論文

Quantum computation often suffers from artificial symmetry breaking. We should strive to suppress the artifact both by theoretical and technological improvements. The theoretical formalism of the lattice fermion with exact chiral symmetry is called the chiral fermion. In this presentation, we show how the chiral fermion describes chiral physics in quantum computing. We also show that, although a drawback of the chiral fermion is large computational cost, there is a loophole in one dimension.

We propose a novel method to distinguish states of matter by identifying spontaneous symmetry breaking on extended objects, such as vortices, even in the absence of a bulk phase transition. As a specific example, we investigate the phase transition on superfluid vortices in the Higgs-confinement crossover using a U(1)gauge × U(1)global model in (3 + 1) dimensions. This model exhibits superfluidity of U(1)global symmetry and allows for a crossover between the Higgs and confinement regimes by varying the gauge coupling constant from weak to strong. We demonstrate that, on vortices, spontaneous breaking of the ℤ2 flavor symmetry occurs in the weak coupling (Higgs) regime, while it does not in the strong coupling (confinement) regime. We also confirm that those regimes are separated by a second-order phase transition through Monte Carlo simulations, whose universality class corresponds to the two-dimensional Ising model.

We discuss the chiral fermion in the Hamiltonian formalism of lattice gauge theory. Although the naive chiral charge operator does not commute with the Hamiltonian, the commutable one can be defined for the overlap fermion. The eigenvalues of the energy and the chiral charge can be defined simultaneously. We study how the eigenvalue spectrum reflects chiral properties of systems, such as a chiral chemical potential and the axial anomaly. We also show that the Wilson fermion is a chiral fermion in one dimension.

We derive the chiral kinetic theory under the presence of a gravitational Riemann curvature. It is well-known that in the chiral kinetic theory there inevitably appears a redundant ambiguous vector corresponding to the choice of the Lorentz frame. We reveal that on top of this conventional frame choosing vector, higher-order quantum correction to the chiral kinetic theory brings an additional degrees of freedom to specify the distribution function. Based on this framework, we derive new types of fermionic transport, that is, the charge current and energy-momentum tensor induced by the gravitational Riemann curvature. Such novel phenomena arise not only under genuine gravity but also in a (pseudo-)relativistic fluid, for which inhomogeneous vorticity or temperature are effectively represented by spacetime metric tensor. It is especially found that the charge and energy currents are antiparallelly induced by an inhomogeneous fluid vorticity (more generally, by the Ricci tensor R0i), as a consequence of the spin-curvature coupling. We also briefly discuss possible applications to Weyl/Dirac semimetals and heavy-ion collision experiments.

We study the real-time evolution of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in a (3+1)-dimensional small lattice system after interaction quench. We numerically solve the Schrödinger equation with the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian in the physical Hilbert space obtained by solving Gauss law constraints. We observe the thermalization of a Wilson loop to the canonical state; the relaxation time is insensitive to the coupling strength and estimated as τeq∼2π/T with temperatures T at steady states. We also compute the vacuum persistence probability (the Loschmidt echo) to understand the relaxation from the dynamics of the wave function.

We study interacting Majorana fermions in two dimensions as a low-energy effective model of a vortex lattice in two-dimensional time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors. For that purpose, we implement ab initio quantum Monte Carlo simulation to the Majorana fermion system in which the path-integral measure is given by a semipositive Pfaffian. We discuss spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry at finite temperatures.

We derive relativistic hydrodynamics from quantum field theories by assuming that the density operator is given by a local Gibbs distribution at initial time. We decompose the energy-momentum tensor and particle current into nondissipative and dissipative parts, and analyze their time evolution in detail. Performing the path-integral formulation of the local Gibbs distribution, we microscopically derive the generating functional for the nondissipative hydrodynamics. We also construct a basis to study dissipative corrections. In particular, we derive the first-order dissipative hydrodynamic equations without a choice of frame such as the Landau-Lifshitz or Eckart frame.

A nonperturbative method that can go beyond the weak coupling perturbation theory is introduced. The essential idea is to formulate a set of exact differential equations as a function of coupling strength g. Unlike other resummation methods in which information on higher-order terms is necessary, we only need a leading-order perturbative formula in every step to reach a large value of g. The method is applied to the quantum anharmonic oscillator and quantum double-well potential in one dimension. Both are known to have divergent series in the weak coupling perturbation and the latter is not Borel-summable. Our method is shown to work well from the weak coupling to the strong coupling for the energy eigenvalues and the wave functions. The method is also applied successfully to a system with a time-dependent external field.

We prescribe a formulation of the particle production with real-time Stochastic Quantization. To construct the retarded and the time-ordered propagators we decompose the stochastic variables into positive- and negative-energy parts. In this way we demonstrate how to derive a standard formula for the Schwinger mechanism under time-dependent electric fields. We discuss a mapping to the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism and a relation to the classical statistical simulation. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

We investigate the sign problem of the fermion determinant at finite baryon density in (1 + 1) dimensions, in which the ground state in the chiral limit should be free from the sign problem by forming a chiral spiral. To confirm it, we evaluate the fermion determinant in the continuum theory at the one-loop level and find that the determinant becomes real as expected. The conventional lattice formulation to implement a chemical potential is, however, not compatible with the spiral transformation. We discuss an alternative of the finite-density formulation and numerically verify the chiral spiral on the finite density lattice.

