論文

© 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The complete mitochondrial genome of Eumeta variegate, largest bagworm moth in Japan, has been sequenced using a nanopore sequencer as a single long read. The genome has a total length of 16,601 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 20 tRNA, 2 rRNA genes, and an AT-rich control region. The nucleotide composition was extremely AT-rich, with 42.4% A, 40.4% T, 6.67% G, and 10.6% C. This is the second report of a complete mitochondrial genome of Psychidae, and the sequence information together with a phylogenetic analysis would provide a reference data in the future studies of Lepidoptera and Psychidae.

Orb-weaving spiders have two main methods of prey capture: cribellate spiders use dry, sticky capture threads, and ecribellate spiders use viscid glue droplets. Predation behaviour is a major evolutionary driving force, and it is important on spider phylogeny whether the cribellate and ecribellate spiders each evolved the orb architecture independently or both strategies were derived from an ancient orb web. These hypotheses have been discussed based on behavioural and morphological characteristics, with little discussion on this subject from the perspective of molecular materials of orb web, since there is little information about cribellate spider-associated spidroin genes. Here, we present in detail a spidroin catalogue of six uloborid species of cribellate orb-weaving spiders, including cribellate and pseudoflagelliform spidroins, with transcriptome assembly complemented with long read sequencing, where silk composition is confirmed by proteomics. Comparative analysis across families (Araneidae and Uloboridae) shows that the gene architecture, repetitive domains, and amino acid frequencies of the orb web constituting silk proteins are similar among orb-weaving spiders regardless of the prey capture strategy. Notably, the fact that there is a difference only in the prey capture thread proteins strongly supports the monophyletic origin of the orb web.

Bacillus subtilis 168 has been explored as a platform for the synthesis and transmission of large DNA. Two inherent DNA incorporation systems, natural transformation and pLS20-based conjugation transfer, enable rapid handling of target DNA. Both systems are affected by the Bsu restriction-modification system that recognizes and cleaves unmethylated XhoI sites, limiting the choice of target DNA. We constructed B. subtilis 168 with stable mutation for restriction-deficient and modification-proficient (r m ). It was demonstrated that the r m strains can incorporate and transfer synthesized DNA with multiple XhoI sites. These should be of value as hub strains to integrate and disseminate giant DNA between B. subtilis 168 derivatives. - + - +

Arthropod silk is known as a versatile tool, and its variability makes it an attractive biomaterial. Eumeta variegata is a bagworm moth (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) that uses silk throughout all life stages. Notably, the bagworm-specific uses of silk include larval development in a bag coated with silk and plant materials and the use of silk attachments to hang pupae. An understanding at the molecular level of bagworm silk, which enables such unique purposes, is an opportunity to expand the possibilities for artificial biomaterial design. However, very little is known about the bagworm fibroin gene and the mechanical properties of bagworm silk. Here, we report the bagworm genome, including a silk fibroin gene. The genome is approximately 700 Mbp in size, and the newly found fibroin gene has a unique repetitive motif. Furthermore, a mechanical property test demonstrates a phylogenetic relationship between the unique motif and tensile strength of bagworm silk.

