論文

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. led to the isolation of biselyngbyasides B (3), C (4), and D (5), novel analogs of biselyngbyaside (1) and biselyngbyolide A (2). The gross structures of 3-5 were determined by NMR spectral analyses, and their stereochemistries were established based on NOESY spectra and CD data. Biselyngbyasides (1-3) showed growth-inhibitory activity and apoptosis-inducing activity against both HeLa S 3 cells and HL60 cells. The fura-2 method revealed that biselyngbyasides (1-3) increased the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration in HeLa S 3 cells.

Aplog-1, a simplified analogue of tumor-promoting debromoaplysiatoxin, is antiproliferative but not tumor-promoting. Our recent study has suggested that local hydrophobicity around the spiroketal moiety is a crucial determinant for antiproliferative activity. To further clarify the structural features relevant to the activity, we synthesized two methyl derivatives of aplog-1, where a methyl group was installed at position 4 or 10 of the spiroketal moiety. 10-Methyl-aplog-1 (5) bound to the C1B domains of novel PKCs (δ, η, and θ) with subnanomolar K i values, approximately 10-20 times stronger than aplog-1, and markedly inhibited the growth of many human cancer cell lines, while 4-methyl-aplog-1 (4) had levels of activity similar to those of aplog-1. Interestingly, 5 showed little tumor-promoting activity unlike the tumor promoter debromoaplysiatoxin. These results suggest that 5 is a potent PKC ligand without tumor-promoting activity and could be a therapeutic lead for the treatment of cancer, like bryostatins.

Aqueous methanol extracts of the traditional rice (Oryza sativa) variety Awaakamai, which is known to have the greatest allelopathic activity among Japanese traditional rice varieties, inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), Digitaria sanguinalis, Lolium multiflorum and Echinochloa crus-galli. Increasing the extract concentration increased the inhibition, suggesting that the extract of Awaakamai contains growth inhibitory substances. The extract of Awaakamai was purified and two main growth inhibitory substances were isolated and determined by spectral data as blumenol A and grasshopper ketone. Blumenol A and grasshopper ketone, respectively, inhibited the growth of cress shoots and roots at concentrations greater than 10 and 30 μmol/L. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on cress roots and shoots were 84 and 27 μmol/L, respectively, for blumenol A, and 185 and 76 μmol/L, respectively, for grasshopper ketone. These results suggest that blumenol A and grasshopper ketone may contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of Awaakamai and may play an important role in the allelopathy of Awaakamai.

The mass and function of bones depend on the maintenance of a complicated balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. An inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and/or function is expected to be useful for treatment of bone lytic diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor metastasis into bone. Biselyngbyaside is a recently isolated macrolide compound from marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya sp. that shows wide-spectrum cytotoxicity toward human tumor cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of biselyngbyaside on osteoclast differentiation and function. Biselyngbyaside inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse monocytic RAW264 cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages at a low concentration. Similarly, biselyngbyaside suppressed osteoblastic cell-mediated osteoclast differentiation in cocultures. In the RANKL-induced signaling pathway, biselyngbyaside inhibited the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1, which are important transcription factors in osteoclast differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, biselyngbyaside decreased resorption-pit formation. Biselyngbyaside also induced apoptosis accompanied by the induction of caspase-3 activation and nuclear condensation, and these effects were negated by the pancaspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK. Taken together, the present findings indicate that biselyngbyaside suppresses bone resorption via inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Thus, biselyngbyaside may be useful for the prevention of bone lytic diseases.

Five cytotoxic macrolides, aplyronines D-H (4-8), were isolated from the Japanese sea hare Aplysia kurodai. They are new congeners of the antitumor compound aplyronine A (1), which was previously isolated from the same organism. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis (NMR and MS). The cytotoxicity of these new compounds was evaluated in comparison with that of aplyronines A-C (1-3), suggesting the importance of the 7-O-seryl ester group for mediating the potent cytotoxicity of aplyronines.

Aqueous methanol extracts of a traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kartikshail) inhibited root and shoot growth of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum). The inhibition was increased with increasing the extract concentration, which suggests that cv. Kartikshail may have growth inhibitory substances and allelopathic potential. The aqueous methanol extract of cv. Kartikshail was purified and two main inhibitory substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on cress roots and shoots, respectively, were 4.9 and 9.5 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 0.54 and 0.72 μM for 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on barnyardgrass roots and shoots, respectively, were 160 and 310 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 53 and 140 μM for 9-hydroxy-4- megastigmen-3-one. The inhibitory activity of a mixture of the two compounds was much higher than that of the sum of the two compounds, suggesting that the two compounds may act synergistically to inhibit the growth of cress and barnyardgrass. The present research suggests that 3-hydroxy-β -ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one may be responsible for the growth inhibitory effect of cv. Kartikshail and may play important roles in the allelopathy of cv. Kartikshail. The traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar Kartikshail may be potentially useful for weed management as a weed suppressing agent when this rice cultivar is incorporated into the soil or included in rice-based cropping systems.

