論文

Background: Timely differentiation of monocytes into M2-like macrophages is important in the cardiac healing process after myocardial infarction (MI), but molecular mechanisms governing M2-like macrophage differentiation at the transcriptional level after MI have not been fully understood. Methods and Results: A time-series microarray analysis of mRNAs and microRNAs in macrophages isolated from the infarcted myocardium was performed to identify the microRNAs involved in regulating the process of differentiation to M2-like macrophages. Correlation analysis revealed 7 microRNAs showing negative correlations with the progression of polarity changes towards M2-like subsets. Next, correlation coefficients for the changes in expression of mRNAs and miRNAs over time were calculated for all combinations. As a result, miR-27a-5p was extracted as a possible regulator of the largest number of genes in the pathway for the M2-like polarization. By selecting mouse mRNAs and human mRNAs possessing target sequences of miR-27a-5p and showing expression patterns inversely correlated with that of miR-27a-5p, 8 potential targets of miR-27a-5p were identified, including Ppm1l. Using the mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages undergoing differentiation into M2-like subsets by interleukin 4 stimulation, we confirmed that miR-27a-5p suppressed M2-related genes by negatively regulating Ppm1l expression. Conclusions: Ppm1l and miR-27a-5p may be the key molecules regulating M2-like polarization, with miR-27a-5p inhibiting the M2-like polarization through downregulation of Ppm1l expression.

The phenomenon of sex chromosome loss from hematopoietic cells is an emerging indicator of biological aging. While many methods to detect this loss have been developed, enhancing the field, these existing methods often suffer from being labor-intensive, expensive, and not sufficiently sensitive. To bridge this gap, a novel and more efficient technique is developed, named the SinChro assay. This method employs multiplexed single-cell droplet PCR, designed to detect cells with sex chromosome loss at single-cell resolution. Through the SinChro assay, the age-dependent increase in Y chromosome loss in male blood is successfully mapped. The age-dependent loss of the X chromosome in female blood is also identified, a finding that has been challenging with existing methods. The advent of the SinChro assay marks a significant breakthrough in the study of age-related sex mosaicism. Its utility extends beyond blood analysis, applicable to a variety of tissues, and it holds the potential to deepen the understanding of biological aging and related diseases.

Communication within the glial cell ecosystem is essential for neuronal and brain health1–3. The influence of glial cells on the accumulation and clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tau in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is poorly understood, despite growing awareness that these are therapeutically important interactions4,5. Here we show, in humans and mice, that astrocyte-sourced interleukin-3 (IL-3) programs microglia to ameliorate the pathology of AD. Upon recognition of Aβ deposits, microglia increase their expression of IL-3Rα—the specific receptor for IL-3 (also known as CD123)—making them responsive to IL-3. Astrocytes constitutively produce IL-3, which elicits transcriptional, morphological, and functional programming of microglia to endow them with an acute immune response program, enhanced motility, and the capacity to cluster and clear aggregates of Aβ and tau. These changes restrict AD pathology and cognitive decline. Our findings identify IL-3 as a key mediator of astrocyte–microglia cross-talk and a node for therapeutic intervention in AD.

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) have little regenerative capacity. After myocardial infarction (MI), scar formation and myocardial remodeling proceed in the infarct and non-infarct areas, respectively, leading to heart failure (HF). Prolonged activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and inflammatory cells may contribute to this process; however, therapies targeting these cell types remain lacking. Cardiac reprogramming converts CFs into induced CMs, reduces fibrosis, and improves cardiac function in chronic MI through the overexpression of Mef2c/Gata4/Tbx5/Hand2 (MGTH). However, whether cardiac reprogramming reduces inflammation in infarcted hearts remains unclear. Moreover, the mechanism through which MGTH overexpression in CFs affects inflammatory cells remains unknown. Here, we showed that inflammation persists in the myocardium until three months after MI, which can be reversed with cardiac reprogramming. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that CFs expressed pro-inflammatory genes and exhibited strong intercellular communication with inflammatory cells, including macrophages, in chronic MI. Cardiac reprogramming suppressed the inflammatory profiles of CFs and reduced the relative ratios and pro-inflammatory signatures of cardiac macrophages. Moreover, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis (FACS) revealed that cardiac reprogramming reduced the number of chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-positive inflammatory macrophages in the non-infarct areas in chronic MI, thereby restoring myocardial remodeling. Thus, cardiac reprogramming reduced the number of inflammatory macrophages to exacerbate cardiac function after MI.