The importin α/β pathway mediates nuclear import of proteins containing the classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Although the consensus sequences of the classical NLSs have been defined, there are still many NLSs that do not match the consensus rule and many nonfunctional sequences that match the consensus. We report here six different NLS classes that specifically bind to distinct binding pockets of importin α. By screening of random peptide libraries using an mRNA display, we selected peptides bound by importin α and identified six classes of NLSs, including three novel classes. Two noncanonical classes (class 3 and class 4) specifically bound the minor binding pocket of importin α, whereas the classical monopartite NLSs (class 1 and class 2) bound to the major binding pocket. Using a newly developed universal green fluorescent protein expression system, we found that these NLS classes, including plant-specific class 5 NLSs and bipartite NLSs, fundamentally require the regions outside the core basic residues for their activity and have specific residues or patterns that confer the activities differently between yeast, plants, and mammals. Furthermore, amino acid replacement analyses revealed that the consensus basic patterns of the classical NLSs are not essential for activity, thereby generating more unconventional patterns, including redox-sensitive NLSs. These results explain the causes of the NLS diversity. The defined consensus patterns and properties of importin α-dependent NLSs provide useful information for identifying NLSs. © 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Bacillus subtilis is the only bacterium-based host able to clone giant DNA above 1000 kbp. DNA previously handled by this host was limited to that with GC content similar to or lower than that of the B. subtilis genome. To expand the target DNA range to higher GC content, we tried to clone a pTT27 megaplasmid (257 kbp, 69% of G+C) from Thermus thermophilus. To facilitate the reconstruction process, we subcloned pTT27 in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector of Escherichia coli. Owing to the ability of BAC to carry around 100 kbp DNA, only 4 clones were needed to cover the pTT27 and conduct step-by-step assembly in the B. subtilis genome. The full length of 257 kbp was reconstructed through 3 intermediary lengths (108, 153, and 226 kbp), despite an unexpected difficulty in the maintenance of DNA >200 kbp. Retrieval of these four pTT27 segments from the B. subtilis genome by genetic transfer to a plasmid pLS20 was attempted. A stable plasmid clone was obtained only for the 108 and 153 kbp intermediates. The B. subtilis genome was demonstrated to accommodate large DNA with a high GC content, but may be restricted to less than 200 kbp by unidentified mechanisms. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Sheath-flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has emerged as a new tool for comprehensive analysis of charged metabolites. However, it needs to be more sensitive. Here, we report a sheathless capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method for cationic metabolome analysis. This system used a high-sensitivity porous sprayer interface and 10% (v/v) acetic acid as the background electrolyte (BGE). Under optimized conditions, 53 cationic metabolites, including amino acids and their derivatives, amines, nucleic acids and small peptides, were successfully separated and selectively detected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At a signal-to-noise ratio of three, the concentration detection limits for these compounds were between 0.004 and 0.8 μmol L-1 (amount detection limit, 0.01 to 2 fmol) with pressure injection at 20.7 kPa for 5 s (2.6 nL). Compared with conventional sheath-flow CE-MS, the detection limit of the present method was increased more than 5-fold for 21 (40%) of the compounds detected. When the method was applied to the analysis of cationic metabolites obtained from human urine, there was a 10-fold increase in the number of detected peaks compared with conventional methods. More than 180 successive runs could be conducted without any problems, and only the BGE needed to be changed. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Background & Aims: We applied a metabolome profiling approach to serum samples obtained from patients with different liver diseases, to discover noninvasive and reliable biomarkers for rapid-screening diagnosis of liver diseases. Methods: Using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we analyzed low molecular weight metabolites in a total of 248 serum samples obtained from patients with nine types of liver disease and healthy controls. Results: We found that γ-glutamyl dipeptides, which were biosynthesized through a reaction with γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, were indicative of the production of reduced glutathione, and that measurement of their levels could distinguish among different liver diseases. Multiple logistic regression models facilitated the discrimination between specific and other liver diseases and yielded high areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves. The area under the curve values in training and independent validation data were 0.952 and 0.967 in healthy controls, 0.817 and 0.849 in drug-induced liver injury, 0.754 and 0.763 in asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection, 0.820 and 0.762 in chronic hepatitis B, 0.972 and 0.895 in hepatitis C with persistently normal alanine transaminase, 0.917 and 0.707 in chronic hepatitis C, 0.803 and 0.993 in cirrhosis type C, and 0.762 and 0.803 in hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Several γ-glutamyl dipeptides also manifested potential for differentiating between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and simple steatosis. Conclusions: γ-Glutamyl dipeptides are novel biomarkers for liver diseases, and varying levels of individual or groups of these peptides have the power to discriminate among different forms of hepatic disease. © 2011 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: In biological systems, redox reactions are central to most cellular processes and the redox potential of the intracellular compartment dictates whether a particular reaction can or cannot occur. Indeed the widespread use of redox reactions in biological systems makes their detailed description outside the scope of one review. Scope of the Review: Here we will focus on how system-wide redox changes can alter the reaction and transcriptional landscape of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To understand this we explore the major determinants of cellular redox potential, how these are sensed by the cell and the dynamic responses elicited. Major Conclusions: Redox regulation is a large and complex system that has the potential to rapidly and globally alter both the reaction and transcription landscapes. Although we have a basic understanding of many of the sub-systems and a partial understanding of the transcriptional control, we are far from understanding how these systems integrate to produce coherent responses. We argue that this non-linear system self-organises, and that the output in many cases is temperature-compensated oscillations that may temporally partition incompatible reactions in vivo. General Significance: Redox biochemistry impinges on most of cellular processes and has been shown to underpin ageing and many human diseases. Integrating the complexity of redox signalling and regulation is perhaps one of the most challenging areas of biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Systems Biology of Microorganisms. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) is one of the most intensely studied algae, and its whole genome was sequenced. Although this species was originally described based on materials from France and is often referred to as a cosmopolitan species, all culture strains available today have been isolated from eastern North America. The distinctions with similar and/or closely related species, such as Chlamydomonas globosa J. Snow and Chlamydomonas orbicularis E. G. Pringsh., are also contentious. In this study, new strains of C. reinhardtii and C. globosa were isolated from Japan and compared with several strains similar to C. reinhardtii. Based on the morphological, genealogical, phylogenetical, and mating studies including the new Japanese strains, the circumscription of C. reinhardtii was clarified. C. reinhardtii was most closely related to C. globosa, and they were shown to be different species. Although C. reinhardtii was similar to C. orbicularis, the authentic strain of C. orbicularis was morphologically distinguishable and phylogenetically distant from C. reinhardtii. Discovery of the Japanese strains of C. reinhardtii supports the cosmopolitan distribution of this species. Based on Japanese strains and/or strains from other countries, emended descriptions of C. reinhardtii, C. globosa, and C. orbicularis are given. © The Botanical Society of Japan and Springer 2009.

