論文

A subhypogeous sclerodermataceous fungus was collected in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, central Japan. Based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, the present fungus was identified as Scleroderma yunnanense, belonging to Sclerodermataceae (Boletales). Scleroderma yunnanense is new to Japan and characterized by not stellately dehiscent basidiomata when mature, thick (2–7 mm) peridium covered by cream to pale yellowish scales, basidiomata covered with whitish mycelial strands, clamped hyphae, and globose to subglobose basidiospores densely covered with pyramidal warts.

Hydropodia silvae-nipponicae, a new agaric species was described based on the specimens collected from evergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan. The present new species is distinct from H. subalpina, the type species of the genus by morphological characteristics and nuclear rDNA sequences. Hydropodia silvae-nipponicae is characterized by its nodulose cystidium-like terminal elements of pileipellis, cylindrical to clavate pileocystidia with irregular excrescences, and dimorphic pleurocystidia. It is the second species belonging to the genus Hydropodia.

Puccinia caricis-smilacis, a new species of caricicolous rust fungus was described based on morphological characteristics and nuclear rDNA sequences from Japan. The heteroecious life cycle of P. caricis-smilacis was elucidated via field observations, inoculation experiments and molecular analyses. This rust fungus produces uredinial and telial stages on Carex fibrillosa, and spermogonial and aecial stages on Smilax china.

A subhypogeous sclerodermataceous fungus was collected in the Eucalyptus plantation of Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan. Based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, the present fungus was identified as Scleroderma capeverdeanum, belonging to Sclerodermataceae (Boletales). Scleroderma capeverdeanum is new to Japan and characterized by small-sized (4–10 mm in diam.), sessile basidiomata, yellowish to yellowish brown exoperidium with brownish, areolate to verrucose scales, and echinulate basidiospores. Japanese specimens of S. capeverdearnum are probably associated with introduced E. globulus, and therefore they are most likely exotic species introduced from Australia.

Here, we present the results of studies of Japanese Hebeloma collections. The four species described by Imai as Hebeloma (H. fimicola, H. helvolescens, H. humosum, and H. tomoeae) are not from the genus Hebeloma, but are members of Agrocybe, Homophron, or Pholiota. Recombinations are made. Hebeloma crustuliniforme f. microspermum, described by Hongo, is a synonym of H. nanum. Three species of Hebeloma are described as new to science, all currently known only from Japan. Two of these species, H. asperosporum and H. cinnamomeum, are members of H. sect. Denudata while the third species H. citrisporum belongs to H. sect. Velutipes. Japanese records of H. cavipes, H. eburneum, H. hygrophilum, H. subtortum, and H. velutipes are validated. In total, fifteen species of Hebeloma are confirmed from Japan; this is compared with previous checklists.

© 2021 Institute of Food Technologists® Wild mushrooms are a vital source of income and nutrition for many poor communities and of value to recreational foragers. Literature relating to the edibility of mushroom species continues to expand, driven by an increasing demand for wild mushrooms, a wider interest in foraging, and the study of traditional foods. Although numerous case reports have been published on edible mushrooms, doubt and confusion persist regarding which species are safe and suitable to consume. Case reports often differ, and the evidence supporting the stated properties of mushrooms can be incomplete or ambiguous. The need for greater clarity on edible species is further underlined by increases in mushroom-related poisonings. We propose a system for categorizing mushroom species and assigning a final edibility status. Using this system, we reviewed 2,786 mushroom species from 99 countries, accessing 9,783 case reports, from over 1,100 sources. We identified 2,189 edible species, of which 2,006 can be consumed safely, and a further 183 species which required some form of pretreatment prior to safe consumption or were associated with allergic reactions by some. We identified 471 species of uncertain edibility because of missing or incomplete evidence of consumption, and 76 unconfirmed species because of unresolved, differing opinions on edibility and toxicity. This is the most comprehensive list of edible mushrooms available to date, demonstrating the huge number of mushrooms species consumed. Our review highlights the need for further information on uncertain and clash species, and the need to present evidence in a clear, unambiguous, and consistent manner.

砂浜海岸は暴風，潮風，波浪，後背地の侵食に対する緩衝となるなど，陸地に対して様々な保護的な機能を果たし，また植物や動物に対して独特な生育環境を提供している．近年，自然植生を有する砂浜海岸は世界的に急速に減少しており，その生態系の保全が強く求められている．砂浜海岸の菌類相を調査することは，その生態系や生物多様性の保全を図る上で重要である．本総説では，筆者がこれまで日本の砂浜海岸の菌類相を調査する中で得られた知見のうち，ヒメツチグリ目，スッポンタケ目およびハラタケ目に属する菌類，特にヒメツチグリ属，スッポンタケ属，スナツブタケ属およびガマノホタケ属の種の分類や系統関係について紹介する．ヒメツチグリ属菌については，これまで筆者らの研究で新たに7種が追加され，既知の日本産種は21種となった．スッポンタケ属菌については，日本産のアカダマスッポンタケについて，証拠標本を残すとともに日本国内の分布を明らかにした．スナツブタケ属はこれまで日本で記録されてこなかったが，日本にも未記載種が存在することが明らかになり，ワタゲスナツブタケとして記載した．砂浜海岸に生息するガマノホタケ属，スナハマガマノホタケについて，日本各地の砂浜海岸に分布することを明らかにしたとともに，それらの系統解析を行った結果，本種が菌核の海流分散により分布を広げているという仮説が矛盾しないことを明らかにした．

Hebeloma radicosum, known for its long ‘root’ and membranous ring, has regularly been recorded in Japan and been the subject of many studies revolving around ectomycorrhizal fungi exposed to high levels of nitrogen compounds and tripartite associations between fungi, host trees and mammals, including moles, wood mice and shrews. However, the species recorded in Japan is in fact not H. radicosum but a closely related species, also in Hebeloma section Myxocybe, described here as Hebeloma sagarae. This mushroom is macroscopically very similar to Hebeloma radicosum, also with a long ‘root’ and membranous ring, but distinct molecularly and in its distribution. We also examine other ‘rooting’ Hebeloma species from Japan: H. luchuense and H. radicosoides; both are shown to be members of H. sect. Scabrispora. A fourth ‘rooting’ Hebeloma from Japan is shown to be the same as or a close relative of Hebeloma danicum originally described from Europe.