus, somatic alterations characterizing aggressive diseases predict worse prognosis in indolent ATL, among which PD-L1 amplifications are a strong genetic predictor in both aggressive and indolent ATL. ATL subtypes are further classified into molecularly distinct subsets with different prognosis. Genetic profiling might contribute to improved prognostication and management of ATL patients.

A few patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have a chance of spontaneous remission by either infarction of or hemorrhage into or around the parathyroid adenoma. In most cases, biochemical derangements associated with PHPT are permanently improved after spontaneous remission. Here we report a case with a recurrence of PHPT 4 months after spontaneous remission with acute intracapsular hemorrhage of parathyroid adenoma. In the literature, only two cases have been reported to have experienced a recurrence of clinical features of PHPT after infarction but not hemorrhage of parathyroid adenomas. Thus, the spontaneous remission of biological derangements in PHPT upon hemorrhage or infarction of parathyroid adenoma could be temporary. One should carefully observe such patients thereafter.

Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol production from the adrenocortical gland. In corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome, the excess cortisol production is primarily attributed to an adrenocortical adenoma, in which the underlying molecular pathogenesis has been poorly understood. We report a hotspot mutation (L206R) in PRKACA, which encodes the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), in more than 50% of cases with adrenocortical adenomas associated with corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome. The L206R PRKACA mutant abolished its binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA (PRKAR1A) that inhibits catalytic activity of PRKACA, leading to constitutive, cAMP-independent PKA activation. These results highlight the major role of cAMP-independent activation of cAMP/PKA signaling by somatic mutations in corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome, providing insights into the diagnosis and therapeutics of this syndrome.

The outcome of treatment-refractory and/or relapsed pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is extremely poor, and the genetic basis for this is not well understood. Here we report comprehensive profiling of 121 cases of pediatric T-ALL using transcriptome and/or targeted capture sequencing, through which we identified new recurrent gene fusions involving SPI1 (STMN1-SPI1 and TCF7-SPI1). Cases positive for fusions involving SPI1 (encoding PU.1), accounting for 3.9% (7/181) of the examined pediatric T-ALL cases, showed a double-negative (DN; CD4(-)CD8(-)) or CD8(+) single-positive (SP) phenotype and had uniformly poor overall survival. These cases represent a subset of pediatric T-ALL distinguishable from the known T-ALL subsets in terms of expression of genes involved in T cell precommitment, establishment of T cell identity, and post-beta-selection maturation and with respect to mutational profile. PU.1 fusion proteins retained transcriptional activity and, when constitutively expressed in mouse stem/progenitor cells, induced cell proliferation and resulted in a maturation block. Our findings highlight a unique role of SPI1 fusions in high-risk pediatric T-ALL.

Although adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) offer a promising cancer therapeutic direction, the generation of antigen-specific CTL from patients has faced difficulty in efficient expansion in ex vivo culture. To resolve this issue, several groups have proposed that induced pluripotent stem cell technology be applied for the expansion of antigen-specific CTL, which retain expression of the same T-cell receptor as original CTL. However, in these previous studies, the regenerated CTL are mostly of the CD8alphaalpha+ innate type and have less antigen-specific cytotoxic activity than primary CTL. Here we report that, by stimulating purified iPSC-derived CD4/CD8 double-positive cells with anti-CD3 antibody, T cells expressing CD8alphabeta were generated and exhibited improved antigen-specific cytotoxicity compared with CD8alphaalpha+ CTL. Failure of CD8alphabeta T-cell production using the previous method was found to be due to killing of double-positive cells by the double-negative cells in the mixed cultures. We found that WT1 tumor antigen-specific CTL regenerated by this method prolonged the survival of mice bearing WT1-expressing leukemic cells. Implementation of our methods may offer a useful clinical tool. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6839-50. (c)2016 AACR.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acquired aplastic anemia, destruction of hematopoietic cells by the immune system leads to pancytopenia. Patients have a response to immunosuppressive therapy, but myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia develop in about 15% of the patients, usually many months to years after the diagnosis of aplastic anemia. METHODS: We performed next-generation sequencing and array-based karyotyping using 668 blood samples obtained from 439 patients with aplastic anemia. We analyzed serial samples obtained from 82 patients. RESULTS: Somatic mutations in myeloid cancer candidate genes were present in one third of the patients, in a limited number of genes and at low initial variant allele frequency. Clonal hematopoiesis was detected in 47% of the patients, most frequently as acquired mutations. The prevalence of the mutations increased with age, and mutations had an age-related signature. DNMT3A-mutated and ASXL1-mutated clones tended to increase in size over time; the size of BCOR- and BCORL1-mutated and PIGA-mutated clones decreased or remained stable. Mutations in PIGA and BCOR and BCORL1 correlated with a better response to immunosuppressive therapy and longer and a higher rate of overall and progression-free survival; mutations in a subgroup of genes that included DNMT3A and ASXL1 were associated with worse outcomes. However, clonal dynamics were highly variable and might not necessarily have predicted the response to therapy and long-term survival among individual patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clonal hematopoiesis was prevalent in aplastic anemia. Some mutations were related to clinical outcomes. A highly biased set of mutations is evidence of Darwinian selection in the failed bone marrow environment. The pattern of somatic clones in individual patients over time was variable and frequently unpredictable. (Funded by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research and others.).