Conjugational transfer of pLS20 in Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 is restricted by the BsuM restriction-modification system. Restriction efficiency was measured using pLS20 derivatives possessing various numbers of XhoI sites, which are known to be recognized by BsuM. An increase in XhoI sites clearly reduced the conjugational efficiency of pLS20 as compared with that of pUB110 plasmid lacking XhoI.

During cardiomyocyte development, early embryonic ventricular cells show spontaneous activity that disappears at a later stage. Dramatic changes in action potential are mediated by developmental changes in individual ionic currents. Hence, reconstruction of the individual ionic currents into an integrated mathematical model would lead to a better understanding of cardiomyocyte development. To simulate the action potential of the rodent ventricular cell at three representative developmental stages, quantitative changes in the ionic currents, pumps, exchangers, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ kinetics were represented as relative activities, which were multiplied by conductance or conversion factors for individual ionic systems. The simulated action potential of the early embryonic ventricular cell model exhibited spontaneous activity, which ceased in the simulated action potential of the late embryonic and neonatal ventricular cell models. The simulations with our models were able to reproduce action potentials that were consistent with the reported characteristics of the cells in vitro. The action potential of rodent ventricular cells at different developmental stages can be reproduced with common sets of mathematical equations by multiplying conductance or conversion factors for ionic currents, pumps, exchangers, and SR Ca 2+ kinetics by relative activities. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007.

