論文

Ion desorption from the infrared (IR) laser shattering of water microdroplets (ø90 μm in diameter) was experimentally examined by ion current measurements coupled with time-resolved imaging by a charge-coupled-device camera. When a microdroplet was shattered by simultaneous illumination by two IR lasers (λ=2.9 μm) from both the left- and right-hand sides, the time-resolved imaging shows that a lot of small fragments of splash spread around the droplet. The spatial distributions of the small fragments were symmetrically compressed. The resulting fragment swarm was effectively introduced into a vacuum chamber through an inlet skimmer ø0.3-0.4 mm in diameter. The ion current measured from a 10 -6 mol/m 3 NaCl water solution microdroplet using two lasers was considerably enhanced compared to that by single IR laser shattering. When one of the two IR lasers was delayed by 0-1000 μs, the ion current gradually decreased with the delay time, and dropped substantially at delays longer than 100 ns. The results are ascribed to dynamical processes following the multi-photon excitation. The dual IR laser ablation of a liquid droplet can enhance the efficiency of ion formation with a lower dispersion velocity, which can be conveniently combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

For the single- and dual-laser shattering of water microdroplets, the wavelength dependence of an infrared (IR) laser was experimentally examined in the range 2.253.75 μm using ion current measurements coupled with time-resolved imaging. Compared to a single IR laser, simultaneous illumination by dual IR lasers effectively compresses the spatial distribution of small fragments around the absorption maximum for the OHstretching vibration of liquid water (λ=2.753.25 μm). The effect can be explained by the small penetration depth of the IR laser toward water microdroplets. © 2012 The Chemical Society of Japan.

We present a nondestructive characterization method for buried hetero-interfaces for organic/organic and metal/organic systems using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) which can probe electronic states at depths deeper than ∼10 nm. A significant interface-derived signal showing a strong chemical interaction is observed for Au deposited onto a C60 film, while there is no such additional feature for copper phthalocyanine deposited onto a C60 film reflecting the weak interaction between the molecules in the latter case. A depth analysis with HAXPES reveals that a Au-C 60 intermixed layer with a thickness of 5.1 nm is formed at the interface. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

Vanadium-benzene cluster anions, VnBzn+1- (Bz = C6H6) were generated by laser ablation and supersonic jet methods, and studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. The density functional theory was employed to compute their geometric and electronic structures. It is concluded that the V nBzn+1- anions exhibit multiple-decker sandwich structures similar to their corresponding neutrals, and the adiabatic electron affinity increases with the cluster size. Our computation shows that the excess electron of the anion occupies the d orbitals of the vanadium atoms and that it is delocalized one-dimensionally. Furthermore, a very large HOMO-LUMO gap difference between majority and minority spin orbitals is observed for both the neutrals and the anions, and the V nBzn+10/- clusters are found to be completely spin-polarized. These facts confirm the possibility of using V nBzn+1 clusters as spin filters. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

In this study, we have developed a highly intensive ion source of size-selected nanoclusters based on a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering method. The maximum intensity of the size-selected silver nanocluster anions exceeded that of standard ion sources by more than ten times. The high intensity in the present method was achieved by the high throughput of the ion optics and the high ionization fraction. Fine tuning of the nanocluster size distributions was also demonstrated. © 2013 The Chemical Society of Japan.

