論文

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of texture analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for differentiating fat-poor angiomyolipomas (fpAMLs) from non-clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (non-ccRCCs). Methods: In this bi-institutional study, we included two consecutive cohorts from different institutions with pathologically confirmed solid renal masses: 67 patients (fpAML = 46; non-ccRCC = 21) for model development and 39 (fpAML = 24; non-ccRCC = 15) for validation. Patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted imaging. We extracted 45 texture features using a software with volumes of interest on ADC maps. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic performance between the random forest (RF) model (derived from extracted texture features) and conventional subjective evaluation using computed tomography and MRI by radiologists. Results: RF analysis revealed that grey-level zone length matrix long-zone high grey-level emphasis was the dominant texture feature for diagnosing fpAML. The area under the curve (AUC) of the RF model to distinguish fpAMLs from non-ccRCCs was not significantly different between the validation and development cohorts (p = .19). In the validation cohort, the AUC of the RF model was similar to that of board-certified radiologists (p = .46) and significantly higher than that of radiology residents (p = .03). Conclusions: Texture analysis of ADC maps demonstrated similar diagnostic performance to that of board-certified radiologists for discriminating between fpAMLs and non-ccRCCs. Diagnostic performances in the development and validation cohorts were comparable despite using data from different imaging device manufacturers and institutions.

Objective: Dermal backflow (DBF) and reduced lymphatic visualization are common findings of lymphedema on various imaging modalities. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these findings vary with the anatomic location and severity of lymphedema, and previous reports using indocyanine green lymphography or lymphoscintigraphy show variable results. Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is expected to clarify this clinical question due to its superior ability for lymphatic visualization. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the following: (1) Are there any characteristic patterns for DBF and lymphatics' visualization, depending on the anatomic location within lower limbs and severity of lymphedema? (2) Is it possible to classify the severity of lymphedema based on MRL findings? Methods: Two radiologists performed consensus readings of MRL of 56 patients (112 limbs) with lower-limb lymphedema. The frequency of visualized DBF and lymphatics was analyzed in six regions in each lower limb. The results were compared with the International Society of Lymphology clinical stages and etiology of lymphedema. Characteristic findings were categorized and compared with the clinical stage and duration of lymphedema. Results: DBF and lymphatics were observed more frequently in the distal regions than the proximal regions of lower limbs. DBF appeared more frequently as the clinical stage increased, reaching statistical significance (P < 10−3) between stages 0 or I and II. DBF above the knee joint was rarely observed (0.48%) in early stages (0 and I) but appeared more frequently (13.5%, P < 10−5) in stage II. Lymphatics appeared less frequently as the stage progressed, with significant differences (P <.05) between stages I and II and between II and III. The frequency of lymphatics above the knee joint decreased significantly (P <.05) between stages I and II and between II and III as the stage progressed, reaching 0% in stage III. An MRL staging was proposed and showed significant positive correlations with the clinical stage (r = 0.79, P <.01) and the duration of lymphedema (r = 0.57, P <.01). Conclusions: MRL-specific patterns of DBF and lymphatics that depended on the site within the lower limb and clinical stage were shown. The DBF pattern differed from those observed in previous studies with other imaging techniques. The proposed MRL staging based on these characteristic findings allows new stratification of patients with lymphedema. Combined with its excellent ability to visualize lymphatic anatomy, MRL could enable a more detailed understanding of individual patient's pathology, useful for determining the most appropriate treatment.

