論文

Obesity-related hypertension is increasing in Japan, but limited evidence exists on how weight change in early adulthood affects blood pressure (BP). We aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between weight change and BP among Japanese university students. We analyzed data from 20,929 first-year students who underwent annual health checkups at Keio University from 2013 to 2016 and again three years later. Students were categorized into seven groups by percentage weight change. Associations between weight change and changes in systolic and diastolic BP (ΔSBP/ΔDBP) were examined using sex-stratified analyses and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models. Weight gain was linked to BP increases, while weight loss was associated with BP reductions. In men, weight gain >3% increased SBP and DBP, and weight loss >3% reduced SBP; DBP reduction was evident with >10% weight loss. In women, SBP increased with weight gain >5%, and DBP increased with >10% weight gain; SBP decreased with >10% weight loss. RCS models revealed nonlinear, dose-dependent associations with sex-specific patterns. Absolute BMI was also positively associated with BP, with inflection points consistently observed at BMI 21.6 kg/m² for SBP and DBP in women, and for DBP in men. Even moderate weight changes over three years significantly influenced BP, with SBP being more responsive than DBP and stronger effects observed in men. These findings suggest that even during shorter periods in young adults, body weight change has a high impact on BP and highlight the potential public health benefits of strategies aimed at preventing weight gain throughout adulthood.

The mesolimbic dopamine system is important for the rewarding and motivational aspects of consuming rewarding and palatable food. Nicotinic receptors are present in the mesolimbic dopamine system and enhance the reinforcement of drugs of abuse. In this study, we examined the involvement of nicotine receptor subtypes in sucrose addiction in a sucrose preference paradigm. Sucrose preference and intake in mice increased in proportion to stepwise increases in sucrose concentrations. Moreover, sucrose preference and intake following sucrose withdrawal in mice were increased in comparison with the first set of trials. In the present study, α7, but not α4 and β2, nicotinic receptor subunit mRNA was decreased in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the hypothalamus, after sucrose withdrawal and subsequent sucrose intake. Administration of an agonist for α7, but not α4 and β2, nicotinic receptors suppressed the enhancement of sucrose preference and intake following sucrose withdrawal. These findings indicate that α7 nicotinic receptor activation suppresses sucrose addiction in a sucrose preference test in mice.

High blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, not only among middle-aged and older adults, but also in young adults. Early interventions for high BP may prevent future organ damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor BP trends in young adults to support this approach. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a trend of increasing BP was observed worldwide. However, young adults have not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study examined BP trends among university students (n = 106,691) over two decades, every 5 years from 2003 to 2023, including the period before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2003 to 2018, there were no notable changes in BP. However, following the COVID-19 pandemic, increased BP was observed in both men and women, with systolic BP increasing from 118.1 (SD, 14.2) mmHg in 2018 to 120.6 (SD, 12.5) mmHg in 2023 among men, and from 104.6 (SD, 11.8) mmHg to 105.1 (SD, 11.7) mmHg among women. These trends were particularly pronounced among students with normal and underweight somatotypes and among first- and second-year students. The results of the lifestyle survey showed a decrease in smoking and drinking habits, insufficient sleep, mental stress, consumption of fast food and snacks, and an increase in exercise habits. Although contributing factors to the recent increase in BP were not identified, there was an upward trend in BP among Japanese university students. It is important to carefully observe how BP trends change over the long term following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. (Figure presented.)

Fractalkine is one of the CX3C chemokine family, and it is widely expressed in the brain including the hypothalamus. In the brain, fractalkine is expressed in neurons and binds to a CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in microglia. The hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis of which dysregulation is associated with obesity. Therefore, we examined whether fractalkine-CX3CR1 signalling involved in regulating food intake and hypothalamic inflammation associated with obesity pathogenesis. In the present study, fractalkine significantly reduced food intake induced by several experimental stimuli and significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) antagonist impaired fractalkine-induced anorexigenic actions. In addition, compared with wild-type mice, CX3CR1-deficient mice showed a significant increase in food intake and a significant decrease in BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks showed hypothalamic inflammation and reduced fractalkine mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular administration of fractalkine significantly suppressed HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation in mice. HFD intake for 4 weeks caused hypothalamic inflammation in CX3CR1-deficient mice, but not in wild-type mice. These findings suggest that fractalkine-CX3CR1 signalling induces anorexigenic actions via activation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway and suppresses HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation in mice.