BACKGROUND: The cause of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) remains largely unknown. Recently, clonal hematopoiesis (CH) has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases. Here, we investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of CH in patients with CTEPH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whole-exome sequencing and deep-panel sequencing were performed in 214 patients with CTEPH. Clinical data before and after treatment were compared between patients with and without CH. RNA sequencing and serum analysis were performed to explore the pathogenesis that CH contributes to CTEPH. Among the enrolled patients, 20.1%, notably 44.4% who were 80 to 89 years old, had variants in CH-associated genes. In regard to clinical impact, B-type natriuretic peptide levels and home oxygen therapy rate were significantly higher, and 6-minute walk distance was significantly shorter after treatment in patients with CH than in those without CH. Moreover, novel clot reformation in the pulmonary artery despite the use of anticoagulants and additional angioplasty events after treatment completion were more frequent in patients with CH. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that blood coagulation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathways were enriched in patients with CH. Additionally, serum citrullinated histone H3 levels were higher in patients with CH than those without CH. These results were consistent in the subgroup of patients who did not have the history of hematological disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study raise the possibility that CH will induce a more prothrombotic state through neutrophil activation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, contributing to pathogenesis and poor treatment response in patients with CTEPH.

A 24-year-old woman with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection successfully underwent coronary artery bypass grafting for triple coronary arteries with chronic total occlusion and aneurysms. This case underscores the importance of accurate assessment and treatment of coronary artery lesions in patients with CAEBV infection.

Background: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) has shown short-term safety and efficacy for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, it remains unclear whether these effects, as well as long-term mortality after BPA, differ depending on patient age. We investigated the safety, short-term efficacy (hemodynamics, functional capacity, and respiratory function), and long-term mortality of BPA treatment in both younger and older patients with CTEPH. Methods: We enrolled 157 consecutive patients with CTEPH who underwent BPA at a university hospital. They were divided into 2 age groups: older (≥ 75 years, n = 39) and younger (< 75 years, n = 118). Hemodynamics, functional capacity, and respiratory function were evaluated at baseline, 1 week, 6 months, and 1 year post-BPA. Procedure-related complications, all-cause mortality, and cause of mortality were assessed during hospitalization for BPA and throughout the follow-up period (median duration 5.7 years). Results: BPA improved the mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, 6-minute walking distance, and pulmonary diffusion capacity in both age groups. There was no all-cause mortality or use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during hospitalization in either group; however, the rates of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation use and intraoperative hemosputum/hemoptysis were higher in the older group. All-cause mortality was higher in the older group during the follow-up period, but all cases were unrelated to pulmonary hypertension (PH). Conclusions: BPA was effective for improving hemodynamics, functional capacity, and respiratory parameters without critical complications, regardless of patient age. The older patients in our cohort had a higher mortality rate that was unrelated to PH.

Despite recent scientific and technological advances, myocardial infarction (MI) still repre-sents a major global health problem, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. During the post-MI wound healing process, dysregulated immune inflammatory pathways and failure to resolve inflammation are associated with maladaptive left ventricular remodeling, progressive heart failure, and eventually poor outcomes. Given the roles of immune cells in the host response against tissue injury, understanding the involved cellular subsets, sources, and functions is essential for discovering novel therapeutic strategies that preserve the protective immune system and promote optimal healing. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular signals across multi-organ systems, which regulate the inflammatory and reparative responses after MI. Additionally, we summarize the recent clinical and preclinical data that propel conceptual revolutions in cardiovascular immunotherapy.

Glial cells and central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating leukocytes contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the networks that govern crosstalk among these ontologically distinct populations remain unclear. Here, we show that, in mice and humans, CNS-resident astrocytes and infiltrating CD44hiCD4+ T cells generated interleukin-3 (IL-3), while microglia and recruited myeloid cells expressed interleukin-3 receptor-ɑ (IL-3Rɑ). Astrocytic and T cell IL-3 elicited an immune migratory and chemotactic program by IL-3Rɑ+ myeloid cells that enhanced CNS immune cell infiltration, exacerbating MS and its preclinical model. Multiregional snRNA-seq of human CNS tissue revealed the appearance of IL3RA-expressing myeloid cells with chemotactic programming in MS plaques. IL3RA expression by plaque myeloid cells and IL-3 amount in the cerebrospinal fluid predicted myeloid and T cell abundance in the CNS and correlated with MS severity. Our findings establish IL-3:IL-3RA as a glial-peripheral immune network that prompts immune cell recruitment to the CNS and worsens MS.

