論文

目的:家族介護者からみた医療介護福祉職らによるケアのプロセス評価に,訪問看護サービス利用の有無という違いが影響するかを検討するために,両者の関連性について横断的に検証した.方法:対象者はA県3自治体で介護認定を受けて1年以上になり,慢性症状を抱え在宅療養している人を介護する40～74歳の家族介護者で,2020年11～12月に介護支援専門員を通じて質問票を配布した.アウトカムは,慢性症状を抱える人とその家族介護者に対する多職種ケアのプロセスを,家族介護者が定量的に評価する日本語版IEXPAC CAREGIVERS(以下,当尺度)の総合得点と各下位尺度得点とした.当尺度は評価対象を多職種とし,家族介護者が多職種とかかわるなかで経験した具体的事象を量的に測定する.下位尺度は「患者に焦点」と「介護者に焦点」である.要因を訪問看護の利用の有無,共変量を家族介護者の社会経済的要因や訪問診療の有無等とした.当尺度得点を中央値で2群化し,2項ロジスティック回帰分析で解析した.結果:解析対象者は566人で,家族介護者の年齢中央値62歳,女性73.3%であった.訪問看護サービスの利用があったのは86ケース(15.2%)であった.ロジスティック回帰分析の結果,訪問看護サービス利用の有無(なし=参照)と当尺度の総合得点の高低(低群=0,高群=1)とは有意に関連した(オッズ比3.02;95%信頼区間1.54～5.91).各下位尺度得点では,「患者に焦点」では有意差を認めた一方,「介護者に焦点」では有意差を認めなかった.結論:訪問看護サービスが導入された家族介護者は,導入していない家族介護者と比べて当尺度の総合得点ならびに下位尺度の「患者に焦点」得点が有意に高かった.この結果は,訪問看護師が在宅療養する患者のケアにかかわる多職種協働の中核として,その役割期待に応えている可能性を示唆した.(著者抄録)

在宅医が在宅患者の処方薬をどのような視点で評価し,どのような処方行動がなされていくのか明らかにするため,個人インタビューを用いた質的帰納的研究を実施した.在宅医療に従事する医師17名に対し,半構造化個別インタビュー調査を行い,録音データを逐語録化し,テーマ分析を行った.在宅医は,薬剤の身体的影響,患者の予後やQOL,患者・家族との関係性などを考慮しつつ,多職種とのやり取りを含めた在宅医療特有の様々な要因を考慮して,処方行動の判断を行っていることが明らかとなった.処方薬変更のプロセスの見える化,多職種間での処方行動への共通理解が進むことで,在宅医療における処方の質向上につながると期待される.(著者抄録)

在宅医が在宅患者の処方薬をどのような視点で評価し，どのような処方行動がなされていくのか明らかにするため，個人インタビューを用いた質的帰納的研究を実施した．在宅医療に従事する医師 17 名に対し，半構造化個別インタビュー調査を行い，録音データを逐語録化し，テーマ分析を行った．在宅医は，薬剤の身体的影響，患者の予後や QOL，患者・家族との関係性などを考慮しつつ，多職種とのやり取りを含めた在宅医療特有の様々な要因を考慮して，処方行動の判断を行っていることが明らかとなった．処方薬変更のプロセスの見える化，多職種間での処方行動への共通理解が進むことで，在宅医療における処方の質向上につながると期待される．

少子高齢化社会の背景と令和2年度からの調査を踏まえ,患者の抱える問題を臓器横断的に捉えた上で,心理社会的背景も踏まえた総合的な視点とアプローチの必要性が示され,医学教育モデル・コア・カリキュラム(令和4年改訂版)に総合的に患者・生活者をみる姿勢が資質・能力に新設された.下位目標として「全人的な視点とアプローチ」「地域の視点とアプローチ」「人生の視点とアプローチ」「社会の視点とアプローチ」が位置づけられた.抽象と具体,概念と経験,自己と他者等の視点を統合し,自己の在り方を省察できるような複数の学習理論を踏まえた教育方法が提案された.このような医学教育を通じて,患者・生活者のウェルビーイングが向上することを期待する.(著者抄録)

