論文

We developed an intramolecular cyclization of m-homoprenylphenols and related m-prenylphenols to bicyclic skeletons by hypervalent iodine reagents through an oxidative nucleophilic aromatic substitution using the prenyl group as a carbon nucleophile. The reaction was applicable for the syntheses of 5/6-, 6/6-, and 7/6-fused ring systems.

The chemical modification of proteins is an effective technique for manipulating the properties and functions of proteins, and for creating protein-based materials. The N-terminus is a promising target for single-site modification that provides modified proteins with uniform structures and properties. In this paper, a copper(II)-mediated aldol reaction with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (2-PC) derivatives is proposed as an operationally simple method to selectively modify the N-terminus of peptides and proteins at room temperature and physiological pH. The copper(II) ion activates the N-terminal amino acids by complexation with an imine of the N-terminal amino acid and 2-PCs, realizing the selective formation of the nucleophilic intermediate at the N-terminus. This results in a stable carbon-carbon bond between the 2-PCs and the α-carbon of various N-terminal amino acids. The reaction is applied to four different proteins, including biopharmaceuticals such as filgrastim and trastuzumab. The modified trastuzumab retains the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 recognition activity.

A structurally constrained, double-helical S,C-bridged tetraphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (TPPD) has been synthesized. The stable radical cation of the S,C-bridged TPPD was generated by chemical oxidation, and the electron spin was found to be delocalized over the entire π-conjugated framework. The excellent conformational stability of the neutral molecule facilitated the separation of its enantiomers.

1,1’,10,10’-Biphenothiazine and its S,S,S’,S’-tetroxide are diaza[5]helicenes with N−N linkages. Kinetic experiments on racemization together with DFT calculations revealed that they undergo inversion through the N−N bond breaking pathway rather than the general conformational pathway. In these diaza[5]helicenes with this inversion mechanism, the reduction of electronic repulsion in the N−N bond by modification of S to SO2 at the outer position of the helix led to a significantly higher inversion barrier, 35.3 kcal/mol, compared to [5]helicene. 1,1’,10,10’-Biphenothiazine S,S,S’,S’-tetroxide was highly resistant to acid-mediated N−N bond breaking and racemization under acidic conditions.

This study demonstrates the C-N coupling of tryptophan with azoles, promoted by an in situ-generated iodine-based oxidant. The protocol was successfully applied to the selective modification of tryptophan in nonprotected polypeptide bearing oxidatively sensitive residues in acidic aqueous media. The present method allows the attachment of reactive handles to polypeptides and the peptide stapling.

Photophysical properties of benzil (1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione) and its derivatives in the crystal state have recently attracted much attention. However, the study of substituted benzils has mostly been limited to para-substituted derivatives, which did not induce a significant effect on the emission wavelength compared to pristine benzil. The effects of ortho- and meta-substituents on the photophysical properties in the crystal state have not been investigated so far. Our recently developed organocatalytic pinacol coupling of substituted benzaldehydes allowed us to prepare various ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted benzil derivatives and to investigate their luminescence properties. Ortho- and meta-substituents affected the electronic states of benzils in the crystal state, resulting in differences in their luminescence properties. The luminescence wavelength and type, i.e., phosphorescence or fluorescence, were altered by these substituents. Fast self-recovering phosphorescence-to-phosphorescence mechanochromism by the para-CF3 substituent at room temperature was also discovered.

C-Glycoside analogues of native glycans are useful molecular tools for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology due to their resistance to cellular glycoside hydrolases. We previously reported an α-selective direct C-glycosylation of 2-deoxy-β-glycosyl boronate through a Ni/photoredox-catalyzed stereoinvertive cross-coupling reaction. Here we report a complementary stereoretentive synthetic method for the preparation of β-C-glycosides from a similar boronate precursor through the addition of a C(sp2) anion followed by 1,2-migration of the glycosyl donor.

The biomimetic two-phase strategy employing polyene cyclization and subsequent oxidation/substitution is an effective approach for divergent syntheses of [6-6-6]-tricyclic diterpenes. However, this strategy requires lengthy sequences for syntheses of oxygenated tricyclic aromatic abietane/podocarpane diterpenes owing to the many linear oxidation/substitution steps after cyclization. Here, we present a new synthetic route based on a convergent reverse two-phase strategy employing a reverse radical cyclization approach, which enabled the unified short syntheses of four aromatic abietane/podocarpane diterpenes and the divergent short syntheses of other related diterpenes. Oxygenated and substituted precursors for cyclization were convergently prepared through Friedel-Crafts acylation and rhodium-catalyzed site-selective iodination. Radical redox cyclization using an iridium photoredox catalyst involving neophyl rearrangement furnished the thermodynamically favored 6-membered ring preferentially. (±)-5,6-Dehydrosugiol, salvinolone, crossogumerin A, and Δ5-nimbidiol were synthesized in only 8 steps. An oxygenated cyclized intermediate was also useful for divergent derivatization to sugiol, ferruginol, saprorthoquinone, cryptomeriololide, and salvinolone.