論文

© 2018 Background: The relationship between dopamine D 2 receptor (D 2 R) occupancy and impaired illness awareness (IIA) remains unclear. While IIA is associated with illness severity and cognitive dysfunction, antipsychotic medication, the principal treatment for schizophrenia, indirectly improves IIA, but may simultaneously contribute to cognitive dysfunction at supratherapeutic doses. Aim and methods: We investigated the influence of estimated D 2 R (Est.D 2 R) occupancy by antipsychotics on the relationships between IIA and illness severity, and IIA and cognition. IIA was assessed in 373 adult patients with schizophrenia (18−62 years) using data from CATIE. IIA was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) item G12. D 2 R occupancy levels were estimated from plasma concentrations for risperidone, olanzapine, and ziprasidone. Correlation, regression, and path analyses were performed to examine IIA's relationship to illness severity, cognition, and Est.D 2 R. Results: Illness severity was predictive of IIA. However, premorbid IQ, cognition, and Est.D 2 R did not predict IIA, and Est.D 2 R did not serve either a moderating or mediating role in both regression and path analyses. Conclusions: Consistent with previous literature, our results suggest that IIA is a function of illness severity in adult patients with schizophrenia. Future studies should explore whether D 2 R occupancy mediates the relationships between IIA and illness severity, and IIA and cognitive dysfunction, in late-life schizophrenia (i.e. ≥60 years) given the effects of aging on cognition, IIA, and antipsychotic sensitivity.

© 2017 Kitahata et al. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate subjective (self-rated), family-rated, and objective (researcher-rated) cognitive functions in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy. Method: We conducted a prospective study to trace self-rated cognitive functions in 30 patients with breast cancer at the completion of chemotherapy (T0) and 6 months later (T1). Subjective cognitive functions were assessed with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-S), and Everyday Memory Checklist (EMC-S) for attention, executive function, and episodic memory, respectively. Their family members also completed DEX-I and EMC-I for executive function and episodic memory, respectively. We also examined objective cognitive functions. Self-rated cognitive functions were compared with the normative data. They were compared between T0 and T1. We calculated correlation coefficients between self-rated and other cognitive functions. Results: At T0, 6 (20.0%) and 2 (6.7%) participants showed higher DEX-S and EMC-S scores than the normative data, respectively, while no participant had abnormal CFQ scores. At T1, DEX-S and EMC-S scores were normalized in 3 (50.0%) and 2 (100.0%) participants, respectively. No participant showed increases in CFQ scores. No changes were found in objective cognitive functions from T0 to T1. DEX-S and DEX-I or EMC-S and EMC-I scores were correlated at both T0 and T1, which did not survive multiple corrections. There was no association between subjective and objective cognitive functions. Conclusion: Impairments in subjective cognition may be transient after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, patients and their families appear to share similar prospects on their cognitive functions.

OBJECTIVE:: It is generally held that the elderly are more sensitive to motor side effects of antipsychotics, although the mechanisms for such an effect are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to examine whether this sensitivity is due to a central pharmacokinetic (i.e., higher occupancy for a given plasma level) or pharmacodynamic (i.e., greater functional effects for a given occupancy) effect. DESIGN:: Crosssectional. SETTING:: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS:: Thirteen subjects aged 50 (mean ± standard deviation age: 62 ± 9 years) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were receiving risperidone. MEASUREMENTS:: Dopamine D2 binding potential in the striatum, using [C]raclopride positron emission tomography scan. D2 receptor occupancy was calculated, using age-corrected measure from healthy individuals and region of interest analysis. RESULTS:: The authors observed the expected nonlinear relationship between total risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma level and striatal D2 receptor occupancy. The estimated plasma level of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone associated with 50% maximal receptor occupancy was 7.3 ng/mL, which is similar to what has been reported in younger patients. However, extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) were observed in seven subjects at D2 occupancy of 34%-79%, occupancy levels that are lower than previously reported for younger patients in whom EPS are rare at occupancies lower than 80%. CONCLUSION:: The observation of greater functional effect (EPS in this case) for a given drug occupancy than the younger patients supports a pharmacodynamic mechanism for age-related antipsychotic drug sensitivity. This finding has important implications for dosing of antipsychotics in older patients with schizophrenia. © 2009 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

