論文

Objective: The aim of this post hoc analysis was to evaluate which specific depressive items could predict subsequent durable recovery in patients with bipolar depression. Methods: The study population was at least 18 years old and met DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode associated with either bipolar I or II disorder. The data were derived from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), in which patients with bipolar depression were randomly assigned to treatment for acute depression with a mood stabilizer plus an adjunctive antidepressant drug or placebo. The primary and secondary outcomes were durable recovery (ie, 8 consecutive weeks of euthymia) and treatment-emergent affective switch (ie, transition to mania or hypomania), respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify specific symptoms whose improvement during the first 2 weeks predicted those outcomes; the score change of each individual symptom in the continuous symptom subscales for depression (SUM-D) from week 0 to week 2 was used as an independent variable. Results: In the evaluable 188 participants who took placebo and active drugs, the improvement in loss of self-esteem (P =.037) or loss of energy (P =.040) at week 2 was significantly associated with higher chances of subsequent durable recovery. For participants taking active drugs (n = 91), solely the improvement in loss of energy at week 2 was significantly associated with subsequent durable recovery (P =.027). There was a significant association between the improvement of psychomotor retardation at week 2 and subsequent affective switch (P =.008). Conclusions: These findings imply that focusing on individual symptoms is important in bipolar depression, rather than relying solely on a summed score in rating scales. Trial Registration: The original STEP-BD dataset is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT00012558).

Objective: The impact of religious/spiritual activities on clinical outcomes in patients with serious mental illnesses remains controversial, which was addressed in this international cross-sectional study. Method: Three-hundred sixty-nine subjects were recruited from Austria (n = 189) and Japan (n = 180), consisting of 112 outpatients with paranoid schizophrenia, 120 with bipolar I disorder (DSM-IV), and 137 healthy controls. Religiosity was assessed in terms of attendance and importance of religious/spiritual activities, while resilience was assessed using the 25-item Resilience Scale. General linear models were used to test whether higher religiosity will be associated with higher resilience, higher social functioning, and lower psychopathology. The association between levels of spiritual well-being and resilience was also examined. Results: Attendance of religious services (F[4,365] = 0.827, P = 0.509) and importance of religion/spirituality (F[3,365] = 1.513, P = 0.211) did not show significant associations with resilience. Regarding clinical measures, a modest association between higher importance of religion/spirituality and residual manic symptoms was observed in bipolar patients (F[3,118] = 3.120, P = 0.029). In contrast to the findings regarding religiosity, spiritual well-being showed a strong positive correlation with resilience (r = 0.584, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The protective effect of religiosity in terms of resilience, social functioning, and psychopathology was not evident in our sample. Spiritual well-being appears more relevant to resilience than religiosity.

Objectives To assess the impact of reducing the dose of antipsychotics on cognition and dopaminergic D2 receptor availability in the whole striatum, and identify their relationship in patients with schizophrenia aged 50 years or older. Design Open-label prospective PET [11C]-raclopride study. Setting A tertiary care center outpatient setting. Participants Thirty-seven clinically stable participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, aged 50 years or greater, and having been treated with olanzapine or risperidone monotherapy at the same dose for at least 6 months. Intervention Gradual reduction in their olanzapine or risperidone daily dose of up to 40%. Measurements Clinical and cognitive assessments, and [11C]-raclopride PET to determine D2 receptor availability at baseline and after the dose reduction. Main outcome measures were overall cognition and D2 receptor availability in whole striatum. Results Reducing the antipsychotic dose resulted in an increase in D2 receptor availability in the whole striatum and an association between D2 receptor availability and overall cognition despite lack of change in the latter. There was also an association between change in D2 receptor availability and change in overall cognition. Conclusions Our findings suggest that optimizing D2 receptor availability by reducing antipsychotic dose allows this system to contribute more significantly to cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. This uncovered association could be harnessed by cognitive-enhancing interventions.

