論文

パーソナル医療やオーダーメイド医療の普及には，柔軟かつ曲面を有する生体組織にストレスフリーで貼付できるフレキシブルデバイスが有用である．その電極には基本的な電気特性に加えて生体の延伸・屈曲に対する耐性が求められる．我々は2次元的に正弦波構造を有する電極を新たに提案し，延伸・屈曲負荷に対する電気特性および光電脈波計測からその有効性を検証した．波長500 µm，振幅50, 100, 200 µmの2次元正弦波構造をそれぞれアルミニウム基板に微細加工した．それらをモールドとしてdimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS)に転写し，電極部以外をマスクしてAuをスパッタリングすることで2次元正弦波構造を有する平面電極を得た．延伸率0–10%の延伸負荷，または曲率0–200 m-1の屈曲負荷を印加しながらシート抵抗を測定した．振幅50, 100, 200 µmの各電極の延伸率10%負荷に対するシート抵抗値は26.6, 13.1, 4.44 Ω/sq.であった．同様に曲率200 m-1に対するシート抵抗値はそれぞれ11.6, 4.41, 2.72 Ω/sq.であり，振幅200 µmの電極がベースラインの抵抗値 1.18 Ω/sq. からの上昇を最も抑制した．次に，一枚のPDMS膜上にLEDとフォトダイオードを正弦波電極で接続し，それを指尖部に巻いて光電脈波を取得した結果，十分なSN比かつ信号出力を確認した．以上の結果から，生体適合性が高い材料で作製した2次元正弦波構造を有する電極はフレキシブルデバイスや生理情報の連続モニタリング等への応用が期待される．

Activity of blood cells, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets, in microcirculation was observed by using an intravital microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope connected with an image processing system including fluorescence and phosphorescence emission methods. Dynamic functions of the blood flow were mainly observed in mesentery, brain, and liver tissues of rats. The results are summarized as follows: Deformability of diabetic erythrocytes was significantly lower than that of healthy controls, particularly at high shear rate. The spring constant and Young's modulus of diabetic erythrocytes obviously stiffened, making them hard to deform in the capillary. During hemorrhagic shock and thrombosis, flow velocity and oxygen partial pressure of blood decreased in the brain and liver tissues that can be visualized by using FITC stained erythrocytes and Pd-porphyrin derivative as a pO2 probe. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in the micro-vessels accelerated under the photodynamic reaction; diabetic platelets showed augmented adhesion and aggregation on the vessel wall which was followed by acute thromboembolism. Active oxygen radicals take part in thrombus formation, accompanied with adhesion of the activated leucocytes. Fluorescent dye probes, rhodamine G and acridine orange, are quite useful for visualization of the flow behavior of platelets and leucocytes, respectively.

Minimally invasive medical operations, especially endoscope operations, have attracted much attention and play a major role in modern medicine. Endoscope operations are superior to decrease incisions, enabling good post-operation progress. However, during its implementation, blood adheres to the lens of the endoscope, resulting in obstructed vision. This prolongs the operation time and causes the patient to gain weight. Hence, we developed a blood-repelling and transparent material for coating the surface of an endoscope lens. The coating material was produced from plant oil and a rough material for trapping the oil. Edible plant oil was particularly used to enable application to medical devices. A fine surface asperity was achieved by a one-dip treatment, which also enhanced the capillary force and durability of the oil under a water shower. The application of the developed coating material to an endoscope lens in an animal experiment enabled the effective repulsion of blood and other body fluids, the maintenance of a clear vision, and high transmittance. The developed coating material promises to contribute to the achievement of antifouling surfaces in medical devices.

This study aimed to examine if T-state stabilization of hemoglobin in erythrocytes could protect against postischemic organ injury. Human erythrocytes containing three different states of Hb allostery were prepared: control Hb (hRBC), CO-Hb that is stabilized under R-state with the 6-coodinated prosthetic heme (CO-hRBC), and alpha-NO-deoxyHb stabilized under T-state (alpha-NO-hRBC). To prepare alpha-NO-RBC, deoxygenated RBC was treated with FK409, a thiol-free NO donor, at its half molar concentration to that of Hb; this procedure resulted in the 5-coordinated NO binding on the alpha-subunit heme, as judged by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Rats were subject to 20 min systemic hemorrhage to maintain mean arterial pressure at 40 mm Hg, and reperfused with one of hRBCs. This protocol for ischemia, followed by 60 min reperfusion with physiological saline, caused modest metabolic acidosis and cholestasis. Administration of hRBC or CO-hRBC significantly attenuated cholestasis and improved acidosis. Rats treated with alpha-NO-hRBC exhibited greater recovery of metabolic acidosis and bile excretion than those treated with hRBC or CO-hRBC, displaying the best outcome of local oxygen utilization in hepatic lobules. Half-life time of alpha-NO-RBC administered in vivo was approximately 60 min. These results suggest that T-state Hb stabilization by NO serves as a stratagem to treat postischemic organ dysfunction.

