論文

Understanding the logic and dynamics of gene-regulatory and biochemical networks is a major challenge for systems biology. To facilitate this research topic, we have developed CellDesigner to visualize, model and simulate biochemical networks. CellDesigner allows the users to easily create networks using solidly defined and comprehensive graphical notation. CellDesigner utilizes SBML to described models and can simulate models using an integrated SBML ODE Solver or third party simulation engine; thus enabling users to simulate through a sophisticated graphical user interface. Although CellDesigner can integrate with existing databases (KEGG, PubMed, BioModels, etc.), by calling a web browser, or connecting to its web page through HTTP, integration with SABIO-RK has the potential to expand connectivity and semi-automate visualization and model building. SABIO-RK contains information about biochemical reactions, related kinetic equations and parameters. Also information about the experimental conditions under which these parameters were measured is stored. By using the Web service API provided by the SABIO-RK team, we have succeeded to directly connect to the database, send search queries by ID or name of its component, and then import the query results into CellDesigner. © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Non-biting midges (Chironomidae) are known to inhabit a wide range of environments, and certain species can tolerate extreme conditions, where the rest of insects cannot survive. In particular, the sleeping chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki is known for the remarkable ability of its larvae to withstand almost complete desiccation by entering a state called anhydrobiosis. Chromosome numbers in chironomids are higher than in other dipterans and this extra genomic resource might facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environments. We used improved sequencing strategies to assemble a chromosome-level genome sequence for P. vanderplanki for deep comparative analysis of genomic location of genes associated with desiccation tolerance. Using whole genome-based cross-species and intra-species analysis, we provide evidence for the unique functional specialization of Chromosome 4 through extensive acquisition of novel genes. In contrast to other insect genomes, in the sleeping chironomid a uniquely high degree of subfunctionalization in paralogous anhydrobiosis genes occurs in this chromosome, as well as pseudogenization in a highly duplicated gene family. Our findings suggest that the Chromosome 4 in Polypedilum is a site of high genetic turnover, allowing it to act as a 'sandbox' for evolutionary experiments, thus facilitating the rapid adaptation of midges to harsh environments.

Tissue engineering is a promising technology for both its possible applications in the fields of regenerative medicine and medical research. One of its challenges is to create an environment which allows the cell cultures to develop correctly. This environment is far from static and normally is modified by the cells themselves. To this end, adaptable systems have to be developed to ensure a successful development of the in-vitro tissue. This research focuses on a system which is able to modify an external electrical stimulus on a culture chamber, during its cultivation. This system, through a variation of the stimulus direction, successfully improved the orientation of the developing myocytes.

The Pv11, an insect cell line established from the midge Polypedilum vanderplanki, is capa-ble of extreme hypometabolic desiccation tolerance, so-called anhydrobiosis. We previously discov-ered that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) contributes to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance by Pv11 cells, but the mechanistic details have yet to be elucidated. Here, by analyzing the gene expression profiles of newly established HSF1-knockout and-rescue cell lines, we show that HSF1 has a ge-nome-wide effect on gene regulation in Pv11. The HSF1-knockout cells exhibit a reduced desiccation survival rate, but this is completely restored in HSF1-rescue cells. By comparing mRNA profiles of the two cell lines, we reveal that HSF1 induces anhydrobiosis-related genes, especially genes encoding late embryogenesis abundant proteins and thioredoxins, but represses a group of genes involved in basal cellular processes, thus promoting an extreme hypometabolism state in the cell. In addition, HSF1 binding motifs are enriched in the promoters of anhydrobiosis-related genes and we demonstrate binding of HSF1 to these promoters by ChIP-qPCR. Thus, HSF1 directly regulates the transcription of anhydrobiosis-related genes and consequently plays a pivotal role in the induction of anhydrobiotic ability in Pv11 cells.

Introduction: The COVID-19 Disease Map project is a large-scale community effort uniting 277 scientists from 130 Institutions around the globe. We use high-quality, mechanistic content describing SARS-CoV-2-host interactions and develop interoperable bioinformatic pipelines for novel target identification and drug repurposing. Methods: Extensive community work allowed an impressive step forward in building interfaces between Systems Biology tools and platforms. Our framework can link biomolecules from omics data analysis and computational modelling to dysregulated pathways in a cell-, tissue- or patient-specific manner. Drug repurposing using text mining and AI-assisted analysis identified potential drugs, chemicals and microRNAs that could target the identified key factors. Results: Results revealed drugs already tested for anti-COVID-19 efficacy, providing a mechanistic context for their mode of action, and drugs already in clinical trials for treating other diseases, never tested against COVID-19. Discussion: The key advance is that the proposed framework is versatile and expandable, offering a significant upgrade in the arsenal for virus-host interactions and other complex pathologies.