The electronic states of three different sizes of compositionally precise thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, Au25(SR)18, Au 38(SR)24, and Au144(SR)60 (R = C12H25), have been evaluated by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The Au 4f core-levels of the nanoclusters are well reproduced by two spectral components derived from centered core-Au and positively charged shell-Au atoms, the numbers of which are determined based on the atomic structures of the nanoclusters. The spin-orbit splitting of Au 5d5/2 and 5d3/2 in the valence band becomes narrower than that for bulk Au, depending on the cluster size, which is quantitatively characterized by a reduction in the average coordination number of Au. The Au 5d valence-band spectra also show that the charge reorganization of 5d electrons induced by interaction with thiol molecules is more significant for the 5d5/2 than the 5d3/2 orbital. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectroscopy have been employed to investigate the electronic states and the excited electron dynamics of ferrocene (Fc)-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(1 1 1). For the 11-ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol (FcC11-) SAM, an image potential state (IPS) located at EF +3.8 eV was observed by time-resolved 2PPE. Its lifetime, 90 fs, was found to be much shorter than that of decanethiol (C10-) SAM, 11 ps. By forming the C10-SAM beforehand, the IPS lifetime for FcC11-&C10-SAM was lengthened to ∼9 ps; this can enable improvement in molecular ordering and substantial formation of C10 domains. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We present the physicochemical properties for the lowest-energy isomer of a boron-doped aluminum cluster of B2Al21-. The isomer was obtained by basin-hopping minimization based on the density functional theory, starting from a face-sharing bi-icosahedral structure in which two boron atoms were endohedrally doped to each icosahedron. The lowest-energy isomer is a triangular form in which an aluminum cage encapsulates two boron atoms endohedrally. The electronic structure was analyzed by projecting Kohn-Sham orbitals onto the spherical harmonics; occupied and unoccupied frontier orbitals are dominantly G- and H-symmetries, respectively. Optical absorption is mainly assigned to G to H transitions. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Long-range surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which propagate along metal/dielectric interfaces to submillimeter distances in the range of near-infrared (NIR) excitation wavelength, were examined by two-color two-photon photoelectron emission microscopy (2P-PEEM). Interferences between incident NIR photons and SPPs excited by the NIR photons at surface defects were imaged by detecting photoelectrons emitted from a gold surface, assisted by simultaneously irradiated ultraviolet photons which are to overcome the workfunction of the surface. The wavelength of the interference beat depends sensitively on the NIR wavelength. By analyzing the interference beat, the dispersion curve as well as phase and group velocities of SPP's were experimentally obtained. The results closely match the theoretical one based on the Drude free electron model, indicating that two-color 2P-PEEM is applicable not only to the visualization of NIR-excited SPPs but also to the quantitative analysis of its physical properties. This method will be widely used to observe SPPs for various artificial plasmonic devices. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

We developed a new nanocluster (NC) ion source based on the high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) technique coupled with a gas flow cell reactor. Silver NC anions (Agn-) with a maximum intensity of 5.5 nA (Ag11-) are generated with the size ranging from the atomic anion to the 70-mer, which is well-controlled by simply adjusting the peak power and repetition rate of the HiPIMS. By time-resolved density profiles of Agn-, we find that the ion beam generated by HiPIMS is characterized by individual 100 ms duration "bunches" below a repetition rate of 10 Hz, which is well-Thermalized with a group velocity of 5 m/s. The high intensity of the NCs is attributable to the high ionization fraction by this HiPIMS ion source, while the underlying mechanism of the flexible size tuning of the ion source is understood by time-resolved mass spectrometry coupled with the sequential growth mechanism; the increment of the density of the target species in the bunches with the peak power and the overlapping of the bunches with the repetition rate cause the formation of large NCs. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Density functional computations are used to evaluate the geometric, electronic, and optical properties of endohedral aluminum clusters X@Al 12 (X = B, Al, Si, P) and their assemblies. All X@Al 12+/0/- clusters are perfect or slightly distorted icosahedral structures, with the exception of Al13+, which is highly distorted. The projected density of states (PDOS) onto the spherical harmonics of monomers clearly reveals superatom behavior and electron shell closings of F orbitals in a 40-electron species. The electronic absorption spectrum of SiAl12 is analyzed in terms of the superatom orbitals. The optimized structures of X@Al12-Y@Al12 (X-Y = Si-Si, B-P, Al-P) dimers are constructed by facing the sides of the monomers in a staggered fashion. The PDOS of the dimers mostly exhibit five hybridizations: S, P, SD, PF, and SDG. The exceptions are HOMO, which possesses a DFG hybridized character and lies between the PF and SDG regions, and LUMO, which possesses a DG hybridized character. By analyzing the simulated absorption spectra of the B@Al12-P@Al12 and Al13-P@Al12 heterodimers, charge transfers from B/Al@Al12 to P@Al12 are found in the visible region, weakly accompanying the opposite charge transfer. The heterodimers have substantial charge carriers, estimated as the difference in electron counts from the closed-shell Si@Al12, with slight charge depletions (∼0.2). The charge distributions in B@Al 12 and P@Al12 are essentially unaltered by the insertion of Si@Al12 into the heterodimer, resulting in that the heterotrimer possesses a larger dipole moment than the heterodimer. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Electronic and optical properties of vertex sharing homo- and heterobiicosahedral gold clusters [M1M2Au 23(PH3)10(SCH3)5Cl 2]2+ (M1/M2 = Au/Au, Pt/Hg) are investigated by means of density functional computations, focusing on superatom assembly. In the homo clusters, the projected density of states onto the spherical harmonics reveals that each icosahedral unit behaves as a superatom with the Au(6s6p) electrons and electron shell closings of S and P orbitals followed by unoccupied D orbitals; each unit satisfies an 8-electron superatom condition. Because the Au(5d) band appears between the S and P orbitals, the electronic structure is characterized as S, Au(5d)-band, and P. The lowest electronic excitation in the homo cluster is the P to D transition. In the hetero biicosahedral cluster, the central Au atoms of each icosahedron are replaced by Pt and Hg. The HOMO and LUMO are well localized to the PtAu 12 and HgAu12 units, respectively, forming a cluster-assembled heterojunction in a single stable structure. The absorption spectrum of the heterobiicosahedral cluster is characterized by charge transfer from PtAu12 to HgAu12 in the visible region, accompanied by a weak charge transfer in the opposite direction. Despite low numbers of charge carriers, the heterobiicosahedral cluster shows a large dipole moment. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

