論文

Short-term exposure (typically ranging from a few hours to 7 days) to particulate matter (PM) elicits acute inflammatory responses with significant activation of complement component C5. However, the relationship between PM-induced complement system activation, acute inflammation, and the contributing factors remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the intensity of acute inflammatory responses, as well as the activation levels of complement C5 and its related products, C5aR1 and C5b-9, following exposure to different types of PM. Acute inflammatory responses and complement activation were assessed in mice intratracheally administered four types of PM: titanium dioxide (TiO₂), diesel exhaust particles (DEP), Asian sand dust (ASD), and ambient PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Complement system and inflammatory markers were evaluated by analyzing increased C5 protein levels, C5b-9 deposition, and C5aR1 expression. Additionally, dark-field microscopy and Raman microscopy were used to detect PM components adjacent to infiltrating neutrophils, and elemental composition was quantified using ICP-MS and EDXRF. ASD, DEP, and PM2.5 exposure significantly increased C5b-9 deposition in lung tissues. All PM-exposed groups exhibited substantial upregulation of C5aR1 expression, primarily in neutrophils. Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed Si, K, Mg, Al, and Fe adjacent to infiltrating neutrophils in ASD-exposed lungs. Furthermore, elemental analysis identified Si, Mg, Al, and K as the most potent contributors to complement activation and inflammatory responses. Of the four types of PM, ASD induced the most severe acute inflammatory response and complement system activation. Therefore, ASD-induced complement system activation, driven at least partly by its mineral components, may play a critical role in neutrophil activation and acute pulmonary inflammation. These findings highlight the differential impact of PM types on complement system activation and underscore the importance of PM composition in the evaluation of air pollution-related health risks, particularly acute pulmonary inflammation.

An automated column chromatography system has been developed in order to achieve a clean-up procedure for the determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons more conveniently. The system can hold 8 solid-phase extraction columns, and the elution volume of solvents can be controlled in 1 μL of resolution. The recovery of PAHs obtained by using the automated chromatography system matched with that using the manual chromatography procedure. The high-temperature Soxhlet extraction/automated column chromatography/HPLC/fluorescence detection method developed in this study has been applied to the determination of PAHs in aerosol collected in Beijing, China. ΣPAHs, which is the sum of the concentrations of Japanese Source PAHs measured in this study, were 198.5 ± 149.8 ng m -3 (n=24) in the heating season, and 50.1 ± 63.7 ng m -3 (n=1) in the non-heating season. The strong seasonal variation is probably due to coal combustion for residential heating in winter season. © 2009 The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

Given that mass gathering events involve heterogeneous and time-varying contact between residents and visitors, we sought to identify possible measures to prevent the potential acceleration of the outbreak of an emerging infectious disease induced by such events. An individual-based simulator was built based on a description of the reproduction rate among people infected with the infectious disease in a hypothetical city. Three different scenarios were assessed using our simulator, in which controls aimed at reduced contact were assumed to be carried out only in the main event venue or at subsequent additional events, or in which behavior restrictions were carried out among the visitors to the main event. The simulation results indicated that the increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 could possibly be suppressed to a level equivalent to that if the event were not being held so long as the prevalence among visitors was only slightly higher than that among domestic residents and strict requirements were applied to the activities of visitors.

Occupational exposure to welding fumes constitutes a serious health concern. Although the effects of fumes on the respiratory tract have been investigated, few apparent reports were published on their effects on the skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to welding fumes on skin cells, focusing on interleukin-24 (IL-24), a cytokine involved in the pathophysiology of skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Treatment with welding fumes increased IL-24 expression and production levels in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) which were higher than that in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. IL-24 levels in Trolox and deferoxamine markedly suppressed welding fume-induced IL-24 expression in HDMEC, indicating that oxidative stress may be involved in this cytokine expression. IL-24 released from HDMEC protected keratinocytes from welding fume-induced damage and enhanced keratinocyte migration. Serum IL-24 was higher in welding workers than in general subjects and was positively correlated with elevated serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, an oxidative stress marker. In summary, welding fumes enhanced IL-24 expression in HDMEC, stimulating keratinocyte survival and migration. IL-24 expression in endothelial cells may act as an adaptive response to welding-fume exposure in the skin.