Objective: Although hyperprolactinemia carries a long-Term risk of morbidity, the threshold of dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) occupancy for hyperprolactinemia has not been investigated in older patients with schizophrenia. Data were taken from a positron emission tomography (PET) study conducted between August 2007 and August 2015. The present post hoc study included 42 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) (mean SD age = 60.2 6.7 years) taking olanzapine or risperidone. Subjects underwent [11C]-raclopride PET scans to measure D2/3R occupancy before and after reducing their dose of antipsychotic by up to 40%. Blood samples were collected before each PET scan to measure prolactin levels. Methods: The relationship between prolactin levels and D2/3R occupancy was examined using stepwise linear regression analyses. The D2/3R occupancy thresholds for hyperprolactinemia were explored using Fisher exact tests. Results: Prolactin levels decreased following dose reduction (mean SD = 24.1 30.2 ng/mL to 17.2 15.1 ng/mL; P < .001). Prolactin levels were associated with female gender (β = .32, P = .006, vs male), antipsychotics (β = .23, P = .02, risperidone vs olanzapine), and D2/3R occupancy (β = .23, P = .04). Those with D2/3R occupancy of 66% or higher were more likely to have hyperprolactinemia than those with D2/3R occupancy lower than 66% (P = .03). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this threshold were 0.44, 0.81, 0.78, and 0.48, respectively. We identified a D2/3R occupancy threshold for hyperprolactinemia of 66% in older patients with schizophrenia, which is lower than that reported in younger patients (73%) by other researchers. Conclusions: Our results suggest a higher sensitivity to antipsychotics in older patients. Prolactin levels could assist in the determination of appropriate antipsychotic dosing to minimize adverse effects.

Objective: While doctors often increase the dose of an antipsychotic when there is insufficient response, there is limited evidence that this intervention is any better than waiting longer on the lower dose. We put the proposition to test. Method: In this 4-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted in psychiatric care from September 2012 to March 2015, 103 patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10) who did not respond to olanzapine 10 mg/d or risperidone 3 mg/d were randomly allocated to a dose-increment or -continuation group. In the increment group, antipsychotic doses were doubled for 4 weeks, whereas in the continuation group, doses were not changed. Completion rate (primary outcome measure); changes in psychopathology, function, and extrapyramidal symptoms; and response rate were compared between the groups. The relationship between baseline plasma antipsychotic concentrations and changes in psychopathology was examined. Results: The completion rate was significantly lower in the increment group than in the continuation group (69.2% [36/52] vs 86.3% [44/51], P = .038). No significant superiority was observed in any of the outcome measures in the increment group compared to the continuation group, except the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale score change in intentionto- treat analysis. Those with lower plasma concentrations of olanzapine on their initial treatment showed a greater improvement on the PANSS positive subscale when their dose was increased (P = .042). Conclusions: As a general strategy, patients with schizophrenia failing to respond to moderate antipsychotic doses may not benefit from an increase in dose. The possibility of benefit in those whose plasma antipsychotic concentrations at baseline are still low cannot be ruled out. Trial Registration: UMIN.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm identifier: UMIN000008667.

The authors regret < EQ-5D index values in Table 1 are incorrect; “EQ-5D index; Ohshima Island: 6.2 ± 1.5 (5–10), Urban area: 6.2 ± 1.6 (5–11), p-value = 0.875” should be replaced with “EQ-5D index; Ohshima Island: 0.830 ± 0.154 (0.532–1.000), Urban area: 0.847 ± 0.169 (0.483–1.000), p-value = 0.594”>. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Objective: Prediction of response or nonresponse to antipsychotics is especially important in patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in whom antipsychotic exposure increases risks of death. This study examined whether the presence or absence of early improvement of BPSD with antipsychotics is associated with subsequent response or nonresponse. Methods: In a post-hoc analysis of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE-AD) study (2001-2004) (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00015548) in 45 U.S. sites, 245 subjects (olanzapine, N = 90; quetiapine, N = 81; risperidone, N = 74) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type who presented with a score of 1 or more in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at baseline (phase I of CATIE-AD) were randomly assigned to treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or placebo in a double-blind manner. Associations were examined between response at week 8 and demographic and clinical characteristics, including BPRS total score reduction at week 2, using logistic regression analyses. Prediction performance of binary classification (presence or absence) of improvement or no improvement at week 2 for response at week 8 was examined. Results: BPRS total score reduction at week 2 (mean percentage score reduction: 12.6%) was significantly associated with response at week 8 (odds ratio: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.11-1.26). The 5% score reduction cut-off at week 2 showed the highest accuracy (0.71), with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictivevalues of 0.76, 0.65, 0.69, and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion: Lack of even a very small early improvement with antipsychotic treatment may be a marker of subsequent nonresponse in BPSD.