MITOL/MARCH5 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a crucial role in the control of mitochondrial quality and function. However, the significance of MITOL in cardiomyocytes under physiological and pathological conditions remains unclear. First, to determine the significance of MITOL in unstressed hearts, we assessed the cellular changes with the reduction of MITOL expression by siRNA in neonatal rat primary ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs). MITOL knockdown in NRVMs induced cell death via ferroptosis, a newly defined non-apoptotic programmed cell death, even under no stress conditions. This phenomenon was observed only in NRVMs, not in other cell types. MITOL knockdown markedly reduced mitochondria-localized GPX4, a key enzyme associated with ferroptosis, promoting accumulation of lipid peroxides in mitochondria. In contrast, the activation of GPX4 in MITOL knockdown cells suppressed lipid peroxidation and cell death. MITOL knockdown reduced the glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio that regulated GPX4 expression. Indeed, the administration of GSH or N-acetylcysteine improved the expression of GPX4 and viability in MITOL-knockdown NRVMs. MITOL-knockdown increased the expression of the glutathione-degrading enzyme, ChaC glutathione-specific γ-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (Chac1). The knockdown of Chac1 restored the GSH/GSSG ratio, GPX4 expression, and viability in MITOL-knockdown NRVMs. Further, in cultured cardiomyocytes stressed with DOX, both MITOL and GPX4 were reduced, whereas forced-expression of MITOL suppressed DOX-induced ferroptosis by maintaining GPX4 content. Additionally, MITOL knockdown worsened vulnerability to DOX, which was almost completely rescued by treatment with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor. In vivo, cardiac-specific depletion of MITOL did not produce obvious abnormality, but enhanced susceptibility to DOX toxicity. Finally, administration of ferrostatin-1 suppressed exacerbation of DOX-induced myocardial damage in MITOL-knockout hearts. The present study demonstrates that MITOL determines the cell fate of cardiomyocytes via the ferroptosis process and plays a key role in regulating vulnerability to DOX treatment. (288/300)

Diet profoundly influences physiology. Whereas over-nutrition elevates risk for disease via its influence on immunity and metabolism, caloric restriction and fasting appear to be salutogenic. Despite multiple correlations observed between diet and health, the underlying biology remains unclear. Here, we identified a fasting-induced switch in leukocyte migration that prolongs monocyte lifespan and alters susceptibility to disease in mice. We show that fasting during the active phase induced the rapid return of monocytes from the blood to the bone marrow. Monocyte re-entry was orchestrated by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-dependent release of corticosterone, which augmented the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Although the marrow is a safe haven for monocytes during nutrient scarcity, re-feeding prompted mobilization culminating in monocytosis of chronologically older and transcriptionally distinct monocytes. These shifts altered response to infection. Our study shows that diet—in particular, a diet's temporal dynamic balance—modulates monocyte lifespan with consequences for adaptation to external stressors.

BACKGROUND: The membrane components of cardiomyocytes are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are easily oxidized. Thus, an efficient glutathione-based lipid redox system is essential for maintaining cellular functions. However, the relationship between disruption of the redox system during ischemia-reperfusion (IR), oxidized lipid production, and consequent cell death (ferroptosis) remains unclear. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the disruption of the glutathione-mediated reduction system related to ferroptosis during IR and developed intervention strategies to suppress ferroptosis. METHODS: In vivo fluctuations of both intra- and extracellular metabolite levels during IR were explored via microdialysis and tissue metabolome analysis. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines were assessed using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The areas at risk following IR were assessed using triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride/Evans blue stain. RESULTS: Metabolomic analysis combined with microdialysis revealed a significant release of glutathione from the ischemic region into extracellular spaces during ischemia and after reperfusion. The release of glutathione into extracellular spaces and a concomitant decrease in intracellular glutathione concentrations were also observed during anoxia-reperfusion in an in vitro cardiomyocyte model. This extracellular glutathione release was prevented by chemical inhibition or genetic suppression of glutathione transporters, mainly MRP1 (multidrug resistance protein 1). Treatment with MRP1 inhibitor reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and lipid peroxidation, thereby inhibiting cell death. Subsequent in vivo evaluation of endogenously oxidized phospholipids following IR demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis, as levels of multiple oxidized phosphatidylcholines were significantly elevated in the ischemic region 12 hours after reperfusion. Inhibition of the MRP1 transporter also alleviated intracellular glutathione depletion in vivo and significantly reduced the generation of oxidized phosphatidylcholines. Administration of MRP1 inhibitors significantly attenuated infarct size after IR injury. CONCLUSIONS: Glutathione was released continuously during IR, primarily in an MRP1-dependent manner, and induced ferroptosis. Suppression of glutathione release attenuated ferroptosis and reduced myocardial infarct size following IR.

Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal rare disease that causes right heart failure by elevated pulmonary arterial resistance. There is an unmet medical need for the development of therapeutics focusing on the pulmonary vascular remodeling. Bioactive lipids produced by perivascular inflammatory cells might modulate the vascular remodeling. Here, we show that ω-3 fatty acid-derived epoxides (ω-3 epoxides) released from mast cells by PAF-AH2, an oxidized phospholipid-selective phospholipase A2, negatively regulate pulmonary hypertension. Genetic deletion of Pafah2 in mice accelerate vascular remodeling, resulting in exacerbation of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Treatment with ω-3 epoxides suppresses the lung fibroblast activation by inhibiting TGF-β signaling. In vivo ω-3 epoxides supplementation attenuates the progression of pulmonary hypertension in several animal models. Furthermore, whole-exome sequencing for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension identifies two candidate pathogenic variants of Pafah2. Our findings support that the PAF-AH2-ω-3 epoxide production axis could be a promising therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertension.

Objective Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) improves clinical symptoms in most patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). However, some patients do not benefit from the symptom-reducing effects of TAVR. We assessed the predictors and clinical outcomes of poor symptomatic improvement (SI) after TAVR. Methods A total of 1749 patients with severe symptomatic AS undergoing transfemoral TAVR were evaluated using the Japanese multicentre TAVR registry. Poor SI was defined as readmission for heart failure (HF) within 1 year after TAVR or New York Heart Association (NYHA) class ≥3 after 1 year. A logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of poor SI. One-year landmark analysis after TAVR was used to evaluate the association between poor SI and clinical outcomes. Results Among the overall population (mean age, 84.5 years; female, 71.3%; mean STS score, 6.3%), 6.6% were categorised as having poor SI. Atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Clinical Frailty Scale ≥4, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe mitral regurgitation were independent predictors of poor SI. One-year landmark analysis demonstrated that poor SI had a higher incidence of all-cause death and readmission for HF compared with SI (p<0.001). Poor SI with preprocedural NYHA class 2 had a worse outcome than SI with preprocedural NYHA class ≥3. Conclusions Poor SI was associated with worse outcomes 1 year after the procedure. It had a greater impact on clinical outcomes than baseline symptoms. TAVR may be challenging for patients with many predictors of poor SI. Trial registration number This registry, associated with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, was accepted by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (UMIN-ID: 000020423).

Background: New-onset atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) often develops after atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. Its development raises some potential concerns such as stroke and bleeding complications caused by anticoagulant therapy and limited access to the left atrium for catheter ablation. Although it is essential to identify the risk factors of new-onset ATA, few studies have examined these factors. This study investigated unknown risk factors for the development of new-onset ATA after transcatheter ASD closure in patients without a history of ATA. Methods: A total of 238 patients without a history of ATA, aged ≥18 years and who underwent transcatheter ASD closure at the current hospital were reviewed. Patient characteristics were compared between the groups with and without new-onset ATA. The factors associated with new-onset ATA were examined using univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: Thirteen (13) (5.5%) patients experienced ATA during follow-up (mean, 21±14 months). Compared with patients without new-onset ATA, patients with new-onset ATA were older (48±18 vs 66±11 years; p<0.001) and had high brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (36±36 vs 177±306 pg/mL; p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, BNP ≥40 pg/mL before ASD closure was associated with new-onset ATA after adjusting for age (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 1.22–19.8; p=0.025). Conclusion: Patients with BNP levels >40 pg/mL before transcatheter ASD closure may have a higher risk of developing new-onset ATA.