We study the confinement between vortex strings in the lattice gauge theory of the dual Abelian Higgs model. The dual lattice gauge theory is described by a two-form gauge field coupled with a one-form gauge field. We calculate the string-antistring potential from the surface operator of the two-form gauge field. The linear confining potential appears in the string confinement phase, and it disappears in the string deconfinement phase. The phase diagram of the theory is also obtained.

Vacuum properties of quantum chromodynamics in strong magnetic and finite electric fields are investigated. We show that when a uniform electric field is instantaneously applied in the parallel direction to a strong magnetic field, it induces temporal oscillation of the scalar and pseudoscalar condensates. This is a temporal analog to the chiral spiral. The oscillation originates with the propagation of the collective mode, which is protected by the axial anomaly and thus is nondissipative.

The potential between a heavy quark and an antiquark inside the quark-gluon plasma is studied on the basis of the gauge-gravity duality. A real-time complex potential VQQ̄(t,r) is derived from the Wilson loop, which is evaluated by its gravity dual in the Euclidean five-dimensional anti-de Sitter black hole metric. To make the analytic continuation from the imaginary time to the real time, specific variational configurations of the string world sheet in the Euclidean metric are introduced. A rapid approach of V QQ̄(t,r) to its stationary value is found at the time scale t (πT)-1, and the imaginary part of VQQ̄(r) becomes significant above the length scale r=1.72(πT)-1. Also, these scales are independent of the 't Hooft coupling λ. Implications of these results to the properties of heavy quarkonia in quark-gluon plasma are briefly discussed. © 2013 American Physical Society.

We compute the chiral magnetic effect (CME) in multi-Weyl semimetals (multi-WSMs) based on the chiral kinetic theory. Multi-WSMs are WSMs with multiple monopole charges that have nonlinear and anisotropic dispersion relations near the Weyl points, and we need to extend the conventional computation of the CME in WSMs with linear dispersion relations. The topological properties of the CME in multi-WSMs are investigated in detail for not only static magnetic fields but also time-dependent (dynamic) ones. We propose an experimental setup to measure the multiple monopole charge via the topological nature hidden in the dynamic CME.

Complex quantum many-body dynamics spread initially localized quantum information across the entire system. Information scrambling refers to such a process whose simulation is one of the promising applications of quantum computing. We demonstrate the Hayden-Preskill recovery protocol and the interferometric protocol for calculating out-of-time-ordered correlators to study the scrambling property of a one-dimensional kicked-Ising model on 20-qubit trapped-ion quantum processors. The simulated quantum circuits have a geometrically local structure that exhibits the ballistic growth of entanglement, resulting in the circuit depth being linear in the number of qubits for the entire state to be scrambled. We experimentally confirm the growth of signals in the Hayden-Preskill recovery protocol and the decay of out-of-time-ordered correlators at late times. As an application of the created scrambling circuits, we also experimentally demonstrate the calculation of the microcanonical expectation values of local operators adopting the idea of thermal pure quantum states. Our experiments are made possible by extensively utilizing one of the highest-fidelity quantum processors currently available and, thus, should be considered as a benchmark for the current status of the most advanced quantum computers.

We apply a quantum teleportation protocol based on the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment to quantify how scrambling a given quantum evolution is. It has an advantage over the direct measurement of out-of-time ordered correlators when used to diagnose the information scrambling in the presence of decoherence effects stemming from a noisy quantum device. We demonstrate the protocol by applying it to two physical systems: Ising spin chain and SU(2) lattice Yang-Mills theory. To this end, we numerically simulate the time evolution of the two theories in the Hamiltonian formalism. The lattice Yang-Mills theory is implemented with a suitable truncation of Hilbert space on the basis of the Kogut-Susskind formalism. On a two-leg ladder geometry and with the lowest nontrivial spin representations, it can be mapped to a spin chain, which we call the Yang-Mills-Ising model and is also directly applicable to future digital quantum simulations. We find that the Yang-Mills-Ising model shows the signal of information scrambling at late times.

We discuss theoretically the non-Hermitian superfluid phase transition in one-dimensional two-component Fermi gases near the p-wave Feshbach resonance accompanied by the two-body loss associated with dipolar relaxation. We point out that this system gives us an opportunity to explore the interplay among various nontrivial properties such as universal thermodynamics at divergent p-wave scattering lengths, the topological phase transition at vanishing chemical potential, and the non-Hermitian Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) transition, in a unified manner. In the BCS phase, the loss-induced superfluid-normal transition occurs when the exceptional point appears in the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. In the BEC phase, the diffusive gapless mode can be regarded as a precursor of the instability of the superfluid state. Moreover, we show that the superfluid state is fragile against the two-body loss near the topological phase transition point.