Background, aim, and scope Investigations on the temporal variabilities of metals generally show that the concentration levels of many harmful metals in air have been continuously decreasing around the world including North America and Western Europe. However, an excursion from such trends has been expected and demonstrated from E. Asia due to the major source contribution from China. To help understand long-term patterns of airborne toxic metals in East Asia, the particle-bound concentrations of Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cd were analyzed in the two largest cities of Korea, Seoul and Busan, over a 14-year period (1991 through 2004). The results of this study will provide a comprehensive overview on long-term trends of important metals in major urban areas of E. Asia. Materials and methods This study was conducted to investigate the environmental behavior and long-term trends of toxic metals in Seoul and Busan, the two most populated cities of Korea, from 1991 to 2004. To this end, the concentrations of five toxic metals (including Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni) in TSP (total suspended particle) fractions were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The analysis of long-term patterns of metal concentration data was conducted using two different temporal grouping criteria for both the full study period (1991-2004) and the second half (1998-2004). The statistical significance of such variabilities was assessed through a comparison with relevant reference data from other areas of the world. The annual mean concentration of the metals from the two cities was generally characterized by the lowest Cd (1.7-9.1 ng m-3) and largest Pb (51-341 ng m-3). The relative ordering of metal concentration levels from both cities was consistently found as: Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd. An evaluation of the absolute concentration levels showed that the values derived for both cities generally fell in an intermediate range between highly polluted (e.g., major Chinese cities) and moderately clean urban environments (Japanese or US sites). Discussion To help describe the long-term patterns of each metal, the metal concentration data between the two cities were compared in a number of respects. The results show strong compatibility with respect to relative trends between Seoul and Busan. When the long-term trends are compared for the entire study period (1991-2004), most metals tend to experience reductions in their concentrations through the years (with an exception of Cr), regardless of the city. The patterns were so distinctive that the statistical significance of this decline, if compared by the magnitude of probability in the regression analysis, generally increased in the order: Mn < Cd < Ni < Pb. A more detailed analysis of the temporal patterns (i.e., the second half of the study period (period II): 1998-2004), however, indicates that some metals reversed their trend to an increasing direction. For instance, Ni and Cr (both cities) and Mn (Seoul) showed an annual rate of change (ARC) in the range of 5.57 to 11.5%. However, others consistently maintained a declining trend with ARC values of -1.55 (Cd at Seoul) to -12.2% (Pb at Busan). Conclusions According to the analysis of the long-term trend of trace metals, the efficiency of emission control appears to be highly complicated, as its effect is visualized to a certain extent. The patterns investigated in the two largest cities in Korea over a decadal period show that the reduction in concentration levels has been the most prominent and consistent for Pb but the least effective for Cr. Comparison among different studies and locations points out that changes in metal concentration levels, whether being an increase or decrease, should be tightly associated with the status of environmental pollution in the targeted area. Recommendations and perspectives Evaluation of long-term monitoring data for toxic metals is helpful to judge various factors involved in regulation efforts and the response of those target pollutants. Future efforts are desirable to develop methods that allow a comparison of measurement data between the particle-filtrated samples and time-integrated environmental archives (bioaccumulation). Such efforts can provide the descriptive basis for explaining the environmental behavior of toxic metals at various time scales. © Springer-Verlag 2009.

The trade-led industry and economic development after the Asian financial crisis a decade ago has been accelerated in Indonesia to improve the quality of life of its population. This rapid development of Indonesia was in fact heavily fueled by fossil fuels, especially oil, followed by natural gas and coal. The exploitation of fossil fuel in fueling the development resulted in significant environmental quality degradation. Air pollution is perhaps Indonesia's most severe environmental problem. Industry and transportation were the typical main sources of urban air pollutants. Moreover, Indonesia also failed to reach its original 2005 target for a complete phase-out of leaded gasoline. As a result, the level of Pb together with other pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO2, and total suspended particulates has exceeded or at least approached the designated ambient air quality standards. The urban air pollution will not be lesser in extent, but surely will be more severe in the future. Unfortunately, the capability of the Indonesian authorities to manage the urban air quality is still very limited and the portion of the budget allocated to the improvement of urban air quality is still remarkably low, typically 1% of total. This is why the efforts to enhance the capability to manage the urban air quality could not be handled by the environmental authorities in Indonesia's cities themselves, but outside stimulation in the form of man power, consultant and equipment assistance along with financial support has been very important. © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A case study was carried out to characterize the ambient PM2.5 based on ground-based sampling in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia in September, 2013 during the southwest monsoon season. We determined the total mass concentration, organic carbon, elemental carbon (EC), and metals in PM2.5 samples. The mean PM2.5 mass concentration was 44.5 μg m–3, showing that it exceeded the national air quality standard of 35 μg m–3 for 24-hour PM2.5 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Relatively high OC and EC concentrations of this study compared to those of other Southeast Asian countries were observed, which indicate that significant sources of OC and EC exist. The results of char-EC/soot-EC ratios strongly suggest that biomass burning is the main contributor to ambient EC concentrations compared to coal combustion and motor vehicle emissions. From calculations using the mass closure model, organic matter was the most abundant component in PM2.5 mass at 22.4 ± 6.65 μg m–3, followed by nss-sulfate at 4.84 ± 2.49 μg m–3, and EC at 4.11 ± 0.916 μg m–3. This result indicates that targeting the sources of carbonaceous PM2.5 is a crucial step to improve the air quality in this study field.