We studied both occupied and unoccupied states of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) films formed on an octanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on an Au(1 1 1) surface fabricated in a wet chemical process using two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectroscopy. A 1.90-nm-thick layer of TiOPc formed an unoccupied state at 2.9 eV above the Fermi level. This state was resonantly enhanced at 4.3-4.4 eV photon energy, suggesting that electrons were excited from the highest occupied molecular orbital of TiOPc. The 2PPE measurements of photon energy dependence and light polarization selectivity revealed that the unoccupied state originates from a charge transfer exciton not observed in organic thin films deposited on bare metallic substrates. The formation of a charge transfer exciton implies that the SAM strongly insulates the molecular monolayer.

We have used time-resolved imaging to examine the effect of incident radiation wavelength in the range 2.75-3.75 μm on the shattering of water microdroplets by single and dual lasers. Dye sensitization of microdroplets was induced by using the water-soluble dye sulforhodamine G; this enabled us to observe both the forward and backward components of fragmented droplets and splashes. Compared with employing a single IR laser, simultaneous illumination by two IR lasers can effectively compress the spatial distribution of small fragments around the absorption maximum for the OH-stretching vibration of liquid water (y=2.75-3.25 μm). Scattering and compression of the fragmented microdroplets after single and dual IR laser irradiation can be explained by conservation of momentum.

Mononuclear organoeuropium sandwich complexes were synthesized from ligands of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) and 1,4- and 1,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)- cyclooctatetraenes (COT″) in a liquid ammonia of europium (Eu) and lithium (Li). Elemental analyses revealed the chemical compositions as [(DME)Li] 2Eu(COT)2 (1) and [(DME)Li]2Eu(COT″) 2 (2). Vibrational analyses and magnetic measurements revealed a ligand-Eu-ligand sandwich structure. The Eu2+ ions induce paramagnetic behaviors at 6-300 K. Although UV-irradiated 1 and 2 emit light of similar color, the quantum yields of their toluene solution widely differ (2.4% and 21%, respectively). The effects of the trimethylsilyl group are evaluated from quantum chemical calculations. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multidecker organoeuropium sandwich complexes were synthesized with the organic ligands 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) and 1,4- and 1,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenes (COT″) in a liquid ammonia solution of europium (Eu) metal. Infrared (IR) absorption and Raman spectroscopies and magnetic measurements were used to identify local structures and charge distributions. It was found that the organoeuropium complexes have Eu2+-COT2- (Eu2+-COT″2-) charge distributions, including a local structure of ligand-Eu-ligand sandwiches. Together with elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, it is shown that the organoeuropium complexes form a multidecker sandwich structure that is insouble in many solvents. In addition to their paramagnetic behaviors at 150-300 K, the organoeuropium complexes of Eu-COT and Eu-COT″ showed red and orange-red emissions, respectively, under UV irradiation. The introdution of bulky trimethylsilyl groups onto COT prominently enhanced the emission intensity by more than a factor of 10 compared to that of Eu-COT, and similar emission enhancement was observed when ethylenediamine vapor was contacted with Eu-COT solid. The intensity enhancement and the shifts in the emission wavelength are discussed from the viewpoint of orbital interactions between Eu2+ and COT2- (COT″2-). © 2014 American Chemical Society.

