論文

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York. Introduction: Due to high inter-individual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics currently relies on clinical trial-and-error, and predicting antipsychotic plasma concentrations before changing a dose has been a challenge. Methods: Patients with schizophrenia receiving a stable dose of olanzapine were included. 2 plasma samples were collected at 2 given time points for the measurement of plasma olanzapine concentrations. At least 7 days after a dosage change of olanzapine, a third sample was collected. The plasma concentration of the third sample was predicted in a blinded fashion using a mixed-effects model with NONMEM®, using the following information: the 2 baseline plasma concentrations, the interval between the last dose and blood draw, and clinical and demographic information. Results: 31 subjects (mean±SD age=56.0±11.6; 19 men) were enrolled. The mean prediction (95% confidence interval) errors were 1.6 (-2.8 to 6.0) ng/mL. A highly significant correlation was observed between the observed and predicted concentrations of the third sample (r=0.91, p<0.001). Discussion: Plasma olanzapine concentrations following an actual dosage change can be predicted in advance with a high degree of certainty.

© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Background: Residual symptoms are detrimental to prognosis in major depressive disorder (MDD); however, little is known about the contribution of each residual symptom in predicting outcomes. The objective of this analysis was to identify which individual symptoms, based on self-report and clinician interview, could predict subsequent relapse. Methods: The data of 1133 outpatients with nonpsychotic MDD who entered a 12-month naturalistic follow-up phase after achieving remission with level 1 treatment (i.e., citalopram for up to 14 weeks) and had at least one post-baseline contact in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial were analyzed. Specific residual symptoms in the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, self-report (QIDS-SR16) and clinician rating (QIDS-C16), at the follow-up entry that predicted relapse were identified, using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The following three QIDS-SR16 symptoms were significantly associated with subsequent relapse: restlessness (HR = 1.197, p = 0.018), hypersomnia (HR = 1.190, p = 0.009), and weight change (HR = 1.127, p = 0.041). On the other hand, the following three symptoms in the QIDS-C16 at the follow-up entry were significantly associated with relapse in the follow-up phase: restlessness (HR = 1.328, p = 0.001), sleep onset insomnia (HR = 1.129, p = 0.047), and weight change (HR = 1.125, p = 0.045). Limitations: The original trial was not designed to evaluate the issue addressed herein. Individual symptoms may be associated with each other and functional status was not addressed. Conclusions: Some residual symptoms, including restlessness, insomnia, and weight change, may help better identify patients with MDD vulnerable to relapse. Contribution of individual residual symptoms to subsequent relapse was similar between self-report and clinician-rated symptoms.

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Introduction: Little attention has been paid to the contribution of individual residual symptom to predict relapse in patients with schizophrenia receiving oral or long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. Method: We used the data from the Preventing Relapse on Oral Antipsychotics Compared to Injectables - Evaluating Efficacy (PROACTIVE) study, in which 305 outpatients with schizophrenia were randomly allocated to either biweekly LAI-risperidone (LAI-R) or daily oral second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) and assessed for up to 30 months. Baseline individual symptoms that could predict subsequent relapse were identified, using a Cox proportional hazards model. Moreover, among those who relapsed during the study (n = 73), individual symptoms were compared between baseline and biweekly ratings 8 to 2 weeks before relapse, using the linear mixed model. Results: A greater score in grandiosity at baseline was significantly associated with subsequent relapse (adjusted HR = 1.24, p = 0.006). When the two treatment groups were separately analyzed, more severe grandiosity (adjusted HR = 1.43, p = 0.003) and less severe hallucinatory behavior (adjusted HR = 0.70, p = 0.013) at baseline were significantly associated with relapse in the oral SGA group, but none was identified in the LAI-R group. Emotional withdrawal was significantly worse 8 and 2 weeks before relapse compared to the baseline (p = 0.032 and p = 0.043, respectively). Discussion: More severe grandiosity and less hallucination may have led to more frequent relapses in patients with schizophrenia receiving oral antipsychotics, which was not a case in those receiving LAI-R. The exploratory analysis indicates an increase in emotional withdrawal before relapse may be a useful marker for earlier interventions to possibly avert relapse.

Sixty-one patients with schizophrenia stably treated with risperidone or olanzapine were randomly assigned to dose-reduction-by-half group or dose maintenance group. Subjective experiences were assessed at baseline and 28 weeks using three different self-rating scales. No significant differences in changes of subjective experiences were observed between the two groups. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, Keio University School of Medicine has, at the request of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, provided mental health and psychosocial support to those living in Soma City in Fukushima Prefecture. This report covers the types of support provided in Soma City and discusses previous studies that were used as the model for current support practice and the results gained from actual performance. Also included is a summary of the objectives that were or were not achieved for medical support compared with recommendations from previous studies. Furthermore, future directions for medical support are also discussed. © 2012 by The Keio Journal of Medicine.