少子高齢化社会の背景と令和2年度からの調査を踏まえ,患者の抱える問題を臓器横断的に捉えた上で,心理社会的背景も踏まえた総合的な視点とアプローチの必要性が示され,医学教育モデル・コア・カリキュラム(令和4年改訂版)に総合的に患者・生活者をみる姿勢が資質・能力に新設された.下位目標として「全人的な視点とアプローチ」「地域の視点とアプローチ」「人生の視点とアプローチ」「社会の視点とアプローチ」が位置づけられた.抽象と具体,概念と経験,自己と他者等の視点を統合し,自己の在り方を省察できるような複数の学習理論を踏まえた教育方法が提案された.このような医学教育を通じて,患者・生活者のウェルビーイングが向上することを期待する.(著者抄録)

Introduction/Objectives: We aimed to verify whether a sense of community scale developed for hospital wards can be applied to hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire between July and October 2018 in 3 hospitals in Japan. The subjects were staff members working in these hospitals who provide direct medical or administrative services to patients and their families. The questionnaire inquired about the participants’ basic attributes and workplace satisfaction, and included the sense of community scale and the Japanese version of the Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale-II. We evaluated the scale’s structural validity, internal consistency, and hypothesis testing for construct validity. Results: Of 826 eligible staff members, 539 were included in the analysis. Mean age was 40.4 years and 77.4% were female. Exploratory factor analysis showed that 24 of the 28 items in the sense of community scale could be categorized under 3 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a goodness of fit index of 0.794, adjusted goodness of fit index of 0.752, comparative fit index of 0.885 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.092. Cronbach’s α for score in the sense of community scale was high (.96). Participants who reported high workplace satisfaction had significantly higher scores in the sense of community scale than those who indicated low workplace satisfaction (P <.001). Conclusions: We verified the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the sense of community scale, which was originally developed for hospital wards, for the community in hospitals. With further verification, we hope the scale will be useful for evaluating the sense of community in hospitals.

Vaccine rollouts have been underway to combat the COVID-19 pandemic globally. Based on ongoing interviews with ten primary care physicians ‘in the field’, this paper elucidates how in practice the vaccinations were carried out in Japan in 2021. We examine what the primary care physicians did to prepare for the rollouts, what problems they faced, and how they responded to these problems. Large-scale vaccination projects are supposed to proceed smoothly and quickly, or to have what Anna Tsing calls ‘scalability’. In practice, however, they required a variety of tasks for coordination, information sharing, and promotion. Despite feeling stressed by the lack of information and exhausted by the work overload, the primary care physicians carried out the vaccinations as an important service to their patients and communities. The findings of this paper will provide valuable materials for improving future vaccine rollouts.

We aimed to explore factors associated with interprofessional competencies among healthcare professionals in Japan. From June to October 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey via a validated self-administered web-based questionnaire using the Japanese version of the Self-assessment Scale of Interprofessional Competency (JASSIC). We recruited participants from an e-mail list. The questionnaire asked about JASSIC, basic demographic information, whether they had undertaken pre- and post-licensure interprofessional education (IPE), and administrative experience; as well as an organizational climate scale, including “Plan, Do, See” factor for management (PDS factor), and the “Do” factor in a leader-centered direction for people who work unwillingly. Factors associated with the total JASSIC score as interprofessional competencies were determined using multiple regression analysis. We analyzed data from 560 participants with an average age of 41.0 years, comprising 132 nurses, 127 doctors, and 120 social workers. The median of the total JASSIC score was 72/90 (range: 66–78). On multiple regression analysis, total JASSIC score was significantly associated with age, PDS factor, administrative experience, pre-licensure IPE, and pos-licensure IPE. These findings emphasize the importance of pre- and post-licensure IPE, and administrative experience for improving interprofessional competencies in Japan.

Background: For family caregivers, who are generally regarded as a vulnerable population, having regular checkups is a desirable health behavior. This study examined family caregivers' habit of having regular checkups prior to becoming involved with professionals who care for patients, and whether they had had recent checkups. We then examined the association between family caregivers' experience with professionals and their participation in checkups after adjusting for the past habit. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey in Japan between November and December 2020. We recruited family caregivers who were aged 40–74 years and caring for community-dwelling adult patients. The outcome variable was whether family caregivers had undergone any health checkups since April 2019. We assessed family caregivers' experience using the Japanese version of the Caregivers' Experience Instrument (J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS). Results: Of the 1091 recruited family caregivers, 629 were included in the analysis. Of these, 358 had previously undergone regular checkups, and 158 had no checkups or selected the option “unknown.” Outcome rates in each group were 74.6% and 43.0%, respectively, and 62.0% for all 629 caregivers. Multivariate modified Poisson regression analysis revealed that among the J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS scores, only the domain score for attention for the caregiver was significantly associated with family caregivers' participation in checkups (adjusted prevalence ratio per 1 SD increase = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01–1.14). Conclusions: Among family caregivers' experience with professionals, the factor that focused on caregivers themselves was significantly associated with their participation in checkups. This finding underscores the significance of caregiver-focused care.