Familial platelet disorder with propensity to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD/AML) is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a germline mutation in the RUNX1 gene and is characterized by thrombocytopenia and an increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from dermal fibroblasts of a patient with FPD/AML possessing a nonsense mutation R174X in the RUNX1 gene. Consistent with the clinical characteristics of the disease, FPD iPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells were significantly impaired in undergoing megakaryocytic differentiation and subsequent maturation, as determined by colony-forming cell assay and surface marker analysis. Notably, when we corrected the RUNX1 mutation using transcription activator-like effector nucleases in conjunction with a donor plasmid containing normal RUNX1 cDNA sequences, megakaryopoiesis and subsequent maturation were restored in FPD iPSC-derived hematopoietic cells. These findings clearly indicate that the RUNX1 mutation is robustly associated with thrombocytopenia in patients with FPD/AML, and transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated gene correction in iPSCs generated from patient-derived cells could provide a promising clinical application for treatment of the disease.

The discovery of the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) protein family was initiated by the identification of the MLL partner TET1, and of mutations in the TET2 gene in hematological malignancies including myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). TET1, 2 and 3 proteins hydroxylate 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and further oxidize 5-hmC into 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC). Previous studies highlight the involvement of TET proteins in somatic cells reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), particularly Tet1 and 2 in mouse and TET1 in human. Here, we asked whether endogenous TET2 knockdown also displays this function. Using different shRNA against TET2, we provide evidence that TET2 strongly decreases the reprogramming of human hematopoietic progenitor cells into iPSC. Importantly, using 2 MPN patients, we observed that TET2 mutations affecting catalytic domain allowed iPSC generation. Instead, using another TET2 and TET3-mutated patient, we could only reprogram IPSC with TET3 mutation alone, suggesting that the type of TET2 mutation and/or the cooperation with TET3 mutations may alter the reprogramming activity. Altogether, this work highlights the importance of endogenous TET in the reprogramming process of human hematopoietic progenitors.

Just as normal stem cells require niche cells for survival, leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) may also require niche cells for their maintenance. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the activity of BCR-ABL, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. CML therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is highly effective; however, due to the persistence of residual LICs, it is not curative. Several factors are known to support CML LICs, but purification of LICs and a thorough understanding of their niche signals have not yet been achieved. Using a CML-like mouse model of myeloproliferative disease, we demonstrate that CML LICs can be divided into CD25(+)FcepsilonRIalpha(-) Lineage marker (Lin)(-) Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) (F(-)LSK) cells and CD25(-)F(-)LSK cells. The CD25(+)F(-)LSK cells had multilineage differentiation capacity, with a preference toward cytokine-producing mast cell commitment. Although cells interconverted between CD25(-)F(-)LSK and CD25(+)F(-)LSK status, the CD25(+)F(-)LSK cells exhibited higher LIC capacity. Our findings suggest that interleukin-2 derived from the microenvironment and CD25 expressed on CML LICs constitute a novel signaling axis. The high levels of CD25 expression in the CD34(+)CD38(-) fraction of human CML cells indicate that CD25(+) LICs constitute an "LIC-derived niche" that could be preferentially targeted in therapy for CML.

Optimal donor selection is one of the key factors to enhance the success rate of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The effect of sex mismatch, especially the effect of Y chromosome mismatch in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) direction (female donors to male recipients: denoted as FtoM mismatch) on overall survival (OS) has been controversial and not examined out of the patient population in Western countries. We retrospectively analyzed 225 cases of allogeneic HSCT and showed that FtoM mismatch confers a highly significant impact on OS (P < 0.005) in Japanese population. We demonstrated that this effect depends on the disease risk; for standard risk cases, this effect was significantly associated with poor outcome (for OS, P = 0.021), while for high risk cases, it had no effect on the results (for OS, P = 0.26). We further showed that FtoM mismatch was associated with nonrelapse mortality (P = 0.019) and most of them were GVHD-related in standard risk cases. In conclusion, FtoM mismatch has a significant impact on transplant outcome, especially in standard risk cases.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of a mediastinal germ cell tumor (GCT) and hematological malignancy in the same patient is very rare. Due to its rarity, there have been only two reports of the concurrent cases undergoing detailed genetic analysis with whole-exome sequencing (WES), and the possible clonal relationship between the both tumors remained not fully elucidated. METHODS: We performed whole-exome sequencing analysis of mediastinal GCT and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples obtained from one young Japanese male adult patient with concurrent both tumors, and investigated the possible clonal relationship between them. RESULTS: Sixteen somatic mutations were detected in the mediastinal GCT sample and 18 somatic mutations in the AML sample. Mutations in nine genes, including TP53 and PTEN both known as tumor suppressor genes, were shared in both tumors. CONCLUSIONS: All in our case and in the previous two cases with concurrent mediastinal GCT and AML undergoing with whole-exome sequencing analysis, TP53 and PTEN mutations were commonly shared in both tumors. These data not only suggest that these tumors share a common founding clone, but also indicate that associated mediastinal GCT and AML harboring TP53 and PTEN mutations represent a unique biological entity.