The magnitude of rater differences, instead of interrater reliability, in the assessment scales of schizophrenia has rarely been investigated and was therefore addressed in this study.Thirty-six patients with schizophrenia were independently assessed by 4 expert physicians, using clinical rating scales including the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The scores obtained by the physician in charge (PIC), who had a long close contact with the patients, served as the referent answer for the purpose of this study. The scores rated by the other 3 non-PIC psychiatrists, who had a first formal examination with them, were evaluated for percentage deviance from the referent answer.The results showed that the PIC raters endorsed the numerically highest score in 20 (56%) of the 36 patients, whereas they rated the lowest in only 2 (6%) in the PANSS total score. The non-PIC assessors on the average underrated the PANSS total score by 10%, and such a tendency of underestimating the severity was noted across other clinical scales. Furthermore, the PANSS total score by one of the non-PIC physicians was deviant from the referent answer by at least 20% in 15 (42%) of 36 instances. Importantly, this magnitude of deviance was noted in the context of an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.92.This unique investigation disclosed clinically pertinent differences among raters, even under an excellent interrater reliability. The magnitude of differences described herein seems to be an underestimation, and the baseline scores by the independent new raters might need to be corrected for those by the PICs. © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

© 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Purpose/Background Patients with schizophrenia as well as their psychiatrists are hesitant to reduce the antipsychotic dose in fear of relapse. To overcome such dilemmas, we developed models to individually calculate an oral dose that corresponds to a given target dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Methods/Procedures In this pilot, 52-week single-blind randomized controlled trial, 35 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia receiving either risperidone or olanzapine monotherapy were randomly assigned to dose reduction (n = 17) or dose maintenance group (n = 18). In the former group, baseline doses were reduced to the doses corresponding to 65% D2 occupancy (the lower end of therapeutic window) at trough that were calculated from randomly collected plasma concentrations using our models. Findings/Results In the dose reduction group, doses of risperidone and olanzapine were decreased from 4.2 ± 1.9 to 1.4 ± 0.4 and 12.8 ± 3.9 to 6.7 ± 1.8 mg/d, whereas the doses in the dose maintenance group were 4.3 ± 1.9 and 15.8 ± 4.6 mg/d, respectively. Twelve subjects (70.5%) and 13 subjects (72.2%) in the dose reduction and dose maintenance groups completed the study (P = 0.604), whereas 3 subjects (18.8%) and none dropped out because of clinical worsening in the dose reduction and dose maintenance groups, respectively. There were not significant differences in score changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale between the 2 groups but in Positive subscale scores in the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (0.4 ± 0.7 in the dose reduction group vs -0.1 ± 0.7 in the dose maintenance group, P = 0.029). Implications/Conclusions Although our model-guided dose reduction strategy was found to be comparable with no-dose change in terms of dropout rates, safety issues have to be further examined.

© 2017 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry Objective Prediction of response or nonresponse to antipsychotics is especially important in patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in whom antipsychotic exposure increases risks of death. This study examined whether the presence or absence of early improvement of BPSD with antipsychotics is associated with subsequent response or nonresponse. Methods In a post-hoc analysis of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE-AD) study (2001–2004) (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00015548) in 45 U.S. sites, 245 subjects (olanzapine, N = 90; quetiapine, N = 81; risperidone, N = 74) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type who presented with a score of 1 or more in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at baseline (phase I of CATIE-AD) were randomly assigned to treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or placebo in a double-blind manner. Associations were examined between response at week 8 and demographic and clinical characteristics, including BPRS total score reduction at week 2, using logistic regression analyses. Prediction performance of binary classification (presence or absence) of improvement or no improvement at week 2 for response at week 8 was examined. Results BPRS total score reduction at week 2 (mean percentage score reduction: 12.6%) was significantly associated with response at week 8 (odds ratio: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.11–1.26). The 5% score reduction cut-off at week 2 showed the highest accuracy (0.71), with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictivevalues of 0.76, 0.65, 0.69, and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion Lack of even a very small early improvement with antipsychotic treatment may be a marker of subsequent nonresponse in BPSD.

Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesize the available evidence regarding the impact of patients' language proficiency on access to psychiatric care. Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO was performed to identify studies published between January 1950 and July 2014 that examined the impact of language proficiency on access to and utilization of psychiatric services in the general population or among patients with psychiatric disorders. The keywords were psychiatry, language, utilization, access, and mental health care. Only articles in English were included. Cross-referencing of the identified articles was also performed. Results: Eighteen articles from four countries were identified, including 13 from the United States, two from Australia, two from Canada, and one from the Netherlands. These reports were generally consistent in showing a clear association between insufficient language proficiency and underutilization of psychiatric services; 15 studies reported that limited language proficiency was significantly associated with less frequent mental health care visits.Only one article showed an inverse relationship between limited language proficiency and use of mental health services, and two articles reported no association. No published data were found on the effects of linguistic interventions on access to mental health care among people with limited language proficiency. Conclusions: It is plausible that limited language proficiency is closely associated with underutilization of psychiatric services. Still, the lack of prospective interventional data clearly highlights the need for further investigations of the impact of language barriers on access to psychiatric care.

© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia do not respond to antipsychotics and are thus considered to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). To date, only four studies have examined glutamatergic neurometabolite levels using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in patients with TRS, collectively suggesting that glutamatergic dysfunction may be implicated in the pathophysiology of TRS. Notably, the TRS patient population in these studies had mild-to-moderate illness severity, which is not entirely reflective of what is observed in clinical practice. In this present work, we compared glutamate + glutamine (Glx) levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and caudate among patients with TRS, patients with non-TRS, and healthy controls (HCs), using 3T 1H-MRS (PRESS, TE = 35 ms). TRS criteria were defined by severe positive symptoms (i.e., ≥5 on 2 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-positive symptom items or ≥4 on 3 PANSS-positive symptom items), despite standard antipsychotic treatment. A total of 95 participants were included (29 TRS patients [PANSS = 111.2 ± 20.4], 33 non-TRS patients [PANSS = 49.8 ± 13.7], and 33 HCs). dACC Glx levels were higher in the TRS group vs. HCs (group effect: F[2,75] = 4.74, p = 0.011; TRS vs. HCs: p = 0.012). No group differences were identified in the caudate. There were no associations between Glx levels and clinical severity in either patient group. Our results are suggestive of greater heterogeneity in TRS relative to non-TRS with respect to dACC Glx levels, necessitating further research to determine biological subtypes of TRS.

© Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Serotonin syndrome is caused by excessive activation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) neurotransmission. Although the discontinuation of antipsychotics with 5-HT2 receptor antagonistic characteristics could theoretically result in serotonin syndrome, there have been very few reports on the syndrome thus far. Case Presentation A 75-year-old woman with somatoform disorder was transferred to our emergency room because of pyrexia, unconsciousness, and myoclonus with hyperreflexia. She had been taking milnacipran and perospirone for 10 years and had started taking duloxetine 2 months before the event. Thereafter, she suffered diaphoresis, gait disturbance, and tremor. Her psychiatrist advised her to stop taking perospirone, because of suspicion of extrapyramidal symptoms, a day before admission. The clinical diagnosis of serotonin syndrome was made based on her symptoms while using serotonergic agents. Her symptoms were so severe that she was transferred to the intensive care unit, where supportive care was successful. Conclusions Discontinuation of antipsychotics that are 5-HT2 receptor antagonists may lead to serotonin syndrome in patients who take serotonergic agents. As extrapyramidal symptoms and serotonin toxicity share some clinical features, detailed drug history and physical examination are necessary for successful treatment.

Background: While antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients showed a high degree of within-subject variability in dopamine D2 receptor density over 6-24 months, no study has examined the long-term stability of D2 receptor measures in medicated patients. Methods: Four schizophrenia patients receiving a stable dose of risperidone underwent [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography scans on two occasions 5-14 months apart. Results: Plasma risperidone levels were found to be consistent between scans, and consistencies of nondisplaceable D2 binding potential and D2 occupancy were good. Conclusions: The finding supports the validity of quantification of D2 receptor binding in longitudinal PET studies of medicated patients with schizophrenia. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: It remains unknown as to whether the antipsychotic dose needed for the acute-phase treatment of schizophrenia is also necessary for relapse prevention. Aim: To compare the efficacy between standard dose [(World Health Organization daily defined dose (DDD)] vs low dose (≥50% to <1 DDD) or very low dose (<50% DDD) for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. Data source: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials with a follow-up duration of ≥24 weeks, including ≥2 dosage groups of the same antipsychotic drug for relapse prevention in schizophrenia, were searched using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE (last search: August 2009). Data extraction: Data on overall treatment failure, hospitalization, relapse, and dropouts due to side effects were extracted and combined in a meta-analysis. Data synthesis: Thirteen studies with 1395 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the standard-dose treatment, the low-dose therapy did not show any statistically significant difference in overall treatment failure or hospitalization, while the standard dose showed a trend-level (P =. 05) superiority in risk of relapse. The very low-dose group was inferior to the standard-dose group in all efficacy parameters. No significant difference was found in the rate of dropouts due to side effects between either standard dose vs low dose or very low dose. Conclusions: Although antipsychotic treatment with ≥50% to <1 DDD may be as effective as standard-dose therapy, there are insufficient clinical trial data to draw firm conclusions on standard- vs low-dose maintenance antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved.