Introduction: Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels needed for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia remain to be elucidated. We examined 3-year clinical outcomes of patients with schizophrenia who received long-acting injectable risperidone (LAI risperidone) at baseline and investigated their dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels, estimated from plasma drug concentrations. Methods: A chart review of 52 outpatients with schizophrenia who participated in the original cross-sectional study was conducted to examine their 3-year clinical outcomes between April and September 2015. Patients who continued outpatient treatment with LAI risperidone without any usage of concomitant chlorpromazine equivalent antipsychotic dosage at >200 mg/day for the 3-year period were asked to participate in the follow-up assessments that included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy levels at trough, using plasma concentrations of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Data were compared with the same patients collected 3 years earlier. Results: Among the original 52 participants, 14 participants (27 %) continued outpatient treatment with LAI risperidone. Ten participants (19 %) provided plasma samples; mean ± SD measured trough concentration of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone significantly increased from 22.9 ± 15.6 to 31.8 ± 17.5 ng/mL (P = 0.02). Estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy numerically increased from 63.0 ± 10.9 to 69.0 ± 11.0 % (P = 0.12). A significant worsening was observed in the BPRS total score among these patients (mean ± SD, 34.3 ± 12.7 to 46.5 ± 16.9, P = 0.003). Conclusion: Paradoxically, the increased plasma concentration was found to be associated with a significant worsening of the clinical outcome. More investigations are indicated to shed further light on optimal levels of D2 blockade in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia.

No study has investigated psychological dependence on antidepressants in patients with panic disorder, which was addressed in this study. This study was carried out in four psychiatric clinics in Tokyo, Japan. Individuals were eligible if they were outpatients aged 18 years or older and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder (ICD-10). Assessments included the Japanese Versions of the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), the Self-Report Version of Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report. Eighty-four individuals were included; of these, 30 patients (35.7%) showed psychological dependence on antidepressants (i.e. a total score of ≥5 in the SDS). A multiple regression analysis showed that PDSS scores and illness duration were correlated positively with SDS total scores. A binary regression model showed that absence of remission (i.e. a total score of ≥5 in the PDSS) and longer duration of illness increased the risk of dependence on antidepressants. Approximately one-third of the patients with panic disorder, receiving antidepressants, fulfilled the criteria for psychological dependence on these drugs. The results underscore the need for close monitoring, especially for those who present severe symptomatology or have a chronic course of the illness.

Catatonia is a syndrome of motor and psychological disturbances, which is accompanied by blood stasis that increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of DVT in catatonic patients in comparison to that in non-catatonic physically restrained patients. We conducted a chart review of involuntarily hospitalized patients from 2010 to 2013 at Sakuragaoka Memorial Hospital in Japan. Routine screening of DVT has been conducted for catatonic patients and restrained patients in this hospital. Catatonic patients were identified based on descriptions of charts and sorted to two subtypes (i.e. retarded and excited forms). A Doppler ultrasound scanning was performed to examine the presence of DVT. The incidence of DVT was compared among retarded and excited catatonic patients and non-catatonic restrained patients. There were 79 catatonic patients, of whom 42 were retarded. The incidence of DVT was 25.3% (20/79) in the catatonic patients. The retarded catatonic patients demonstrated a significantly higher incidence rate than the restrained non-catatonic patients (35.7% [15/42] vs. 10.6% [31/272], adjusted OR, 4.47). The incidence of DVT in catatonic patients, especially in the retarded form, was considerably high, which suggests the importance of prophylaxis of DVT.