This study evaluated the clinical use of serum metabolomics to discriminate malignant cancers including pancreatic cancer (PC) from malignant diseases, such as biliary tract cancer (BTC), intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC), and various benign pancreaticobiliary diseases. Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry was used to analyze charged metabolites. We repeatedly analyzed serum samples (n = 41) of different storage durations to identify metabolites showing high quantitative reproducibility, and subsequently analyzed all samples (n = 140). Overall, 189 metabolites were quantified and 66 metabolites had a 20% coefficient of variation and, of these, 24 metabolites showed significant differences among control, benign, and malignant groups (p < 0.05; Steel–Dwass test). Four multiple logistic regression models (MLR) were developed and one MLR model clearly discriminated all disease patients from healthy controls with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.970 (95% confidential interval (CI), 0.946–0.994, p < 0.0001). Another model to discriminate PC from BTC and IPMC yielded AUC = 0.831 (95% CI, 0.650–1.01, p = 0.0020) with higher accuracy compared with tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), pancreatic cancer-associated antigen (DUPAN2) and s-pancreas-1 antigen (SPAN1). Changes in metabolomic profiles might be used to screen for malignant cancers as well as to differentiate between PC and other malignant diseases.

© 2018 Harada et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background Cohort studies with metabolomics data are becoming more widespread, however, large-scale studies involving 10,000s of participants are still limited, especially in Asian populations. Therefore, we started the Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study enrolling 11,002 community-dwelling adults in Japan, and using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The CE-MS method is highly amenable to absolute quantification of polar metabolites, however, its reliability for large-scale measurement is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine reproducibility and validity of large-scale CE-MS measurements. In addition, the study presents absolute concentrations of polar metabolites in human plasma, which can be used in future as reference ranges in a Japanese population. Methods Metabolomic profiling of 8,413 fasting plasma samples were completed using CE-MS, and 94 polar metabolites were structurally identified and quantified. Quality control (QC) samples were injected every ten samples and assessed throughout the analysis. Inter- and intra-batch coefficients of variation of QC and participant samples, and technical intraclass correlation coefficients were estimated. Passing-Bablok regression of plasma concentrations by CE-MS on serum concentrations by standard clinical chemistry assays was conducted for creatinine and uric acid. Results and conclusions In QC samples, coefficient of variation was less than 20% for 64 metabolites, and less than 30% for 80 metabolites out of the 94 metabolites. Inter-batch coefficient of variation was less than 20% for 81 metabolites. Estimated technical intraclass correlation coefficient was above 0.75 for 67 metabolites. The slope of Passing-Bablok regression was estimated as 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.95, 0.98) for creatinine and 0.95 (0.92, 0.96) for uric acid. Compared to published data from other large cohort measurement platforms, reproducibility of metabolites common to the platforms was similar to or better than in the other studies. These results show that our CE-MS platform is suitable for conducting large-scale epidemiological studies.

© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore new salivary biomarkers to discriminate breast cancer patients from healthy controls. Methods: Saliva samples were collected after 9 h fasting and were immediately stored at − 80 °C. Capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry were used to quantify hundreds of hydrophilic metabolites. Conventional statistical analyses and artificial intelligence-based methods were used to assess the discrimination abilities of the quantified metabolites. A multiple logistic regression (MLR) model and an alternative decision tree (ADTree)-based machine learning method were used. The generalization abilities of these mathematical models were validated in various computational tests, such as cross-validation and resampling methods. Results: One hundred sixty-six unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 101 patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast (IC), 23 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 42 healthy controls (C). Of the 260 quantified metabolites, polyamines were significantly elevated in the saliva of patients with breast cancer. Spermine showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curves [0.766; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.671–0.840, P ' 0.0001] to discriminate IC from C. In addition to spermine, polyamines and their acetylated forms were elevated in IC only. Two hundred each of two-fold, five-fold, and ten-fold cross-validation using different random values were conducted and the MLR model had slightly better accuracy. The ADTree with an ensemble approach showed higher accuracy (0.912; 95% CI 0.838–0.961, P ' 0.0001). These prediction models also included spermine as a predictive factor. Conclusions: These data indicated that combinations of salivary metabolomics with the ADTree-based machine learning methods show potential for non-invasive screening of breast cancer.