Novel sesquiterpene alkaloids, halichonines A (1), B (2), and C (3), were identified from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai Kadota. By spectroscopic analyses and synthesis, their structures were revealed to include a 6,6-bicyclic ring system and two prenylated amine moieties. In addition, 2 induced apoptosis in HL60 human leukemia cells.

Since red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) often forms sparse forest floors where herbaceous plants do not grow well, allelopathy of red pine was investigated. A growth inhibitory substance was isolated from an aqueous methanol extract of red pine needles and determined by spectral data as abscisic acid-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (ABA-GE). This substance inhibited root and shoot growth of cress and E. crus-galli seedlings at concentrations greater than 0. 1 μM. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on roots and shoots of cress were 0.23 and 0.61 μM, respectively, and those of E. crus-galli were 1. 1 and 2. 8 μM, respectively. The activity of ABA-β-d-glucosidase, which liberates free ABA from ABA-GE, in cress and E. crus-galli seedlings was 13-29 nmol mg-1 protein min-1. Endogenous concentration of ABA-GE in the pine needles was 4. 1-21. 5 μmol kg-1 and the concentration in soil water of the pine forest was 2. 5 μM. The effectiveness of ABA-GE on growth inhibition and the occurrence of ABA-GE in pine needles and soil water suggest ABA-GE may play an important role in the allelopathy of red pine resulting in the formation of sparse forest floors.

Since cucumber plants are mostly discarded as large waste after crop harvesting, allelopathy of cucumber plants was investigated for possible weed management options and utilization of the waste. Two potent growth inhibitory substances were isolated from an aqueous methanol extract of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Phung Tuong) plants. These substances were determined as 9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one (HMO) and (6S,7E,9S)-6,9,10-trihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (THMO) by the analysis of MS, 1H NMR spectra and optical rotation. HMO inhibited the growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv seedlings at concentrations greater than 0.3 and 1μM, respectively. THMO inhibited the growth of cress and E. crus-galli seedlings at concentrations greater than 1 and 3μM, respectively. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on roots and shoots of cress and E. crus-galli were 2.4-29.3μM for HMO and 8.1-52.2μM for THMO. The endogenous levels of HMO and THMO in cucumber plants were 31.8 and 43.5μgg-1 dry weight, respectively. These results suggest that HMO and THMO may be the causal factors for the growth inhibitory effect of cucumber plants. Therefore, cucumber plants may be potentially useful for weed management options in an agricultural setting, such as a cover crop and soil admixture, which should be investigated further in the field.

Natural products provide a rich source of biological tools, but elucidating their molecular targets remains challenging. Here we report a cell morphological profiling of a natural product library, which permitted the identification of bisebromoamide and miuraenamide A as actin filament stabilizers. Automated high-content image analysis showed that these two structurally distinct marine natural products induce morphological changes in HeLa cells similar to those induced by known actin-stabilizing compounds. Bisebromoamide and miuraenamide A stabilized actin filaments in vitro, and fluorescein-conjugated bisebromoamide localized specifically to actin filaments in cells. Cell morphological profiling was also used to identify actinstabilizing or -destabilizing natural products from marine sponge extracts, leading to the isolation of pectenotoxin-2 and lyngbyabellin C. Overall, the results demonstrate that high-content imaging of nuclei and cell shapes offers a sensitive and convenient method for detecting and isolating molecules that target actin.

Novel potent cytotoxic peptides bisebromoamide (1) and norbisebromoamide (2) have been isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. The planar structure of these peptides was elucidated through the extensive application of 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The absolute stereostructure of 1 was determined by chemical degradation followed by chiral HPLC analysis. Recently, Tao and co-workers achieved synthesis of bisebromoamide, and the configuration of thiazoline moiety was revised. We re-investigated the stereochemistry of thiazoline moiety of 1. The structure-activity relationships of bisebromoamide (1) were investigated with the use of natural and synthetic analogs. Furthermore, bisebromoamide (1) potently inhibited protein kinase: the phosphorylation of ERK in NRK cells by PDGF-stimulation was selectively inhibited by treatment with 10-0.1 μM of 1.

Aurilide is a potent cytotoxic marine natural product that induces apoptosis in cultured human cells at the picomolar to nanomolar range; however, its mechanism of action has been unknown. Results of the present study showed that aurilide selectively binds to prohibitin 1 (PHB1) in the mitochondria, activating the proteolytic processing of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and resulting in mitochondria-induced apoptosis. The mechanism of aurilide cytotoxicity suggests that PHB1 is an apoptosis-regulating protein amenable to modulation by small molecules. Aurilide may serve as a small-molecule tool for studies of mitochondria-induced apoptosis.