Resilience is becoming an important topic in people with schizophrenia since there is evidence that it increases the probability for long-term recovery. The current study investigated transcultural differences in resilience across schizophrenia patients from two different geographical regions, Austria and Japan. Another objective was to examine transcultural differences in internalized stigma, self-esteem, and hopelessness, which can be expected to be relevant in this context, as well as the interrelations between these subjective elements of recovery and symptom severity. To this end, patients from outpatient mental health services in Innsbruck, Austria (= 52) and Tokyo, Japan (= 60) as well as 137 healthy comparison subjects from both countries were included into this cross-sectional study. Notably, we detected a significant country effect with markedly lower resilience (= 74.4, p <0.001) and self-esteem scores (= 226.0, p <0.001) as well as higher hopelessness scores (= 37.4, p <0.001) among Japanese subjects in general. In addition, both Austrian and Japanese patients indicated significantly lower degrees of resilience (= 57.5, p <0.001), self-esteem (= 51.8, p <0.001), and hope (= 29.5, p <0.001) compared to healthy control subjects. The inter-correlations between subjective elements of recovery were comparable in size in the two patient samples, but the inter-correlations between these issues and residual symptoms of schizophrenia as objective domains of recovery were markedly higher in Austrian subjects. This suggests that schizophrenia patients from Western European and Japanese cultures may have different needs to achieve recovery. In conclusion, it will be critical to develop culture-specific psychosocial programs and to examine their feasibility and effectiveness among these patients.

The resilience levels between patients with schizophrenia residing in a rural island and a metropolitan area in Tokyo, Japan, was compared and the factors associated with resilience were explored. The Resilience Scale (RS) and EuroQol were assessed, together with biological markers and multiple demographic variables. No significant difference was found in the RS scores between the two groups (40 subjects each). However, longer duration of illness and higher EuroQol score were significantly associated with a greater RS score, which indicates that potentially successful adaptation and subjective perspectives appear more pertinent than the degree of urbanicity in determining resilience levels.

Coordinated bodily balance is necessary to prevent falls, where postural sway and/or body inflexibility should be relevant. We aimed to assess postural sway and flexibility in patients with schizophrenia and identify clinical characteristics. Postural sway (length and range of trunk motion, and Romberg ratio) and flexibility (anteflexion in sitting) were measured in schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Drug Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) were used for the assessment of psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms, respectively. Characteristics associated with postural sway and flexibility were examined with regression analysis. A total of 100 patients (68 men, mean ± S.D. age: 49.3 ± 13.8 years, PANSS score: 83.4 ± 15.1, DIEPSS score: 2.2 ± 2.2) participated in this study. The anteflexion in sitting was not significantly correlated with length of trunk motion, range of trunk motion, or Romberg ratio. Postural instability was associated with higher DIEPSS overall severity score and PANSS positive symptoms. A significant correlation was also found between less flexibility and increased PANSS negative symptoms. In conclusion, flexibility and postural stability might be regarded as separate elements of physical fitness in schizophrenia. Prospective exercise intervention would be worthy of investigation to enhance postural stability and flexibility in an effort to prevent falls.

Objective: To explore risk factors for relapse of paralytic ileus in a psychiatric population. Method: We conducted a systematic chart-review to examine two-year relapse rates in psychiatric patients who received treatment for ileus from 2008 to 2012. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and relapse of ileus. Results: Sixty-three subjects (38 women; age, 66.0±11.3 years) were included; 62 subjects recovered from ileus. During the subsequent 2 years, 26 (41.3%) subjects experienced relapse. In the entire sample, relapse of ileus was associated with history of abdominal surgery (P = .03, odds ratio=4.34, 95% CI=1.15-16.42) and duration of psychiatric disorders (P = .02, odds ratio=1.00, 95% CI=1.00-1.00). In a subgroup of 43 subjects with schizophrenia, history of abdominal surgery (P = .01, odds ratio=12.09, 95% CI=1.78-82.15) and age (P = .02, odds ratio=1.12, 95% CI=1.02-1.23) predicted relapse of ileus. Conclusions: Since relapse of ileus is common and can be serious in psychiatric patients, special attention is warranted to those who are old, have a history of abdominal surgery or a longer duration of psychiatric disorders to prevent relapse of ileus.