Oxygen concentration in living organisms is one of the important vital indicators in emergency care and bedside medical settings. However, the oximetry method has limitations: the measurement site is limited to the tissue containing blood and the absolute value of oxygen concentration cannot be measured. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we develop a new oxygen sensor that can directly measure the oxygen particle pressure ( $p\text{O}_{2}$ ) on the surface of the body and organs. A light emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode (PD) were embedded in a dimethylpolysiloxane substrate mixed with carbon nanotubes. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated using calibration, bending strain tests, time and frequency response, and finally in vivo assessments. The results reveal that the calibration experiment of the fabricated oxygen sensor device showed high sensitivity. The carbon nanotube electrode has a sufficient bending resistance and does not affect the response characteristics of the LED and PD, that is, it does not affect the oxygen measurement. In vivo assessment shows that the developed patch-type flexible oxygen sensor can accurately measure $p\text{O}_{2}$ by attaching it to tissues or organs having irregularities or curved surfaces and actual measurements on rat liver surface demonstrated its feasibility.

As oral or intestinal bacteria have been found in pancreatic cystic fluid and tumors, understanding bacterial migration from the duodenum into the pancreas via hepato-pancreatic duct is critical. Mathematical models of migration of aerobic bacteria from the duodenum to the pancreas with tumors were developed. Additionally, the bacterial distributions under the pH gradient and those under flow were measured in double-layer flow based microfluidic device and T-shaped cylinders. Migration of aerobic bacteria from the duodenum into pancreas is counteracted by bile and pancreatic juice flow but facilitated by pH-taxis from acidic duodenum fluid toward more favorable slightly alkaline pH in pancreatic juice. Additionally, the reduced flow velocity in cancer patients, due to compressed pancreatic duct by solid tumor, facilitates migration. Moreover, measured distribution of GFP E. coli under the pH gradient in a microfluidic device validated pH-tactic behaviors. Furthermore, Pseudomonas fluorescens in hydrochloride solution, but not in bicarbonate solution, migrated upstream against bicarbonate flow of > 20 μm/s, with an advancement at approximately 50 μm/s.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease of chronic liver diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) has been implicated to play important roles in the development of the disease. Beyond its effects on lipid metabolisms, PPAR alpha activation in the vascular system has emerged as an attractive therapeutic potential for NAFLD, although its actions in the microcirculatory system are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of fenofibrate, a PPAR alpha synthetic agonist, on hepatic microcirculation in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver in mice. In vivo imaging analysis revealed the adverse effects of HFD on hepatic vasculature with narrowing of hepatic sinusoids and hepatic microcirculatory perfusion. Oxygen tension was significantly decreased in portal venules, while NADH autofluorescence in hepatocytes was greatly elevated. Fenofibrate treatment remarkably improved microvascular patency, tissue oxygenation and redox states in the affected liver. These results suggest beneficial roles of PPAR alpha activated by fenofibrate on the regulation of both lipid metabolisms and microvascular environments of oxygen metabolism in HFD-induced fatty liver.

Carbon monoxide (CO) generated through the reaction of heme oxygenase (HO) has attracted great interest in regulation of hepatobiliary homeostasis. The gas generated by HO-2 in the hepatic parenchyma can modestly activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) expressed in hepatic stellate cells in a paracrine manner and thereby constitutively relax sinusoids. Kupffer cells express HO-1, the inducible isozyme, even under normal unstimulated conditions and constitutes approximately 30% of the total HO activity in this organ. Upon exposure to a variety of stressors such as cytokines, endotoxin, hypoxia and oxidative stress, the liver induces HO-1 and overproduces CO. The stress-inducible CO has been shown to guarantee ample blood supply during detoxification of heme and thus to play a protective role in the liver. However, molecular mechanisms by which CO serves as a protectant for hepatocytes, the cells expressing little sGC, remain to be solved. Previous observation suggested that CO modulates intracellular calcium mobilization through inhibiting cytochrome P-450 activities and thereby maintain stroke volume of bile canalicular contraction in cultured hepatocytes. CO also stimulates mrp2-dependent excretion of bilirubin-IX alpha and helps heme catabolism. Although a direct molecular target responsible for the latter event remains unknown, such properties of CO could support xenobiotic metabolism through its actions on sinusoidal hemodynamics and hepatobiliary systems.