© 2018 Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Purpose: To assess the clinical importance in the feature change in giant cell tumors of the bone (GCTB) after denosumab treatment, detected by MRI. Methods: In 12 patients, MRI and CT of GCTB obtained before and after the treatment retrospectively compared. The tumor size, the signal intensity (SI) ratio between the solid part of the GCTB and muscle, cystic part size, gadolinium enhancement and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value were measured on MRI. The bone formation in the tumor was observed on CT and X-ray. Results: The mean number of denosumab injections was 19 ± 10. The follow-up period was up to 2 years. One case showed partial remission, while the other 11 cases were stable. A mean SI ratio on T2-weighted image statistically significantly decreased from 3.9 to 1.9 after the treatment. A cystic component in the tumor was observed in five cases before the treatment, and the diameter of the cystic part decreased after the treatment in 80% of cases (4/5). All the tumors showed contrast enhancement on T1-weighted image pre-and post-treatment (11/11). The averaged ADC values were 1.52 × 10−3 mm2/s before and 1.44 × 10−3 mm2/s after the treatment (P = 0.63). Bone formation in the tumor was observed in 58% of cases (7/12). Conclusion: The decrease of SI ratio on T2-weighted image, shrinkage of cystic part and bone formation should be regarded as the effectiveness of denosumab treatment despite of no substantial change in the tumor size.

© 2018, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Purpose: We aimed to clarify the impact of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the mesorectum from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on surgical difficulty in laparoscopic anterior resection (Lap-AR) for rectal cancer. Methods: In total, 67 patients who had undergone curative Lap-AR for rectal cancer in our hospital from January 2008 to March 2015 and had preoperative MRI findings available were included. We randomly calculated the average ADC in three regions of the mesorectum at the level of the upper edge of the superior border of the femur. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between the patients’ clinicopathological characteristics, including the ADC value and short-term surgical outcomes. Results: The univariate analysis revealed that a lower ADC value was associated with a significantly increased operative blood loss (p = 0.008) and prolonged operative time (p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis adjusted for the body mass index, anal verge, tumor location, covering stoma, clinical T factor and conversion revealed that the ADC value was an independent risk factor for a prolonged operative time (R 2 = 0.6003, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis adjusted for the body mass index, anal verge, covering stoma, clinical T factor and conversion revealed that the ADC value was an independent risk factor for an increased blood loss (R 2 = 0.4345, p = 0.008). Conclusion: A lower ADC value of the mesorectum might be a predictor of surgical difficulty in Lap-AR for rectal cancer.

© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Objective: To optimize prediction for intestinal invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer. It is important to achieve debulking surgery to improve prognosis in ovarian cancer; intestinal resection is adopted if the cancer is invaded and resectable, but the preoperative evaluation method of intestinal invasion is still controversial. Methods: Patients (n = 174) who underwent primary debulking surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer were recruited for retrospective study; 28 and 146 patients were classified into the invasion and non-invasion groups, whether they needed intestinal resection or not. We collected clinical data including evaluation of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and barium contrast radiography, and analyzed their accuracy. Results: The sensitivity and specificity for intestinal invasion were 33.3% and 98.6%, 42.9% and 98.6%, and 66.7% and 93.9% in CT, MRI, and barium contrast radiography, respectively. CT and MRI combined showed a sensitivity of 58.3% and specificity of 96.9%; all three methods combined was the most sensitive combination, showing a sensitivity of 79.2% and specificity of 90.8%. Conclusion: Combination of CT, MRI, and barium contrast radiography predicts intestinal invasion with the highest sensitivity. These three modalities, however, could not predict all intestinal invasion. Patients should be informed of the possibility of unexpected extensive resection.

© 2021 Elsevier B.V. Purpose: To investigate the utility of post-acquisition computed diffusion-weighted imaging (cDWI) for primary prostate cancer (PCa) evaluation in biparametric whole-body MRI (bpWB-MRI). Methods: Patients who underwent pelvic MRI for PCa screening and subsequent bpWB-MRI for staging were included. Two radiologists assessed the diagnostic performance of the following datasets for clinically significant PCa diagnosis (grade group ≥2 according to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System, version 2.1): bpMRI2000 (axial DWI scans with a b-value of 2,000 s/mm2 + axial T2WI scans from pre-biopsy pelvic MRI), computed bpWB-MRI2000 (computed WB-DWI scans with a b-value of 2,000 s/mm2 + axial WB-T2WI scans), and native bpWB-MRI1000 (native axial WB-DWI scans with a b-value of 1,000 s/mm2 + axial WB-T2WI scans). Systemic biopsy was used as reference standard. Results: Fifty-one patients with PCa were included. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of bpMRI2000 (0.89 for reader 1 and 0.86 for reader 2) and computed bpWB-MRI2000 (0.86 for reader 1 and 0.83 for reader 2) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those of native bpWB-MRI1000 (0.67 for both readers). No significant difference was observed between the AUCs of bpMRI2000 and computed bpWB-MRI2000 (p = 0.10 for reader 1 and p = 0.25 for reader 2). Conclusions: The diagnostic performance of computed bpWB-MRI2000 was similar to that of dedicated pelvic bpMRI2000 for primary PCa evaluation. cDWI can be recommended for implementation in standard WB-MRI protocols to facilitate a one-step evaluation for concurrent detection of primary and metastatic PCa.