In fluctuating environments, many microorganisms acquire phenotypic heterogeneity as a survival tactic to increase the likelihood of survival of the overall population. One example of this interindividual heterogeneity is the diversity of ATP concentration among members of Escherichia coli populations under glucose deprivation. Despite the importance of such environmentally driven phenotypic heterogeneity, how the differences in intracellular ATP concentration emerge among individual E. coli organisms is unknown. In this study, we focused on the mechanism through which individual E. coli achieve high intracellular ATP concentrations. First, we measured the ATP retained by E. coli over time when cultured at low (0.1 mM) and control (22.2 mM) concentrations of glucose and obtained the chronological change in ATP concentrations. Then, by comparing these chronological change of ATP concentrations and analyzing whether stochastic state transitions, periodic oscillations, cellular age, and intercellular communication—which have been reported as molecular biological mechanisms for generating interindividual heterogeneity—are involved, we showed that the appearance of high ATP-holding individuals observed among E. coli can be explained only by intercellular transmission. By performing metabolomic analysis of post-culture medium, we revealed a significant increase in the ATP, especially at low glucose, and that the number of E. coli that retain significantly higher ATP can be controlled by adding large amounts of ATP to the medium, even in populations cultured under control glucose concentrations. These results reveal for the first time that ATP-mediated intercellular transmission enables some individuals in E. coli populations grown at low glucose to retain large amounts of ATP.

For FPGA-based scientific simulation systems, hardware design technique that can reduce required amount of hardware resources is a key issue, since the size of simulation target is often limited by the size of the FPGA. Focusing on FPGA-based biochemical simulation, this paper proposes hardware design methodology which finds and combines common datapath for similar rate law functions appeared in simulation target models, so as to generate area-effective pipelined hardware modules. In addition, similarity-based clustering techniques of rate law functions are also presented in order to alleviate negative effects on performance for combined pipelines. Empirical evaluation with a practical biochemical model reveals that our method enables the simulation with 66% of the original hardware resources at a reasonable cost of 20% performance overhead.

One of the obvious advantages of FPGA-based reconfigurable computing is customizability of a tradeoff point between performance and hardware costs. However, this tradeoff has rarely been discussed in a whole application level, which is the most important view for application users. This paper presents empirical evaluation of a hardware module sharing technique which can shift a tradeoff point of area and performance on an FPGA-based biochemical simulator. The biochemical simulation results are discussed in terms of hardware costs, simulation throughput, parallelism extracted in simulation hardware, and data transfer overheads.

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumour of childhood, and it metastasizes to distant organs. However, the mechanism of metastasis, which generally depends on the cell motility of the neuroblastoma, remains unclear. In many solid tumours, it has been reported that shear stress promotes metastasis. Here, we investigated the relationship between shear stress and cell motility in the MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cell line IMR32, using a microfluidic device. We confirmed that most of the cells migrated downstream, and cell motility increased dramatically when the cells were exposed to a shear stress of 0.4 Pa, equivalent to that expected in vivo. We observed that the morphological features of focal adhesion were changed under a shear stress of 0.4 Pa. We also investigated the relationship between malignancy and the motility of IMR32 cells under shear stress. Decreasing the expression of MYCN in IMR32 cells via siRNA transfection inhibited cell motility by a shear stress of 0.4 Pa. These results suggest that MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells under high shear stress migrate to distant organs due to high cell motility, allowing cell migration to lymphatic vessels and venules.

© 2019 by the authors. Regenerative medicine using neural stem cells (NSCs), which self-renew and have pluripotency, has recently attracted a lot of interest. Much research has focused on the transplantation of differentiated NSCs to damaged tissues for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries. However, current approaches for distinguishing differentiated from non-differentiated NSCs at the single-cell level have low reproducibility or are invasive to the cells. Here, we developed a fully automated, non-invasive convolutional neural network-based model to determine the differentiation status of human NSCs at the single-cell level from phase-contrast photomicrographs; after training, our model showed an accuracy of identification greater than 94%. To understand how our model distinguished between differentiated and non-differentiated NSCs, we evaluated the informative features it learned for the two cell types and found that it had learned several biologically relevant features related to NSC shape during differentiation. We also used our model to examine the differentiation of NSCs over time; the findings confirmed our model's ability to distinguish between non-differentiated and differentiated NSCs. Thus, our model was able to non-invasively and quantitatively identify differentiated NSCs with high accuracy and reproducibility, and, therefore, could be an ideal means of identifying differentiated NSCs in the clinic.

Pv11 is an insect cell line established from the midge Polypedilum vanderplanki, whose larval form exhibits an extreme desiccation tolerance known as anhydrobiosis. Pv11 itself is also capable of anhydrobiosis, which is induced by trehalose treatment. Here we report the successful construction of a genome editing system for Pv11 cells and its application to the identification of signaling pathways involved in anhydrobiosis. Using the Cas9-mediated gene knock-in system, we established Pv11 cells that stably expressed GCaMP3 to monitor intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Intriguingly, trehalose treatment evoked a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and further experiments revealed that the calmodulin–calcineurin–NFAT pathway contributes to tolerance of trehalose treatment as well as desiccation tolerance, while the calmodulin–calmodulin kinase–CREB pathway conferred only desiccation tolerance on Pv11 cells. Thus, our results show a critical contribution of the trehalose-induced Ca2+ surge to anhydrobiosis and demonstrate temporally different roles for each signaling pathway.