Asian sand dust (ASD), a significant desert sand dust, contains sub-2.5 µm fine particles and adversely affects human health, particularly exacerbating respiratory diseases. Despite this, the intricate physiological responses triggered by inhaled ASD particles remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the respiratory effects of ASD, focusing on the spatial distribution of inhaled ASD fine particles within the lungs and the immediate physiological responses they incite. Intratracheal administration of ASD fine particles in mice resulted in efficient phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AMs), leading to subsequent neutrophilic inflammation. A subset of ASD-phagocytosed AMs underwent necroptosis, releasing interleukin-1α (IL-1α), causing an increase in chemokines and neutrophils. These responses occurred rapidly within hours of exposure, with endotoxin in ASD particles contributing to the process. Despite variations in desert sand dust composition based on collection locale and timing, this study's findings provide a foundational basis for understanding the biological effects of desert sand dust. Insights gained into the biological responses to desert sand dust hold promise for developing preventive measures such as air purifiers, and therapeutic agents such as IL-1α neutralizing antibodies, antibacterial agents and cell death inhibitors for human diseases associated with such environmental exposures.

Long-term observations of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous species have been conducted in Fukuoka, located in westernmost Japan, to understand the atmospheric environment of the region and to elucidate their health effects. Fukuoka represents an ideal site for studying interaction between urban air pollution originating from local urban areas in Japan and transboundary air masses from the Asian continent. Fukuoka air quality is strongly affected by transboundary transport from the Asian continent. Diurnal variations of atmospheric composition in Fukuoka are also affected by local emissions, atmospheric reactions, and local circulation. The health effects of aerosols have been investigated through epidemiological and toxicological studies. This report presents comprehensive summary of research findings obtained from studies conducted in the Fukuoka region.

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the protein and trace element components of PM2.5 and their contribution to the allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. Methods: PM2.5, treated at high temperature and with a strong acid to hydrolyze any protein content and remove trace elements, was administered to BALB/c mice. Allergic airway inflammation was compared between the three groups (saline, pure PM2.5 and treated PM2.5) by evaluating airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, serum IgE, the mRNA of various cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin-1 and CXCL3), mucus protein mRNA (MUC5ac and MUC5b) and the filtration of inflammatory cells in the lung. Results: The treatment of PM2.5 with a strong acid at a high temperature attenuated AHR, eosinophil percentage in BALF, mRNA levels of IL-13 and CXCL3 and peribronchial inflammation. On the contrary, the percentage of neutrophils in BALF, mRNA expression of MIP2α, EGFR, Nrf2, and TLR4 and 4-OH-2-nonenal levels in the lung was increased. Moreover, the treatment of the PM2.5 reduced PM2.5-bound proteins as well as the percentages of the trace elements in PM2.5 in the order Zn > Cu > Pb > P > S > Mn > Fe > Ca > Ni, whereas the percentage of C, Si and Cl increased. Conclusions: PM2.5 collected by of the cyclone system induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. PM2.5-bound proteins and acid-soluble metals may be involved in the pathogenesis of PM2.5-induced allergic airway inflammation.

© 2019, © 2019 American Association for Aerosol Research. A numerical simulation of an instrument that is used to measure the charging state of PM2.5 is conducted in order to clarify its measurement uncertainty and to improve its performance. The instrument, a parallel-plate particle separator (PPPS), is designed to classify aerosol particles according to their charging states and measure their quantities. The trajectories of submicron particles in the PPPS are numerically analyzed using the Lagrangian particle tracking method, taking into account the Brownian force and the electrostatic force. First, it is confirmed that the deterioration in the classification accuracy observed in the experiment is due to Brownian diffusion. The optimal condition that improves the accuracy is investigated through a parametric study by varying the balance of flow rates at the inlets, the geometry of the inlet and exit sections, and the applied voltage. It is found that decreasing the flow rate of the central inlet for aerosol or narrowing the central inlet improves the accuracy. The dependence of the accuracy on the flow rate is found to be in accordance with the experimental results. For charged particles, an optimum voltage that maximizes the classification accuracy is found. On the basis of the simulation results, we propose a method to determine the charge distribution of aerosol from the number of particles counted at each exit of the PPPS. In the test assuming aerosol in the air, the charge distribution determined from the number count at the exits is found to perfectly agree with the charge distribution specified at the inlet. Copyright © 2019 American Association for Aerosol Research.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd In order to understand the electrostatic charging state of atmospheric hundreds nanometer particles that has particular impact on health, we have observed the atmospheric particles charge distributions intermittently for one year. To easily estimate particle charge distribution, first of all, we have developed a simple instrument and calculation method. We confirmed by comparison with stationary charge distributions that the distributions obtained by our method can be used to easily determine the relative variation of particle charging states, although the proportion of particles with a small charge number was quantitatively underestimated. The charge distributions of the atmospheric particles observed from April 2017 to February 2018 were different from the generally accepted stationary charge distribution. Moreover, the observed distributions changed significantly throughout the year. This variation was found to correlate with seasonal variations in temperature, relative humidity, volumetric humidity, and air mass trajectories. Present result suggests that the seasonal variation of the charging state is possibly due to the seasonal variation of the atmospheric ion number concentrations. Thus, it is important to consider the variation in the charging state of atmospheric particles due to dynamic changes of atmospheric conditions, as the charging state can dramatically influence the deposition of particles in the lungs.