© 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Purpose: To develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a silent respiratory navigator technique for prospective triggering, which was incorporated into a three-dimensional radial zero-echo-time sequence for respiratory navigated silent abdominal imaging. Methods: A nonselective hard excitation radiofrequency pulse was used for the navigator sequence with a derated readout gradient, to avoid generation of high levels of acoustic noise. The acquired navigator signals were processed in real time and used for prospective triggering of the zero-echo-time sequence. Ten healthy volunteers were scanned using the proposed and conventional techniques at 1.5 T. An acoustic noise measurement with A-weighted continuous equivalent sound pressure level was also performed. Results: The sound pressure–level values of the background noise, zero-echo-time imaging, conventional, and silent navigators were 68.3, 68.4, 102.5, and 69.4 dBA, respectively. Excellent correlation with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 was observed between the bellows signals and displacement values calculated from the navigators. Sharpness of the portal vein of both conventional and silent navigator–triggered images was significantly higher than those of nontriggered images. Conclusions: The silent navigator–triggered zero-echo-time technique is feasible and might improve image quality and workflow of abdominal MRI of patients who are prone to acoustic noise. Magn Reson Med 79:2170–2175, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

© 2019, Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. Myocardial T1 mapping is clinically valuable for assessing the myocardium, and modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) approaches have been commonly used for measuring myocardial T1 values. To date, several other sequences have been developed for measuring myocardial T1 values, and saturation-recovery-based sequences have been shown to be less dependent on various factors, such as T2 times and magnetization transfer, than inversion-recovery techniques. Systematic differences in T1 values between different sequences have been reported; therefore, definition of the normal range of native T1 values is required before clinical usage can begin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reference range and sex dependency of native T1 values in the myocardium measured using one such saturation-recovery sequence, i.e., saturation method using adaptive recovery times for cardiac T1 mapping (SMART1Map). Myocardial T1 values were compared between SMART1Map and MOLLI in 24 young healthy volunteers at 1.5 T and 3 T, and differences in the T1 values between the sexes were assessed. The mean native T1 values in the myocardium were significantly longer with SMART1Map than MOLLI [1530.4 ± 49.2 vs 1222.1 ± 48.9 ms at 3 T (p < 0.001) and 1227.3 ± 41.9 ms vs 1014.8 ± 49.4 ms at 1.5 T (p < 0.001)]. A significant difference between the sexes was observed in the T1 values obtained using each sequence, excluding SMART1Map at 3 T. The SMART1Map has a potential advantage to overcome the shortcoming of MOLLI, which underestimates T1 values; however, the sex-dependent difference remains obscure using SMART1Map.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of quantitative synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) for characterizing bone lesions in prostate cancer and to discriminate viable progressive osteoblastic bone metastasis from nonviable bone metastases with treatment-induced sclerosis during the treatment course. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This institutional review board-approved prospective study included 96 consecutive prostate cancer patients who underwent whole-body MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging at the time of staging at diagnosis or starting a new line of anticancer treatment. Additional synthetic MRI of the lumbosacral spine, pelvis, and proximal femurs was performed. A region of interest of 1.0 cm in diameter was set in each bone lesion by 2 independent readers who were blinded to bone lesions' diagnosis. Differences in SyMRI variables between the different bone lesions were compared with the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and associations of SyMRI variables with active disease were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. Performance of T1, T2, and proton density (PD) for diagnosing active disease was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Ninety-three bone lesions were eligible for analysis. The PD values of active (viable) bone metastatic lesions were significantly higher than those of inactive (nonviable) bone metastatic lesions without sclerosis and those of red bone marrow (P < 0.001 for both readers). The PD values of inactive bone metastatic lesions with sclerosis were significantly lower than those of inactive bone metastatic lesions without sclerosis and red bone marrow (P < 0.001 for both readers). The PD value proved to be an independent significant indicator (P < 0.001) for differentiating bone lesions. The areas under the curve of T1/T2/PD for identifying active disease were 0.81/0.69/0.93 for reader 1 and 0.78/0.70/0.92 for reader 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Signal quantification on SyMRI provides objective assessment of bone lesions in the lower trunk. The PD value can be useful to determine the viability of bone metastases in prostate cancer.

