論文

Hemofiltration removes water and small molecules from the blood via nanoporous filtering membranes. This paper discusses a pump‐free hemofiltration device driven by the pressure dif-ference between the artery and the vein. In the design of the filtering device, oncotic pressure needs to be taken into consideration. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) determines the amount and direc-tion of hemofiltration, which is calculated by subtracting the oncotic pressure from the blood pres-sure. Blood pressure decreases as the channels progress from the inlet to the outlet, while oncotic pressure increases slightly since no protein is removed from the blood to the filtrate in hemofiltra-tion. When TMP is negative, the filtrate returns to the blood, i.e., backfiltration takes place. A small region of the device with negative TMP would thus result in a small amount of or even zero filtrates. First, we investigated this phenomenon using in vitro experiments. We then designed a hemofiltra-tion system taking backfiltration into consideration. We divided the device into two parts. In the first part, the device has channels for the blood and filtrate with a nanoporous membrane. In the second part, the device does not have channels for filtration. This design ensures TMP is always positive in the first part and prevents backfiltration. The concept was verified using in vitro experiments and ex vivo experiments in beagle dogs. Given the simplicity of the device without pumps or electrical components, the proposed pump‐free hemofiltration device may prove useful for either implantable or wearable hemofiltration.

This paper presents the fabrication of a microchannel on stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) by electropolishing method. Machining parameters such as applied voltage, concentration of NaCl in the electrolyte solution and machining gap between tool and workpiece have been optimized in this electropolishing process. The Taguchi method is adopted to ascertain the optimum process parameters in order to increase maximum material removal rate using L9 orthogonal array. Pareto analysis of variance is employed in order to analyze the machining process parameters to the material removal rate. The result shows that the optimal parameters to achieve the maximum material removal rate is by using a combination of 10 V as applied voltage, NaCl concentration of 15 wt.%, and setting 1 cm as the machining gap. It has been also found out that in order to have relatively high material removal without sacrificing the surface quality and the geometrical accuracy of the microchannel produced, applied voltage at 7 V, NaCl concentration of 7 wt.% and machining gap of 3 cm is the best combination of the electropolishing parameters. Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.-All rights reserved.

Research has discovered the modulatory effect of peripheral stimulation simulating altered bodily signals on emotion. Whether such an effect varies depending on one's interoceptive accuracy (IAc) remains unclear. Therefore, we provided haptic stimulation simulating participants’ slowed-down heartbeats or no stimulation while they engaged in socially stressful tasks to examine whether participants reacted differently depending on their IAc. Results showed that haptic stimulation exhibited the opposite effect on participants with different levels of IAc for both heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). When receiving the stimulation, participants with higher IAc showed less increased heart rate and more elevated HF than participants with lower IAc. In contrast, in the absence of stimulation, an opposite pattern of response depending on participants’ IAc was observed. The modulatory effect of stimuli and IAc on prosocial behavior was not significant. Individual differences in IAc were shown to affect how one perceives/responds to altered bodily signals.

Structures that are periodic on a microscale in three dimensions are abundant in nature, for example, in the cellular arrays that make up living tissue. Such structures can also be engineered, appearing in smart materials1–4, photonic crystals5, chemical reactors6, and medical7 and biomimetic8 technologies. Here we report that fluid–fluid interfacial energy drives three-dimensional (3D) structure emergence in a micropillar scaffold. This finding offers a rapid and scalable way of transforming a simple pillar scaffold into an intricate 3D structure that is periodic on a microscale, comprising a solid microscaffold, a dispersed fluid and a continuous fluid. Structures generated with this technique exhibit a set of unique features, including a stationary internal liquid–liquid interface. Using this approach, we create structures with an internal liquid surface in a regime of interest for liquid–liquid catalysis. We also synthesize soft composites in solid, liquid and gas combinations that have previously not been shown, including actuator materials with temperature-tunable microscale pores. We further demonstrate the potential of this method for constructing 3D materials that mimic tissue with an unprecedented level of control, and for microencapsulating human cells at densities that address an unresolved challenge in cell therapy.

This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. We report the development of a micro total analysis system (μTAS) based on electrochemical measurements and dielectrophoretic sorting for screening of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases. In this system, the activity of enzymes immobilized on microbeads, together with their encoding DNA, can be measured with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode in each compartment (∼30 nL) of the microfluidic system. The 30 nL droplets containing microbead-displayed genes of enzymes with higher activity can then be recovered by dielectrophoretic sorting. Previously, we developed the NAD(P)H-measuring device containing the BDD electrode for high-throughput measurement of the activity of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases. In this study, we fabricated an encapsulating device and a droplet-sorting device for nanoliter-size droplets, for the first time, and then combined these three devices to construct a μTAS for directed evolution of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases. We confirmed that this system works by proof-of-principle experiments and successfully applied this system for screening of randomized libraries of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases.