Aqueous methanol extracts of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz inhibited the shoot and root growth of cress (Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) at concentrations > 0.1 g dry weight equivalent extract/mL and the inhibition increased with increasing extract concentration. These results suggest that the extract of R. nasutus may possess allelopathic activity. An active substance was then isolated and determined by 1H-, 13C-NMR and MS as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid). This is the first report of finding the vanillic acid in R. nasutus. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of cress and lettuce were about 470 - 800 μM and the concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of timothy and Italian ryegrass were 0.17 - 8.2 μM, which suggest that effectiveness of vanillic acid on timothy and Italian ryegrass was much greater than on cress and lettuce. The inhibitory activity and the occurrence of vanillic acid in R. nasutus suggest that vanillic acid may play an important role in the allelopathic properties of R. nasutus. The information obtained could be utilized in the development of bioherbicide for future weed management.

Aqueous methanol extracts of rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), Digitaria sanguinalis and Lolium multiflorum. Increasing the extract concentration increased the inhibition, suggesting that rattail fescue may have growth inhibitory substances and possess allelopathic potential. The aqueous methanol extract of rattail fescue was purified and two main inhibitory substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol. Both substances inhibited root and shoot growth of cress at concentrations greater than 0.3 μM. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on root and shoot growth of cress, lettuce, alfalfa, timothy, D. sanguinalis and L. multiflorum were 2.7-19.7 μM for (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 2.1-34.5 μM for (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol. The concentration of (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol, respectively, in rattail fescue was 7.8 and 3.7 μg g-1 fresh weight. Considering the endogenous level and the inhibitory activity, (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone and (+)-3-oxo-α-ionol may work as allelopathic substances in rattail fescue through the growth inhibition of neighboring plant species.

From the sea hares belonging to two genera, Aplysia and Dolabella, a variety of new cytotoxic substances were isolated as minute constituents: their chemical structures were determined and their cytotoxicity was evaluated. Regarding the highly cytotoxic substances, further chemical and biological studies were performed that included their asymmetric chemical synthesis and elucidation of biological characteristics such as antitumor activity.

Three novel compounds, yoshinones A, B1, and B2, were isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp., and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectral analysis. Yoshinone A, but not yoshinone B1 or B2, inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. In addition, yoshinone A did not exhibit cytotoxicity, suggesting that yoshinone A may be useful in studies on the treatment of obesity.

Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) is an exotic invasive plant in many countries. Earlier studies reported that the aqueous, methanol, and aqueous methanol extract of H. suaveolens and its residues have phytotoxic properties. However, to date, the phytotoxic substances of this plant have not been reported. Therefore, the objectives of this study were isolation and identification of phytotoxic substances of H. suaveolens. Aqueous methanol extract of this plant was purified by several chromatographic runs through bioassay guided fractionation using garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a test plant. Final purification of a phytotoxic substance was achieved by reverse phase HPLC and characterized as 14α-hydroxy-13β-abiet-8-en-18-oic acid (suaveolic acid) by high-resolution ESI-MS, 1H-,13C-NMR, CD, and specific rotation. Suaveolic acid inhibited the shoot growth of garden cress, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) at concentrations greater than 30 μM. Root growth of all but lettuce was also inhibited at concentrations greater than 30 μM. The inhibitory activities were concentration dependent. Concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of suaveolic acid for those test plant species were ranged from 76 to 1155 μM. Therefore, suaveolic acid is phytotoxic and may be responsible for the phytotoxicity of H. suaveolens plant extracts.

Tinospora tuberculata Beumee has been used widely as a folk medicine and several bioactive compounds have been isolated. However, no herbicidal compound has been reported in this species. Therefore, we investigated the presence of phytotoxins in T. tuberculata. The aqueous methanol extracts of T. tuberculata inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.). The extract was then purified by several chromatographic runs with monitoring the inhibitory activity and the main phytotoxic substance was isolated. The chemical structure of the compound was determined by spectral data as syringin (4-[(1E)-3-Hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl β-d-glucopyranoside). It inhibited the root and shoot growth of all test plant species at concentrations >10 μM. The concentrations required for 50 % inhibition of root and shoot growth of cress and lettuce ranged from 78.2 to 412 μM, and that of timothy and barnyard grass renged from 9.8 to 73.2 μM. Effectiveness of syringin on monocotyledonous (timothy and barnyard grass) plants was greater than that on dicotyledonous (cress and lettuce) plants. These results suggest that syringin may contribute to the allelopathic effect caused by the T. tuberculata extract.