© 2019 The Japan Society of Hepatology Aim: Emerging evidence suggests a promising role for tumor stromal factors in characterizing patients with various types of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We quantified the amount of collagen and elastin fibers in HCC samples with the aim of clarifying the clinico-patho-radiological significance of fiber deposition in HCC. Methods: We computed the amount of collagen and elastin fibers using digital image analysis of whole-slide images of Elastica van Gieson-stained tissues from 156 surgically resected HCCs. Furthermore, we assessed the correlations between the fiber content of HCC samples and clinical, pathological, and radiological features, including immunohistochemistry-based molecular subtypes and immunosubtypes. Results: The intratumoral area ratio of collagen in HCC tissues (median 3.4%, range 0.1–22.2%) was more than threefold that of elastin (median 0.9%, range 0.1–9.0%); there was a strong positive correlation between the amounts of collagen and elastin. Higher levels of combined collagen and elastin were significantly associated with the confluent multinodular macroscopic tumor type, the absence of a fibrous capsule, intratumoral steatosis, scirrhous tumor stroma, dense inflammatory-cell infiltrates, and the biliary/stem cell markers-positive HCC subtype. The associations of higher collagen levels with radiological findings, including heterogeneous enhancement and persistent enhancement on dynamic computed tomography, were significant. In contrast, the associations of radiological findings with elastin fibers were not significant. Intratumoral fibrous stroma in HCC comprised septum-like and perisinusoidal fibrosis; these two forms represented distinct distribution patterns of fibers and fibroblasts. Conclusion: Quantitative analysis suggested that stromal fiber-rich HCCs likely represent a distinct clinico-patho-radiological entity.

© 2020 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Background: The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) for computed tomography (CT) is preoperatively used to evaluate therapeutic effects. However, it does not reflect the pathological treatment response (PTR) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) for positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is effective in other cancers. This study aimed to confirm the usefulness of PERCIST and the prognostic utility of PET/CT for PDAC. Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients with PDAC who underwent neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) and pancreatectomy at our institution between 2014 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated the treatment response and prognostic significance of PET/CT parameters and other clinicopathological factors. Results: Twenty-two patients who underwent PET/CT both before and after NAT with the same protocol were included. RECIST revealed stable disease and partial response in 20 and 2 cases, respectively. PERCIST revealed stable metabolic disease, partial metabolic response, and complete metabolic response in 8, 9, and 5 cases, respectively. The PTR was G3, G2, and G1 in 8, 12, and 2 cases, respectively. For comparing the concordance rates between PTR and each parameter, PERCIST (72.7% [16/22]) was significantly superior to RECIST (36.4% [8/22]) (P =.017). The area under the curve survival values of PET/CT parameters were 0.777 for metabolic tumor volume (MTV), 0.500 for maximum standardized uptake value, 0.554 for peak standardized uptake value corrected for lean body mass, and 0.634 for total lesion glycolysis. A 50% cut-off value for the MTV reduction rate yielded the largest difference in survival between responders and nonresponders. On multivariate analysis, MTV reduction rates < 50% were independent predictors for relapse-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 3.92; P =.044) and overall survival (HR, 14.08; P =.023). Conclusions: PERCIST was more accurate in determining NAT’s therapeutic effects for PDAC than RECIST. MTV reduction rates were independent prognostic factors for PDAC.

