論文

We introduce a new type of singularity for smooth maps from $4$-manifolds to surfaces, called an $M$-singularity, whose critical locus is a circle contained in a single fiber. We show that the monodromy around an $M$-singularity is a crosscap transposition in the mapping class group of a non-orientable surface. We also introduce $M$-fibrations, namely smooth maps whose singularities consist only of $M$-singularities, and prove that relations among crosscap transpositions give rise to such fibrations on non-orientable $4$-manifolds. We then study handle decompositions associated with $M$-fibrations and their orientation double coverings. In particular, we describe the attaching circles and framings of the two $2$-handles arising from the orientation double cover of an $M$-singularity. Using this description, we construct a closed non-orientable $4$-manifold which admits an $M$-fibration but admits no Lefschetz fibration. We further discuss singularity-theoretic properties of the local model of an $M$-singularity, namely its infinite $\mathcal{A}_e$-codimension and an explicit stable perturbation.

In this paper, we classify relatively minimal genus-1 holomorphic Lefschetz pencils up to smooth isomorphism. We first show that such a pencil is isomorphic to either the pencil on P1× P1of bidegree (2, 2) or a blow-up of the pencil on P2of degree 3, provided that no fiber of a pencil contains an embedded sphere (note that one can easily classify genus-1 Lefschetz pencils with an embedded sphere in a fiber). We further determine the monodromy factorizations of these pencils and show that the isomorphism class of a blow-up of the pencil on P2of degree 3 does not depend on the choice of blown-up base points. We also show that the genus-1 Lefschetz pencils constructed by Korkmaz-Ozbagci (with nine base points) and Tanaka (with eight base points) are respectively isomorphic to the pencils on P2and P1× P1above, in particular these are both holomorphic.

The purpose of this paper is to understand generic behavior of constraint functions in optimization problems relying on singularity theory of smooth mappings. To this end, we will focus on a subgroup of the Mather’s contact group, whose action to constraint map-germs preserves the corresponding feasible set-germs (i.e. the set consisting of points satisfying the constraints). We will classify map-germs with small stratum extended-codimensions with respect to the subgroup we introduce, and calculate the codimensions of the orbits by the subgroup of jets represented by germs in the classification lists and those of the complements of these orbits. Applying these results and a variant of the transversality theorem, we will show that families of constraint mappings whose germ at any point in the corresponding feasible set is equivalent to one of the normal forms in the classification list compose a residual set in the entire space of constraint mappings with at most four parameters. These results enable us to quantify genericity of given constraint mappings, and thus evaluate to what extent known test suites are generic.

A bifibration structure on a $6$-manifold is a map to either the complex projective plane $\mathbb{P}^2$ or a $\mathbb{P}^1$-bundle over $\mathbb{P}^1$, such that its composition with the projection to $\mathbb{P}^1$ is a ($6$-dimensional) Lefschetz fibration/pencil, and its restriction to the preimage of a generic $\mathbb{P}^1$-fiber is also a ($4$-dimensional) Lefschetz fibration/pencil. This object has been studied by Auroux, Katzarkov, Seidel, among others. From a pair consisting of a monodromy representation of a Lefschetz fibration/pencil on a $4$-manifold and a relation in a braid group, which are mutually compatible in an appropriate sense, we construct a bifibration structure on a closed symplectic $6$-manifold, producing the given compatible pair as its monodromies. We further establish methods for computing topological invariants of symplectic $6$-manifolds, including Chern numbers, from compatible pairs. Additionally, we provide an explicit example of a compatible pair, conjectured to correspond to a bifibration structure derived from the degree-$2$ Veronese embedding of the $3$-dimensional complex projective space. This example can be viewed as a higher-dimensional analogue of the lantern relation in the mapping class group of the four-punctured sphere. Our results not only extend the applicability of combinatorial techniques to higher-dimensional symplectic geometry but also offer a unified framework for systematically exploring symplectic $6$-manifolds.