© 2015 by The Keio Journal of Medicine. Steroid psychosis is a frequent complication of steroid treatment. Although perioperative steroid replacement therapy is generally administered in patients undergoing pituitary surgery, there are no previous reports concerning the development of steroid psychosis after perioperative steroid replacement therapy following pituitary surgery. We herein report a case of steroid psychosis induced by perioperative steroid replacement therapy for pituitary surgery. A 35-year-old man presented with a visual disturbance that had persisted for 1 year. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed a large pituitary tumor, and a laboratory study revealed slight dysfunction of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. The patient was diagnosed with a non-functioning pituitary tumor and underwent tumor resection via the endoscopic endonasal approach. The initial dose of perioperative steroid replacement therapy was 200 mg of hydrocortisone administered immediately before the operation. The replacement dose was gradually tapered and discontinued over a 7-day period. On postoperative day 4, the patient exhibited an elated mood, grandiose delusions, anxiety, and agitation. We diagnosed these psychiatric symptoms as steroid psychosis induced by steroid replacement and we prescribed risperidone as a treatment. The symptoms gradually improved and did not recur. This case highlights the risk of steroid psychosis following treatment with perioperative steroid replacement therapy for pituitary adenoma and raises questions regarding the appropriateness of perioperative steroid replacement for pituitary adenoma.

Background: While it has been reported that physicians may under-recognize adverse effects of antidepressants thoroughly in clinical settings, subjective bias in recognition of adverse effects (AEs) with antidepressants has not been specifically investigated. Methods: Four-hundred ninety-three participants with depressive disorders (ICD-10) were assessed for the severity of 20 common AEs and their inferred causal relationship with antidepressants, together with the Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptoms (QIDS). These assessments occurred twice at the 1st visit (when they were antidepressant free) and 2nd visit (10 days after the initiation of antidepressants). 'Possible AEs' and 'under-recognized AEs' were defined as 'events with exacerbation in the severity' and 'events with negative causal attribution to antidepressants' at the time of the 2nd visit, respectively. Results: Three-hundred sixty-three participants (73.6%) experienced ≥1 under-recognized AEs. Flu like symptoms (96.5% of participants who experienced possible AEs), sexual dysfunction (94.2%), blurred vision (93.4%), anxiety/tension (91.1%) and sweating (89.2%) were found to be prevalent as under-recognized AEs. Participants with under-recognized AEs had less improvement in the QIDS than those without (27.1% vs. 11.1% decrease, p < 0.001). Limitations: It is intrinsically challenging to exactly differentiate between antidepressant AEs and symptoms of depression. And the severity of depression, that of AEs and causal relationship between AEs and antidepressants were assessed not by objective but subjective scales. Conclusions: An overall trend to under-recognize AEs of antidepressants was found and people with a lesser degree of early improvement tend to understate the causality, which has an implication in interpreting voluntarily expression of AEs. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) and estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels in patients with schizophrenia, using the dataset from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE). Methods: The dataset from 218 subjects (risperidone, N = 78; olanzapine, N = 100; ziprasidone, N = 40) who presented with a score of zero on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) at baseline in Phase 1 of the CATIE study, and remained for ≥. 6. months, was used. Peak and trough dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels on the day of the AIMS assessment at the endpoint were estimated from plasma antipsychotic concentrations, using population pharmacokinetic analysis and our D2 prediction model. The estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels were compared between patients who presented an AIMS score of ≥. 2 at endpoint and those with a score of zero, using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels at trough were significantly higher in subjects who developed involuntary movements (N = 23) than those who did not (N = 195) (71.7. ±. 14.4% vs. 64.3. ±. 19.3%, p. < 0.05) while no significant difference was found in the estimated peak D2 receptor occupancy between them (75.4. ±. 8.7% vs. 72.1. ±. 9.9%, p. = 0.07). When the analyses were separately conducted for the three drugs, there were no significant differences in estimated peak or trough D2 occupancy although the values were consistently numerically higher among those developing involuntary movements. Conclusion: Greater dopamine D2 receptor blockade with antipsychotics at trough might increase the risk of tardive involuntary movements although this finding needs to be replicated in larger trials. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Long-term follow-up data of patients with schizophrenia on depot antipsychotics have been few and the longest follow-up period has been up to 7 years. We carried out a systematic chart review to examine 10-year outcomes for outpatients with schizophrenia who were receiving a conventional depot antipsychotic. Maintenance of outpatient status for 10 years was considered as a favorable outcome. From the initial sample of 1587 outpatients, 90 patients who were receiving a depot antipsychotic were included in this study (mean±SD, age 44.0±13.0 years; men, N=54). Haloperidol decanoate, fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine enanthate, and haloperidol decanoate plus fluphenazine enanthate were used in 53 (58.9%), 29 (32.2%), seven (7.8%), and one (1.1%) patients, respectively. These depot antipsychotics accounted for 36.9% of the total antipsychotic dosage on average. Seventeen patients (18.9%) successfully maintained outpatient status for 10 years. The most frequent reason for dropout was 'hospitalization' (N=49, 54.4%), followed by 'referral to another clinic/hospital' (N=9, 10.0%) and 'side effects' (N=7, 7.8%). As only 36.9% of the chlorpromazine equivalents were administered through depot antipsychotics, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusion. Still, the data suggest that even depot antipsychotics may not sufficiently prevent relapse in the treatment of schizophrenia. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Background: Position emission tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]-setoperone to quantify cortical 5-HT2A receptors has the potential to inform pharmacological treatments for geriatric depression and dementia. Prior reports indicate a significant normal aging effect on serotonin 5HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) binding potential. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest variability of [18F]-setoperone PET with a high resolution scanner (HRRT) for measuring 5HT2AR availability in subjects greater than 60 years old. Methods: Six healthy subjects (age range = 65-78 years) completed two [18F]-setoperone PET scans on two separate occasions 5-16 weeks apart. Results: The average difference in the binding potential (BPND) as measured on the two occasions in the frontal and temporal cortical regions ranged between 2 and 12%, with the lowest intraclass correlation coefficient in anterior cingulate regions. Conclusion: We conclude that the test-retest variability of [18F]-setoperone PET in elderly subjects is comparable to that of [18F]-setoperone and other 5HT2AR radiotracers in younger subject samples. © 2009 Chow et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