© 2020 Kitajima et al. Objectives: To investigate neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the uterine cervix cases for MRI features and staging, as well as pathological correlations and survival. Results: FIGO was I in 42, II in 14, III in 1, and IV in 5 patients. T2-weighted MRI showed homogeneous slightly high signal intensity and obvious restricted diffusion (ADC map, low intensity; DWI, high intensity) throughout the tumor in most cases, and mild enhancement in two-thirds. In 50 patients who underwent a radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), intrapelvic T staging by MRI overall accuracy was 88.0% with reference to pathology staging, while patient-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for metastatic pelvic lymph node detection was 38.5%, 100%, and 83.3%, respectively. During a mean follow-up period of 45.6 months (range 4.3-151.0 months), 28 patients (45.2%) experienced recurrence and 24 (38.7%) died. Three-year progression-free and overall survival rates for FIGO I, II, III, and IV were 64.3% and 80.9%, 50% and 64.3%, 0% and 0%, and 0% and 0%, respectively. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two patients with histologically surgery-proven uterine cervical NEC were enrolled. Twelve received NAC. Clinical data, pathological findings, and pretreatment pelvic MRI findings were retrospectively reviewed. Thirtytwo tumors were pure NEC and 30 mixed with other histotypes. The NECs were small cell type (41), large cell type (18), or a mixture of both (3). Conclusions: Homogeneous lesion texture with obvious restricted diffusion throughout the tumor are features suggestive of cervical NEC. Our findings show that MRI is reliable for T staging of cervical NEC. Copyright:

© 2020 The Author(s). Background: Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue malignancy that frequently affects the extremities, adjacent to the large joints. Synovial sarcoma has a high rate of distant metastasis; however, pancreatic metastasis is extremely rare, and to our knowledge, there has been no report of bleeding due to spontaneous tumor rupture. This study reports the case of a patient with synovial sarcoma pancreatic metastasis causing tumor rupture and bleeding, which was successfully managed with emergent distal pancreatectomy. Case presentation: A 27-year-old woman underwent extensive resection of the primary tumor and partial lung resection after chemotherapy for left femoral synovial sarcoma and multiple lung metastases 4 years prior. During the follow-up, a 35-mm tumor was noted in the pancreatic tail on abdominal computed tomography (CT), and no other distant metastases were detected via positron emission tomography CT. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was scheduled for pancreatic metastasis of synovial sarcoma. However, before the scheduled pancreatectomy could be conducted, the patient visited the emergency department because of abdominal pain that occurred after consuming a small amount of alcohol, and CT showed ascites with high CT values and leakage of contrast media. She was diagnosed with intra-abdominal hemorrhage due to a ruptured metastatic pancreatic tumor, and an emergency operation was performed. In total, 1500 mL of blood was evacuated from the abdomen, and the bleeding pancreatic tail tumor was resected. Histopathological findings revealed synovial sarcoma metastasis and a ruptured tumor capsule, and tumor cells were observed in the hematoma. After discharge on postoperative day 18, the patient was carefully monitored and confirmed to be in relapse-free survival, without chemotherapy, at 6 months post-surgery. Conclusions: While the rate of tumor growth varies depending on the grade of the tumor, the possibility of rupture should be considered even in metastatic pancreatic tumors. In the case of pancreatic tumor rupture with stable circulation, radiological evaluation for oncology is necessary, and primary resection may be compatible with resectable cases.

© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a biopsy technique widely used to diagnose pancreatic tumors because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Although needle-tract seeding caused by EUS-FNA has been recently reported, dissemination of pancreatic cancer cells is generally considered to be a rare complication that does not affect patient prognosis. However, the frequency of dissemination and needle-tract seeding appears to have been underestimated. We present a case of peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer due to preoperative EUS-FNA. CASE SUMMARY An 81-year-old man was referred to the Department of Surgery of our hospital in Japan owing to the detection of a pancreatic mass on computed tomography during medical screening. Trans-gastric EUS-FNA revealed that the mass was an adenocarcinoma; hence laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed. No intraoperative peritoneal dissemination and liver metastasis were visually detected, and pelvic lavage cytology was negative for carcinoma cells. The postoperative surgical specimen was negative for carcinoma cells at the dissected margin and the cut end margin; however, pathological findings revealed adenocarcinoma cells on the peritoneal surface proximal to the needle puncture site, and the cells were suspected to be disseminated via EUS-FNA. Hence, the patient received adjuvant therapy with S-1 (tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium); however, computed tomography performed 5 mo after surgery revealed liver metastasis and cancerous peritonitis. The patient received palliative therapy and died 8 mo after the operation. CONCLUSION The indications of EUS-FNA should be carefully considered to avoid iatrogenic dissemination, especially for cancers in the pancreatic body or tail.

In the 2016 World Health Organization renal tumor classification, the mixed epithelial and stromal tumor family was introduced as a new entity. This family encompasses a spectrum of tumors, ranging from predominantly cystic tumors (adult cystic nephromas) to tumors that are variably solid (mixed epithelial and stromal tumors). The majority of previous studies incorporating “mixed epithelial and stromal tumor” in the titles were actually reports of imaging findings of adult cystic nephroma. Thus, the solid component of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors has not been well evaluated. In this study, we present 2 cases of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors, as defined by the 2016 World Health Organization classification, showing a predominantly solid component. The characteristic findings of the solid component of these tumors were T2-hypointensity on magnetic resonance imaging and hyperattenuation on unenhanced computed tomography. Angiomyolipoma with epithelial cysts and epithelioid angiomyolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an extremely heterogeneous genetic disease that affects the left ventricle (LV) and has a varied clinical course and phenotypic expression. Here, we report a case of two sisters with HCM who developed a massive refractory left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus and recurrent embolism. The older sister, who was at a high surgical risk due to progressive LV systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 19%, underwent LAA plication in combination with implantation of an LV assist device after progression to treatment-refractory heart failure at the age of 49. The younger sister underwent surgical thrombectomy, LAA plication, and Maze surgery before deterioration of heart failure at the age of 47. She was free from embolism and atrial fibrillation for 2years after surgery. Individualized therapeutic approaches targeting the LAA at a relatively early stage are required in the subgroups of HCM patients with left atrial dysfunction.

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: Although T1rho and T2 map magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been perceived as useful diagnostic modalities for cartilage degeneration, no studies have assessed whether these two sequences are useful for monitoring ACL graft maturation after ACL reconstruction. The present study examined whether the two sequences reflect graft function and maturation after ACL reconstruction. Methods: Twenty consecutive patients who consented to undergo MRI at 3, 6, and 12 months after double-bundle ACL reconstruction were enrolled. MRI was performed using T1 rho and T2 map sequences in a single session. Temporal changes in T1rho and T2 values of a purely tendinous portion of graft were assessed at each time point. Correlations were analyzed between T1rho or T2 map values and clinical results, including anteroposterior laxity at 2 and 4 years postoperatively, pivot shift test results at 4 years, and graft tension on second-look arthroscopy. Separate analyses were performed for the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB). Results: T1rho sequence was able to visualize the tendinous portions of AMB and PLB more clearly than T2 map sequence even on gray-scale images. Mean T1rho and T2 map values gradually decreased during the first operative year, but the trend was more prominent and consistent for T1rho values than for T2 map values. Correlation analysis revealed that T1rho and T2 map values at 1 year correlated significantly with anteroposterior laxity at 2 and 4 years. This trend was found in both AMB and PLB. Both T1rho and T2 map values failed to exhibit a statistical correlation with arthroscopic findings of graft tension. Conclusions: The present study was the first trial to assess the feasibility of T1rho and T2 map sequences to objectively monitor the course of graft maturation after ACL reconstruction. Both sequences successfully detected purely tendinous portions of graft, and mean values gradually decreased during the first year postoperatively. Both values at 1 year correlated significantly with anteroposterior laxity of the knee joint at 4 years, indicating that the values reflected graft fate.