© 2019 by the authors. This paper proposes a connecting mechanism for artificial vessels, which can be attached/detached with ease and does not deteriorate the biocompatibility of the vessels at the joint. The inner surface of the artificial vessels is designed to have high biocompatibility. In order to make the best of the property, the proposed connecting mechanism contacts and fixes the two artificial vessels whose contacting edges are turned inside out. In this manner, blood flowing inside the vessels only has contact with the biocompatible surface. The biocompatibility, or biofouling at the joint was investigated after in vitro blood circulation tests for 72 h with scanning electron microscopy. Blood coagulation for a short term (120 min) was evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). A decrease of APTT was observed, although it was too small to conclude that the connector augmented the blood coagulation. The micro dialysis device which our group has developed as the artificial kidney was inserted into the blood circulation system with the connector. Decrease of APTT was similarly small. These experiments verified that the proposed connector can be readily applicable for implantable medical devices.

© 2019 by the authors. We demonstrate a thermal tactile sensation display that can present various thermal sensations, namely cold/cool/warm/hot feelings, by varying the effective thermal conductivity of the display. Thermal sensation is one of the major tactile sensations and needs to be further investigated for advanced virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) systems. Conventional thermal sensation displays present hot/cold sensations by changing the temperature of the display surface, whereas the proposed display is the first one that controls its effective thermal conductivity. The device contains an air cavity and liquid metal that have low and high thermal conductivity, respectively. When the liquid metal is introduced to fill up the air cavity, the apparent thermal conductivity of the device increases. This difference in the thermal conductivity leads to the users experiencing different thermal tactile sensations. Using this device, the threshold to discriminate the effective thermal conductivity was experimentally deduced for the first time. This thermal tactile display can be a good platform for further study of thermal tactile sensation.

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Artificial cell membranes such as liposomes and lipid vesicles have been developed using microfluidic technologies. These technologies have advantages for generating cell-sized liposomes, including a monodispersed and asymmetric lipid composition. Cell-sized asymmetric liposomes with various combinations of asymmetric lipid leaflets are sequentially produced using an improved pulsed-jetting device with the six wells arranged on a circular rotation table by manual manipulation. In this study, we reveal optimal parameters of rotation speed and jetting timing for the cell-sized liposome formation using an automatic sequential liposome generation system driven by a stepping motor. First, we optimize the rotation speed of the stepping motor for forming the planar lipid bilayer under control of a microcomputer. Next, we generate cell-sized liposomes using this automated system at the optimized rotation speed. This automatic system will contribute to high-throughput investigations of membrane protein activities and functions using the electrophysiological or the asymmetric liposome analyses.

© 2019 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumour of childhood, and it metastasizes to distant organs. However, the mechanism of metastasis, which generally depends on the cell motility of the neuroblastoma, remains unclear. In many solid tumours, it has been reported that shear stress promotes metastasis. Here, we investigated the relationship between shear stress and cell motility in the MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cell line IMR32, using a microfluidic device. We confirmed that most of the cells migrated downstream, and cell motility increased dramatically when the cells were exposed to a shear stress of 0.4 Pa, equivalent to that expected in vivo. We observed that the morphological features of focal adhesion were changed under a shear stress of 0.4 Pa. We also investigated the relationship between malignancy and the motility of IMR32 cells under shear stress. Decreasing the expression of MYCN in IMR32 cells via siRNA transfection inhibited cell motility by a shear stress of 0.4 Pa. These results suggest that MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells under high shear stress migrate to distant organs due to high cell motility, allowing cell migration to lymphatic vessels and venules.

© 2019 by the authors. We propose a wireless pressure sensor composed of a graphene sheet and a transmitter coil integrated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tube. The pressure inside the tube was monitored wirelessly using an external receiver coil. We then monitored the typical blood pressure range, 12-20 kPa, using this fabricated sensor by changing the turn number of the receiver coil and the overlapping length of the coils. Furthermore, we demonstrated wireless blood pressure measurement by connecting our sensor to the blood vessel of a rat. Our results suggested that this sensor can be easily inserted between an implantable medical device and blood vessels for in vivo blood pressure monitoring. The proposed wireless pressure sensor could also be suitable for monitoring in vivo implanted medical systems, such as artificial organs and pump systems.