The 2nd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference, was held in Florence, Italy, April 10-15, 2010. Student travel awardees served as rapporteurs of each oral session and focused their summaries on the most significant findings that emerged from each session and the discussions that followed. The following report is a composite of these reviews. It is hoped that it will provide an overview for those who were present, but could not participate in all sessions, and those who did not have the opportunity to attend, but who would be interested in an update on current investigations ongoing in the field of schizophrenia research. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The 3rd Schizophrenia International Research Society Conference was held in Florence, Italy, April 14-18, 2012 and this year had as its emphasis, "The Globalization of Research". Student travel awardees served as rapporteurs for each oral session and focused their summaries on the most significant findings that emerged and the discussions that followed. The following report is a composite of these summaries. We hope that it will provide an overview for those who were present, but could not participate in all sessions, and those who did not have the opportunity to attend, but who would be interested in an update on current investigations ongoing in the field of schizophrenia research. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

To examine the effect of prolactin-raising antipsychotics on bone mineral density (BMD), data of 164 schizophrenia patients who received ?. 2 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were analyzed (49.3% men; mean. ±. SD age: 58.5. ±. 11.0. years; duration of treatment: 26.7. ± 13.8. years). Patients were divided into a prolactin-raising antipsychotic (n = 141) or prolactin-sparing (n = 23) group, and time x group interaction was examined using mixed effect model. Although the BMD difference did not reach significance over 3.4. ± 1.6. years, a significant antipsychotic-class vs. time interaction was found (p = 0.011), indicating a negative impact of prolactin-raising antipsychotics on BMD. Large-scale, randomized-controlled data are required to replicate and extend these findings. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.