Background. Population pharmacokinetics can predict antipsychotic blood concentrations at a given time point prior to a dosage change. Those predicted blood concentrations could be used to estimate the corresponding dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3R) occupancy by antipsychotics based on the tight relationship between blood and brain pharmacokinetics. However, this 2-step prediction has never been tested. Methods. Two blood samples were collected at separate time points from 32 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; mean ± SD age: 60.1±7.3 years) to measure plasma concentrations of olanzapine or risperidone at baseline. Then, subjects underwent a dose reduction of olanzapine or risperidone and completed a [11C]-raclopride positron emission tomography scan to measure D2/3R occupancy in the putamen. The plasma concentration at the time of the scan was predicted with the 2 samples based on population pharmacokinetic model, using NONMEM. D2/3R occupancy was then estimated by incorporating the predicted plasma concentration in a hyperbole saturation model. The predicted occupancy was compared to the observed value. Results. The mean (95% CI) prediction errors for the prediction of D2/3R occupancy were -1.76% (-5.11 to 1.58) for olanzapine and 0.64% (-6.18 to 7.46) for risperidone. The observed and predicted D2/3R occupancy levels were highly correlated (r = 0.67, P =. 001 for olanzapine; r = 0.67, P =. 02 for risperidone). Conclusions. D2/3R occupancy levels can be predicted from blood drug concentrations collected prior to dosage change. Although this 2-step model is subject to a small degree of error, it could be used to select oral doses aimed at achieving optimal D2/3R occupancy on an individual basis.

Hypofunction of N-methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been proposed to have an important role in the cognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia. Although glutamate modulators may be effective in reversing such difficult-to-treat conditions, the results of individual studies thus far have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-Analysis to examine whether glutamate positive modulators have beneficial effects on cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. A literature search was conducted to identify double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia or related disorders, using Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO (last search: February 2015). The effects of glutamate positive modulators on cognitive deficits were evaluated for overall cognitive function and eight cognitive domains by calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) between active drugs and placebo added to antipsychotics. Seventeen studies (N=1391) were included. Glutamate positive modulators were not superior to placebo in terms of overall cognitive function (SMD=0.08, 95% confidence interval=-0.06 to 0.23) (11 studies, n=858) nor each of eight cognitive domains (SMDs=-0.03 to 0.11) (n=367-940) in this population. Subgroup analyses by diagnosis (schizophrenia only studies), concomitant antipsychotics, or pathway of drugs to enhance the glutamatergic neurotransmission (glycine allosteric site of NMDA receptors or α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors) suggested no procognitive effect of glutamate positive modulators. Further, no effect was found in individual compounds on cognition. In conclusion, glutamate positive modulators may not be effective in reversing overall cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia as adjunctive therapies.

Introduction: Due to high inter-individual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics currently relies on clinical trial-and-error, and predicting antipsychotic plasma concentrations before changing a dose has been a challenge. Methods: Patients with schizophrenia receiving a stable dose of olanzapine were included. 2 plasma samples were collected at 2 given time points for the measurement of plasma olanzapine concentrations. At least 7 days after a dosage change of olanzapine, a third sample was collected. The plasma concentration of the third sample was predicted in a blinded fashion using a mixed-effects model with NONMEM®, using the following information: the 2 baseline plasma concentrations, the interval between the last dose and blood draw, and clinical and demographic information. Results: 31 subjects (mean±SD age=56.0±11.6; 19 men) were enrolled. The mean prediction (95% confidence interval) errors were 1.6 (-2.8 to 6.0) ng/mL. A highly significant correlation was observed between the observed and predicted concentrations of the third sample (r=0.91, p