The lung deposited surface area (LDSA) measured by diffusion charging (DC) method has been recently receiving increased attention as it is believed to accurately represent the surface reactivity of the particles, including ultrafine particles. To characterize regional and seasonal behaviors of the LDSA in the atmosphere and the factors controlling them, we measured the LDSA concentrations, using the DC method, and other physicochemical properties at three sites in Japan, including urban and rural areas. Comparisons among the three sites in the same season showed the highest LDSA concentration at the urban site Fukuoka, due to high concentrations and low particle sizes. In addition, this urban site frequently recorded high LDSA concentrations with high specific LDSAs, which represents the high contribution of ultrafine particles to the LDSA concentration. This is because the site was dominated by ultrafine black carbon particles emitted from surrounding cities, along with low contribution of long-range transported particles from the continent. In contrast, the dominance of these transported particles, which is typically observed at the three sites during this season, caused the specific LDSA to fall within a low and narrow range. However, even at rural areas, the active formation of organic particles in the summer caused high specific LDSAs, although their concentrations were low. Thus, the particles in urban areas, where ultrafine particles are probably emitted with high concentration from surrounding cities, have the potential to cause a greater adverse effect on human health even for the identical LDSA concentration. In addition, our observations showed that the LDSA of atmospheric aerosol particles measured by the DC method can be roughly represented by the theoretical LDSA of particles assuming spherical shape. Our characterizations using the specific LDSAs provide useful information for applying the LDSAs as the toxicity indicator of atmospheric aerosol particles, including ultrafine particles.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Ambient particulate matter (PM) epidemiologically exacerbates respiratory and immune health, including allergic rhinitis (AR) and bronchial asthma (BA). Although fine and coarse particles can affect respiratory tract, the differences in their effects on the upper and lower respiratory tract and immune system, their underlying mechanism, and the components responsible for the adverse health effects have not been yet completely elucidated. In this study, ambient fine and coarse particles were collected at three different locations in Japan by cyclone technique. Both particles collected at all locations decreased the viability of nasal epithelial cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), increased the production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β from bronchial epithelial cells and APCs, and induced expression of dendritic and epithelial cell (DEC) 205 on APCs. Differences in inflammatory responses, but not in cytotoxicity, were shown between both particles, and among three locations. Some components such as Ti, Co, Zn, Pb, As, OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) showed significant correlations to inflammatory responses or cytotoxicity. These results suggest that ambient fine and coarse particles differently affect nasal and bronchial epithelial cells and immune response, which may depend on particles size diameter, chemical composition and source related particles types. We showed for the first time in the world that ambient fine and coarse particles collected from Japan by the new technique using cyclone have different effects on the epithelium cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract and elicit varying immune response, which may depend on particles size diameter, chemical composition and source related particles types.

© 2018 Formation of haze is a phenomenon dependent on the relative atmospheric humidity and concentration of aerosol particles. The physical and chemical reactions on particle surfaces would lead to variations in particle sizes. This paper focuses on the physical behaviour of aerosol particles under the influence of atmospheric humidity, which produces liquid bridging forces and electrostatic interactions among particles. By water absorption experiment, a correlation between relative humidity (RH) and water content on particles was obtained. Through theoretical derivation, a relationship between the relative humidity and humidity ratio was established for calculating liquid bridging forces. The findings from experiments on atmospheric particles charging, showed most aerosols were negatively or positively charged and the average charges on these particles was more than one. An extended soft-sphere discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the evolution of aerosol particles, encapsulated in water vapour by considering liquid bridging forces, electrostatic interactions and Brownian forces. Results suggest that the agglomeration rate of particles would increase with a rise in the atmospheric humidity due to the increased liquid bridging forces that enhance the agglomeration velocity. The higher humidity would enhance the ionization on particle surfaces, which could affect electrostatic interactions. This paper provides an insight of a mechanism for formation of haze in atmosphere.