© 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Pancreatic hamartoma is a rare benign tumor. Its preoperative diagnosis is challenging. We present a case of pancreatic hamartoma whose radiological-pathological correlation was evaluated in detail. A 53-year-old man was referred to our institution for diagnosis and treatment. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance image revealed a 3.5 cm long tumor arising from the head of the pancreas with cystic and solid components, the latter of which was gradually and inhomogeneously enhanced in the delayed phase. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT revealed slight FDG uptake in the solid component. Histologically, a number of pancreatic lobule-like structures, which were mainly composed of aggregates of small ducts embedded in concentric fibrous stroma with no apparent islets or peripheral nerves, were observed in the solid component, whereas multiple dilated ducts were seen in the cystic region. The solid component also contained a narrow area of edematous fibrous stroma with low vessel density, which corresponded with the unenhanced part in the inhomogeneously enhanced solid component. There was no remarkable cytological atypia throughout the mass. A pathological diagnosis of pancreatic hamartoma was made. The radiological findings agree well with the pathological findings. When a pancreatic tumor is of the solid type, preoperatively diagnosing it as pancreatic hamartoma is not possible. However, when a pancreatic tumor with cystic and solid components is inhomogeneously enhanced in contrast-enhanced studies, a diagnosis of pancreatic hamartoma can be considered.

© 2019 Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. The silent navigator technique utilizes a non-selective excitation and an appropriate respiratory waveform generation method is necessary for an accurate motion detection. We compared three methods for silent navigator waveform generation. The profile generation method with coil selection (prof-selection) resulted in a high cross correlation with bellows signals and a large respiration amplitude. The prof-selection method should be used for silent navigator waveform generation.

© 2020, European Society of Radiology. Objectives: To investigate the clinical utility of the Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) by comparing its diagnostic performance for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) between radiologists and urologists based on multiparametric MRI, including three-dimensional (3D) fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted acquisitions. Methods: This study included 66 treatment-naïve patients (60 men, 6 women; mean age 74.0 years) with pathologically proven bladder cancer who underwent multiparametric MRI, including 3D FSE T2-weighted imaging, before transurethral bladder tumour resection between January 2010 and November 2018. The MRI scans were categorised according to the five-point VI-RADS score by four independent readers (two board-certified radiologists and board-certified urologists each), blinded to the histopathological findings. The VI-RADS scores were compared with the postoperative histopathological diagnosis. Interobserver agreement was assessed using weighted kappa coefficients. ROC analysis and generalised estimating equations were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Results: Forty-nine (74.2%) and 17 (25.8%) tumours were confirmed to be non-MIBC and MIBC, respectively, based on pathological examination. The interobserver agreement was good-to-excellent between all pairs of readers (range, 0.73–0.91). The urologists’ sensitivity/specificity values for DCE-MRI VI-RADS scores were significantly lower than those of radiologists. No significant differences were observed for the overall VI-RADS score. The AUC for the overall VI-RADS score was 0.94, 0.92, 0.89, and 0.87 for radiologists 1 and 2 and urologists 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions: The VI-RADS score, based on multiparametric MRI including 3D FSE T2-weighted acquisitions, can be useful for radiologists and urologists to determine the bladder cancer muscle invasion status preoperatively. Key Points: • VI-RADS (using multiparametric MRI including 3D FSE T2-weighted acquisitions) achieves good to excellent interobserver agreement and has similar diagnostic performance for detecting muscle invasion by both radiologists and urologists. • The diagnostic performance of the overall VI-RADS score is high for both radiologists and urologists, particularly due to the dominant effect of diffusion-weighted imaging on the overall VI-RADS score. • The sensitivity and specificity values of the T2WI VI-RADS scores for four readers in our study (using 3D FSE T2-weighted acquisitions) were similar (with slightly higher specificity values) to previously published results (using 2D FSE T2-weighted acquisitions).