Introduction A diet high in saturated fat is well known to affect neuronal function and contribute to cognitive decline in experimental animals and humans. Fractalkine released from neurons acts on its receptor, CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), in the microglia to regulate several brain functions. The present study addressed whether fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling in the brain, especially the hippocampus, contributes to the cognitive deficits observed in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Research design and methods Mice were given 60% high-fat diet for 16 weeks. The expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex of DIO mice was analyzed. Cognitive ability in the Y-maze test and hippocampal glutamate receptors and synaptic markers were observed in DIO and CX3CR1 antagonist-treated mice. Regulation of fractalkine and CX3CR1 expression in the hippocampus was examined following administration of a selective insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor inhibitor and a tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) antagonist in normal mice. Results DIO mice exhibited significant cognitive deficits in the Y-maze test and decrease in fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the hippocampus and amygdala compared with mice fed a control diet (CD mice). Administration of the CX3CR1 antagonist 18a in normal mice induced significant cognitive deficits in the Y-maze test. DIO mice and CX3CR1 antagonist-treated mice exhibited significant decreases in protein levels of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit (NR2A), AMPA (α-amino-5-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazole propionate) receptor subunit (GluR1) and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus compared with their respective controls. Furthermore, plasma IGF-1 and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor were significantly decreased in DIO mice compared with CD mice. Administration of a selective IGF-1 receptor inhibitor and a TrkB antagonist in normal mice significantly decreased fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the hippocampus. Conclusions These findings indicate that the cognitive decline observed in DIO mice is due, in part, to reduced fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling in the corticolimbic system.

Objective To consider effective measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) infection in medical institutions, this study estimated the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tokyo, Japan, and determined the specific findings for mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Methods This study analyzed the results of serologic tests to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of the faculty and HCWs at a Tokyo medical institution in August 2020. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with antibody-positive results were compared to those of participants with antibody-negative results. Materials This study recruited 2,341 faculty and HCWs at a Tokyo medical institution, 21 of whom had a COVID-19 history. Results Of the 2,320 participants without a COVID-19 history, 20 (0.862%) had positive serologic test results. A fever and dysgeusia or dysosmia occurred with greater frequency among the participants with positive test results than in those with negative results [odds ratio (OR), 5.475; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.960-15.293 and OR, 24.158; 95% CI, 2.693-216.720, respectively]. No significant difference was observed in the positivity rate between HCWs providing medical care for COVID-19 patients using adequate protection and other HCWs (OR, 2.514; 95% CI, 0.959-6.588). Conclusion To reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread in medical institutions, faculty and HCWs should follow standard and necessary transmission-based precautions, and those with a fever and dysgeusia or dysosmia should excuse themselves from work as soon as possible.

© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery improves metabolic diseases and alters the intestinal microbiota in animals and humans, but different procedures reportedly have different impacts on the intestinal microbiota. We developed laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenojejunal bypass (LSG-DJB) as an alternative to laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in addition to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for Japanese patients with obesity. We investigated the precise change in the intestinal microbiota induced by these procedures in the present study. Methods: A prospective observational study of 44 Japanese patients with obesity was conducted [22 patients underwent LSG, 18 underwent LSG-DJB, and 4 underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)]. The patients’ clinical parameters and intestinal microbiota were investigated before and for 6 months after surgery. The microbiota was analyzed by a 16S rDNA method. Results: LSG and LSG-DJB significantly improved the metabolic disorders in the patients with obesity. The proportion of the phylum Bacteroidetes and order Lactobacillales increased significantly in the LSG group, and that of the order Enterobacteriales increased significantly in the LSG-DJB group. Conclusions: LSG and LSG-DJB improved obesity and type 2 diabetes in Japanese patients with obesity, but the impact of LSG-DJB on the intestinal microbiota differed from that of LSG. This difference in the impact on the intestinal environment could explain the different efficacies of LSG and LSG-DJB in terms of their ability to resolve metabolic disorders in the clinical setting.