Dry-cured ham with a long ripening period is a valuable product worldwide. Ripening time is a key determinant of the endogenous metabolites that characterize the flavor and taste of ham products. While various studies have analyzed the relationship between ripening duration and sensory characteristics, no studies have evaluated ham products produced in Japan. Here, we conducted time-course metabolomic profiling, taste sensor-based analyses, and sensory evaluations by non-trained consumers during ripening. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was used to quantify non-volatile metabolites, such as amino acids, organic acids, and nucleotides. In an analysis of eight time-points during 680 days of ripening, the highest score for the after-taste of umami was observed on day 540, despite subtle changes in the scores for other properties. The concentrations of aspartic acid and glutamic acid relative to those of total amino acids were the highest at this point. This approach can contribute to the understanding of the relationship between the metabolite profile and ripening duration.

Various receptors on cell surface recognize specific extracellular molecules and trigger signal transduction altering gene expression in the nucleus, Gain or loss-of-function mutations of one molecule have shown to affect alternative signaling pathways with a poorly understood mechanism. In Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, which branches into MyD88- and TRAM-dependent pathways upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, we investigated the gain or loss-of-function mutations of MyD88. We predict, using a computational model built on the perturbation-response approach and the law of mass conservation, that removal and addition of MyD88 in TLR4 activation, enhances and impairs, respectively, the alternative TRAM-dependent pathway through signaling flux redistribution (SFR) at pathway branches. To verify SFR, we treated MyD88-deficient macrophages with LPS and observed enhancement of TRAM-dependent pathway based on increased IRF3 phosphorylation and induction of Cxcl10 and lfit2. Furthermore, increasing the amount of MyD88 in cultured cells showed decreased TRAM binding to TLR4. Investigating another TLR4 pathway junction, from TRIF to TRAF6, RIP1 and TBK1, the removal of MyD88-dependent TRAF6 increased expression of TRAM-dependent Cxl10 and lfit2. Thus, we demonstrate that SFR is a novel mechanism for enhanced activation of alternative pathways when molecules at pathway junctions are removed. Our data suggest that SFR may enlighten hitherto unexplainable intracellular signaling alterations in genetic diseases where gain or loss-of-function mutations are observed. © 2008 Selvarajoo et al.

Conventional extraction protocols for yeast have been developed for relatively rapid-growing low cell density cultures of laboratory strains and often do not have the integrity for frequent sampling of cultures. Therefore, these protocols are usually inefficient for cultures under slow growth conditions or of non-laboratory strains. We have developed a combined mechanical and chemical disruption procedure using vigorous bead-beating that can consistently disrupt yeast cells (> 95%), irrespective of cell cycle and metabolic state. Using this disruption technique coupled with quenching, we have developed DNA, RNA and protein extraction protocols that are optimized for a large number of samples from slow-growing high-density industrial yeast cultures. Additionally, sample volume, the use of expensive reagents/enzymes, handling times and incubations were minimized. We have tested the reproducibility of our methods using triplicate/time-series extractions and compared these with commonly used protocols or commercially available kits. Moreover, we utilized a simple flow-cytometric approach to estimate the mitochondrial DNA copy number. Based on the results, our methods have shown higher reproducibility, yield and quality. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

It is well known that G6PD-deficient individuals are highly susceptible to oxidative stress. However, the differences in the degree of metabolic alterations among patients during an oxidative crisis have not been extensively studied. In this study, we applied mathematical modeling to assess the metabolic changes in erythrocytes of various G6PD-deficient patients during hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced perturbation and predict the kinetic properties that elicit redox imbalance after exposure to an oxidative agent. Simulation results showed a discrepancy in the ability to restore regular metabolite levels and redox homeostasis among patients. Two trends were observed in the response of redox status (GSH/GSSG) to oxidative stress, a mild decrease associated with slow recovery and a drastic decline associated with rapid recovery. The former was concluded to apply to patients with severe clinical symptoms. Low Vmax and high KmG6P of G6PD were shown to be kinetic properties that enhance consequent redox imbalance. Copyright © 2011 Hanae Shimo et al.