The electronic structures of lanthanide (Ln) ions sandwiched between 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT), Ln(COT)2-, have been investigated by anion photoelectron spectroscopy. Complexes of 12 Ln atoms were investigated (excluding promethium (Pm), europium (Eu), and ytterbium (Yb)). The 213 nm photoelectron (PE) spectra of Ln(COT)2- exhibit two peaks assignable to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO; e 2u) and the next HOMO (HOMO-1; e2g) approximately at 2.6 and 3.6 eV, respectively, and their energy gap increases as the central metal atom progresses from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu). Since lanthanide contraction shortens the distance between the Ln atom and the COT ligands, the widening energy gap represents the destabilization of the e2u orbital as well as the stabilization of the e2g orbital. Evidence for 4f orbital contribution in the metal-ligand interaction has been revealed by the Ln atom dependence in which the same e2u orbital symmetry enables an interaction between the 4f orbital of Ln atoms and the π orbital of COT. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

On account of their novel properties, bimetallic nanoparticles and nanoclusters (NCs) are strong potential candidates for optical, magnetic, and catalytic functional materials. These properties depend on the chemical composition and size (number of constituent atoms) of the NCs. Control of size, structure, and composition is particularly important for fabricating highly functional materials based on bimetallic NCs. Size- and structure-controlled synthesis of two-element alloys can reveal their intrinsic electronic synergistic effects. However, because synergistic enhancement of activity is strongly affected by composition as well as by size and structure, controlled synthesis is a challenging task, particularly in catalytic applications. To investigate catalytic synergistic effects, we have synthesized highly monodisperse, sub-2 nm, solid-solution AuPd NCs stabilized with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (AuPd:PVP) using a newly developed ultrafine microfluidic mixing device with 15 m wide multiple lamination channels. The synergistic enhancement for catalytic aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol exhibited a volcano-shaped trend, with a maximum at 20-65 at. % Pd. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements, we confirmed that the enhanced activity originates from the enhanced electron density at the Au sites, donated by Pd sites. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Organoeuropium sandwich clusters, comprising europium (Eu) and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) (Eun(COT)m), were produced in the gas phase using a laser vaporization synthesis method. Photoionization mass spectra revealed an exclusive Eun(COT)m formation with three compositions: m = n + 1, m = n, and m = n - 1, which, we propose, correspond to full-sandwich, half-sandwich, and inverted-sandwich structures, respectively. The charge distributions, metal-ligand bonding characteristics, and electronic structures of the clusters were comprehensively investigated by photoionization measurements of Eun(COT)m neutrals and by photoelectron spectroscopy of Eun(COT)m- and isoelectronic Ban(COT)m- anions. The results confirmed that (1) highly ionic metal-ligand bonding is formed between Eu2+ and COT2- within the sandwich structure (at the termini, ionic forms are Eu+ and COT-) and (2) size dependence of orbital energy can be explained by the Coulombic interaction of simple point charge models between the detaching electrons and dipoles/quadrupoles. When the terminus of the sandwich clusters is Eu2+, COT2-, or Eu0, the orbital energy of the electron detachment channel at the opposite terminus strongly depends on the cluster size. In this case, the molecular stack behaves as a one-dimensionally aligned dipole; otherwise, it behaves as a quadrupole, and the relationship between cluster size and electron detachment energy is much weaker. The study also reports on the 4f orbital energy in Eu ions and the formation mechanism of organoeuropium sandwich nanowires up to 12 nm in length. The nanowires are formed by successive charge transfer at the terminal part, Eu+ and COT-, which reduces the ionization energy and increases the electron affinity, respectively. (Graph Presented).

Clusters consisting of 10-1000 atoms exhibit size-dependent electronic and geometric properties. In particular, composite clusters consisting of several elements and/or components provide a promising way for a bottom-up approach for designing functional advanced materials, because the functionality of the composite clusters can be optimized not only by the cluster size but also by their compositions. In the formation of composite clusters, their geometric symmetry and dimensionality are emphasized to control the physical and chemical properties, because selective and anisotropic enhancements for optical, chemical, and magnetic properties can be expected. Organometallic clusters and caged clusters are demonstrated as a representative example of designing the functionality of the composite clusters. Organometallic vanadium-benzene forms a one dimensional sandwich structure showing ferromagnetic behaviors and anomalously large HOMO-LUMO gap differences of two spin orbitals, which can be regarded as spin-filter components for cluster-based spintronic devices. Caged clusters of aluminum (Al) are well stabilized both geometrically and electronically at Al12X, behaving as a "superatom".