Aim: To examine the relationship between the use of home-visit nursing services (VNS) for patients and their family caregivers’ experience of interprofessional care, which is an indicator of the care process. Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional survey in Japan, 2020. Family caregivers 40-74 years old and caring for community-dwelling patients with chronic conditions were recruited. The outcome variable was family caregivers’ experience, reflecting the quality of interprofessional care for patients and their caregivers. We used the Japanese version of the Caregivers’ Experience Instrument (J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS), which includes two domains: attention for the patient and attention for the caregiver. The main factor was the use of VNS, and covariates were socioeconomic factors of the caregivers and the use of other health and social care services. J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS scores were divided into two groups by median values and analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 566 caregivers were included in the analysis. The median age was 62 years old. VNS was used in 86 cases (15.2%). Logistic regression analyses revealed that the use of VNS was significantly associated with a higher total score group for J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS (odds ratio = 3.02; 95% confidence interval 1.54-5.91). Of the J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS domains, attention for the patient was significant. Conclusions: We found that the use of VNS was likely to provide a better experience among family caregivers. Our findings sug-gest that visiting nurses fulfill their expected role as core members of a multidisciplinary team.

Background: Despite the increasing need for primary care physicians (PCPs) around the world, few physicians choose it as a career. PCPs who can find meaning and enjoyment in their work can be role models for medical students and professionals, which may encourage more physicians to specialize in primary care. We aimed to compare the kinds of work that Japanese PCPs who derive greater positive meaning from work engage in versus those who derive less positive meaning from work. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that used self-administered questionnaires to ask Japanese PCPs about their basic characteristics and engagement in and enthusiasm for various types of work. The outcomes of the Japanese version of the work as meaning inventory (J-WAMI) were also assessed. Participants were divided into high- and low-scoring groups according to the median J-WAMI score, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to the high J-WAMI-scoring group. Results: A total of 268 out of 330 participants were included in the analysis. Males comprised 74.3%, and participants' average experience as a physician was 20.2 years. The median overall J-WAMI score was 38. Factors associated with the high J-WAMI scoring group were enthusiasm for outpatient care (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06) and engagement in research (OR: 2.74, 95% CI 1.33–5.66). Conclusions: Enthusiasm for outpatient care and engagement in research are associated with greater positive meaning of work among PCPs. Supporting these types of work may enhance PCPs' value of their work.

Objective: We aimed to determine how municipal subsidies for seasonal influenza vaccines for the elderly affected vaccination coverage and health outcomes and how responses to vaccine prices changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design and methods: This ecological study includes 1245 municipalities in Japan between 2019 and 2020. Fixed-effects regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of influenza vaccine cost subsidy for people aged 65 years or older on vaccination coverage, all-cause mortality, and influenza-related mortality. Results: The vaccination rate increased when patients' copayments decreased, and reducing the copayment by 1000 Japanese Yen (JPY) was estimated to increase the vaccination rate by 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.5–8.2%) in the adjusted model. When examining the additional effect of a zero price compared to a nearly zero price, we found that a zero price increased the immunization rate by 6.4% (95% CI 1.4–11.5%). The effect of copayment on the increase in vaccination coverage was significantly lower during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period. The municipal and prefectural analyses found no association between influenza vaccine copayments and all-cause, influenza, or pneumonia mortality. Conclusion: Cost subsidies and the zero-price effect were shown to increase vaccination coverage but were not associated with relevant mortality measures. Although the impact was attenuated under pandemic conditions, cost subsidy effectively increases the vaccination rate.

Vaccine rollouts have been underway to combat the COVID-19 pandemic globally. Based on ongoing interviews with ten primary care physicians 'in the field', this paper elucidates how in practice the vaccinations were carried out in Japan in 2021 from a cultural anthropological perspective. We examine what the primary care physicians did to prepare for the rollouts, what problems they faced, and how they responded to these problems. Large-scale vaccination projects are supposed to proceed smoothly and quickly, or to have what Anna Tsing calls 'scalability'. In practice, however, they required a variety of tasks for coordination, information sharing, and promotion. Despite feeling stressed by the lack of information and exhausted by the work overload, the primary care physicians carried out the vaccinations as an important service to their patients and communities. The findings of this paper will provide valuable materials for improving future vaccine rollouts.