Fatty acids (FAs) have structural and functional diversity. FAs in the heart are closely associated with cardiac function, and their qualitative or quantitative abnormalities lead to the onset and progression of cardiac disease. FAs are important as an energy substrate for the heart, but when in excess, they exhibit cardio-lipotoxicity that causes cardiac dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. FAs also play a role as part of phospholipids that compose cell membranes, and the changes in mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and the FA composition of plasma membrane phospholipids affect cardiomyocyte survival. In addition, FA metabolites exert a wide variety of bioactivities in the heart as lipid mediators. Recent advances in measurement using mass spectrometry have identified trace amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived bioactive metabolites associated with heart disease. n-3 PUFAs have a variety of cardioprotective effects and have been shown in clinical trials to be effective in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. This review outlines the contributions of FAs to cardiac function and pathogenesis of heart diseases from the perspective of three major roles and proposes therapeutic applications and new medical perspectives of FAs represented by n-3 PUFAs.

BACKGROUND: Sipa1 (signal-induced proliferation-associated gene 1) is known as a specific Rap1 (Ras-related protein 1) GTPase-activating protein that negatively regulates Rap1 signaling. Although Sipa1 has been extensively studied in cancer research, its role in the wound-healing response after myocardial infarction (MI) remains unexplored. METHODS: To investigate the role of endogenous Sipa1 in MI, we performed permanent left anterior descending artery ligation in both Sipa1knockout mice and their control littermates. Bone marrow transplantation, flow cytometry, cell sorting, and transcriptomic analysis were conducted to identify the cellular source of Sipa1 in the infarcted heart. The role of cardiac fibroblast–derived Sipa1 during MI was examined using Sipa1 deletion approaches, specifically in cardiac fibroblasts, in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: Mice deficient in Sipa1 exhibited improved post-MI survival and cardiac function, along with attenuated expression of inflammatory mediators and diminished accumulation of Ly6C (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C)high monocytes and CCR (C-C chemokine receptor) 2+ macrophages in the infarcted heart. Although Sipa1 was broadly expressed in the heart, cardiac fibroblasts were responsible for the Sipa1-induced deleterious phenotype as demonstrated by cardiac fibroblast–specific Sipa1 conditional knockout mice, which averted excessive inflammation and adverse cardiac remodeling following MI. Mechanistically, Sipa1 promotes the production of CCL (C-C chemokine ligand) 2, CCL7, and GM-CSF (granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in the cardiac fibroblasts early after MI via a noncanonical RasGRP2 (Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 2)-Ras-JNK (cellular Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling pathway, irrespective of canonical Rap1, thereby facilitating the accumulation and activation of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: These results identify a previously unknown fibroblast-myeloid axis characterized by Sipa1, which initiates excessive inflammation and leads to poor outcomes after MI. Targeting Sipa1 offers a potential novel therapeutic strategy to optimize post-MI wound-healing response, thereby preventing the development of chronic ischemic heart failure. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: A graphic abstract is available for this article.

BACKGROUNDS: Social interaction with others is essential to life. Although social isolation and loneliness have been implicated as increased risks of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which social connection maintains cardiometabolic and cardiovascular health remain largely unresolved. METHODS: To investigate how social connection protects against cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis-prone, high-fat diet-fed Apoe−/− mouse siblings were randomly assigned to either individual or grouped housing for 12 weeks. Histological, flow cytometric, biochemical, gene, and protein analyses were performed to assess atherosclerotic lesions, systemic metabolism, inflammation, and stress response. The effects of oxytocin on hepatocytes and subsequent cardiometabolic and cardiovascular function were investigated by in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS: Apoe−/− mice housed individually developed larger vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions by disrupted lipid metabolism compared with those of mice in regular group housing, irrespective of body weight, eating behavior, feeding conditions, sympathetic nervous activity, glucocorticoid response, or systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, the chronic isolation reduced the hypothalamic production of oxytocin, which controls bile acid production and LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity through the peripheral OXTR (oxytocin receptor) in hepatocytes, whose downstream targets include Cyp7a1, Angptl4, and Angptl8. While hepatocyte-specific OXTR-null mice and mice receiving adeno-associated virus targeting OXTR on hepatocytes led to severe dyslipidemia and aggravated atherosclerosis, oral oxytocin supplementation to socially isolated mice, but not to hepatocyte-specific OXTR conditional knockout mice, improved lipid profiles and retarded atherosclerosis development. CONCLUSIONS: These results identify a novel brain-liver axis that links sociality to hepatic lipid metabolism, thus proposing a potential therapeutic strategy for loneliness-associated atherosclerosis progression.