Constraint qualifications (CQs) are central to the local analysis of constrained optimization. In this paper, we completely determine the validity of the four classical CQs -- LICQ, MFCQ, ACQ, and GCQ -- for constraint map-germs that arise in generic four-parameter families. Our approach begins by proving that all four CQs are invariant under the action of the group $\mathcal{K}[G]$ and under the operation of reduction. As a consequence, the verification of CQ-validity for a generic constraint reduces to checking CQ-validity on the $\mathcal{K}[G]$-normal forms of fully reduced map-germs. Such normal forms have been classified in our recent work. In the present paper, we verify which CQs hold in each germ appearing in the classification tables from that work. This analysis provides a complete picture of the generic landscape of the four classical CQs. Most notably, we find that there exist numerous generic map-germs for which GCQ holds while all stronger CQs fail, showing that the gap between GCQ and the other qualifications is not an exceptional phenomenon but arises generically.

The purpose of this paper is to give a sufficient condition for (strong) stability of non-proper smooth functions (with respect to the Whitney $C^\infty$-topology). We show that a Morse function is stable if it is end-trivial at any point in its discriminant, where end-triviality (which is also called local triviality at infinity) is a property concerning behavior of functions around the ends of the source manifolds. We further show that a Morse function $f:N\to \mathbb{R}$ is strongly stable (i.e. there exists a continuous mapping $g\mapsto (\Phi_g,\phi_g)\in\operatorname{Diff}(N)\times \operatorname{Diff}(\mathbb{R})$ such that $\phi_g\circ g\circ \Phi_g =f$ for any $g$ close to $f$) if (and only if) $f$ is quasi-proper. This result yields existence of a strongly stable but not infinitesimally stable function. Applying our result on stability, we give a reasonable sufficient condition for stability of Nash functions, and show that any Nash function becomes stable after a generic linear perturbation.

We study a symplectic surgery operation we call unchaining, which effectively reduces the second Betti number and the symplectic Kodaira dimension at the same time. Using unchaining, we give novel constructions of symplectic Calabi-Yau surfaces from complex surfaces of general type, as well as from rational and ruled surfaces via the natural inverse of this operation. Combining the unchaining surgery with others, which all correspond to certain monodromy substitutions for Lefschetz pencils, we provide further applications, such as a complete resolution of a conjecture of Stipsicz on the existence of exceptional sections in Lefschetz fibrations, new constructions of exotic symplectic 4-manifolds, and inequivalent pencils of the same genera and the same number of base points on families of symplectic 4-manifolds. Meanwhile, we give a handy criterion for determining from the monodromy of a pencil whether its total space is spin or not.

© 2018, Mathematical Sciences Publishers. All rights reserved. We discuss topological properties of holomorphic Lefschetz pencils on the four-torus. Relying on the theory of moduli spaces of polarized abelian surfaces, we first prove that, under some mild assumptions, the (smooth) isomorphism class of a holomorphic Lefschetz pencil on the four-torus is uniquely determined by its genus and divisibility. We then explicitly give a system of vanishing cycles of the genus-3 holomorphic Lefschetz pencil on the four-torus due to Smith, and obtain those of holomorphic pencils with higher genera by taking finite unbranched coverings. One can also obtain the monodromy factorization associated with Smith’s pencil in a combinatorial way. This construction allows us to generalize Smith’s pencil to higher genera, which is a good source of pencils on the (topological) four-torus. As another application of the combinatorial construction, for any torus bundle over the torus with a section we construct a genus-3 Lefschetz pencil whose total space is homeomorphic to that of the given bundle.

A simplified trisection is a trisection map on a 4–manifold such that, in its critical value set, there is no double point and cusps only appear in triples on innermost fold circles. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a 3–tuple of systems of simple closed curves in a surface to be a diagram of a simplified trisection in terms of mapping class groups. As an application of this criterion, we show that trisections of spun 4–manifolds due to Meier are diffeomorphic (as trisections) to simplified ones. Baykur and Saeki recently gave an algorithmic construction of a simplified trisection from a directed broken Lefschetz fibration. We also give an algorithm to obtain a diagram of a simplified trisection derived from their construction.

A multiobjective optimization problem is simplicial if the Pareto set and front are homeomorphic to a simplex and, under the homeomorphisms, each face of the simplex corresponds to the Pareto set and front of a subproblem that treats a subset of objective functions. In this paper, we show that strongly convex problems are simplicial under a mild assumption on the ranks of the differentials of the objective mappings. We further prove that one can make any strongly convex problem satisfy the assumption by a generic linear perturbation, provided that the dimension of the source is sufficiently larger than that of the target. We demonstrate that the location problems, a biological modeling, and the ridge regression can be reduced to multiobjective strongly convex problems via appropriate transformations preserving the Pareto ordering and the topology.