© 2020 Suicide and self-harm are major public health issues. Few studies have compared mortality from suicidal trauma between patients with and without contact with psychiatric services. This study aimed to compare the in-hospital mortality of suicidal trauma between patients with and without a psychiatric diagnosis upon hospital admission. Data on 15- to 90-year-old patients with suicidal trauma between 2004 and 2015 was extracted from the Japan Trauma Data Bank. In-hospital mortality were compared between patients with and without a psychiatric diagnosis. A total of 9,803 patients were included. The median age was 42 years (interquartile range: 29–59), and 5,010 patients (51.1%) were male. The most frequent method of injury was falling from a height (53.4%), followed by stabbing (32.3%) and burns (6.2%). In total, 4,878 patients (49.8%) had a psychiatric diagnosis upon admission. The proportion of patients with a psychiatric diagnosis was significantly lower among males, teenagers, and older people. In-hospital mortality was significantly lower among patients with a psychiatric diagnosis than those without (10.9%vs18.7%). Contact with psychiatric services might be protective among people with suicidal trauma. However, the proportion of psychiatric service use was generally low. These findings show the importance of delivering appropriate psychiatric services to high-risk patients.

© 2019 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Background: Sudden unexpected deaths occur more frequently among patients with severe mental illness (SMI), but direct evidence on the causes is still scarce. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate initial rhythms and characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among patients with SMI. Methods: We conducted a systematic chart review of adult patients who suffered from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and transferred to Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital in Japan between January 2011 and December 2017. The initial rhythms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were compared between patients with schizophrenia or mood disorders (i.e., SMI) and nonpsychiatric control patients. Values of interest were compared using Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney U-test, as appropriate. Multiple regression analysis was also conducted to investigate the effect of SMI on the initial rhythms. Results: A total of 2631 patients were included in this study. Of these, 157 patients had SMI. Fatal arrhythmias (i.e., ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) were less frequently noted as the initial rhythms among patients with SMI than among controls (5.7% vs. 18.8%, adjusted odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.13–0.55, P < 0.001). Patients with SMI were significantly younger (median [range], 58 years [22–85] vs. 72 years [18–108], P < 0.001) and less frequently had comorbid physical illnesses than controls (the proportion of patients without comorbidities; 58.6% vs. 37.1%, P < 0.001). Survival and neurological function at discharge were not different between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Fatal arrhythmia may account for a relatively small portion in excess of sudden death among patients with SMI. Furthermore, appropriate medical checkups for the patients with SMI at earlier ages would be important to prevent sudden cardiac death.

Although patients with schizophrenia are reported to have excess mortality compared with the general population, many affected patients will nonetheless survive and continue to have the disorder in later life. Consequently, geriatric schizophrenia will be a significant public health concern in the years to come, and evidence-based treatment of schizophrenia in older patients is becoming an urgent issue. However, there has been a paucity of comparative data to guide selection of antipsychotics for schizophrenia in late life.The primary aim of this review was to synthesize the available evidence on management of late-life schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications; a secondary aim was to evaluate treatment resistance in this population. Accordingly, PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the keywords 'antipsychotics', 'age' and 'schizophrenia' to identify psychopharmacological studies of antipsychotics in late-life schizophrenia (last search 30 April 2011). The literature search identified 23 prospective studies of use of antipsychotics for schizophrenia in older patients (generally age ≥65 years), including eight double-blind trials. The sample size was smaller than 40 patients for 52 of the studies. Two of the double-blind studies were post hoc analyses and one was a placebo-controlled trial. In the largest double-blind study, olanzapine (n88, median dose 10mgday) and risperidone (n87, median dose 2mgday) were compared in patients not resistant to these therapies, with similar effects. There have also been several open-label trials of these two agents that have shown efficacy and tolerability in non-resistant patients. Evidence on other antipsychotics has been scarce and less robust.The gold standard for treatment-resistant schizophrenia is clozapine. However, almost all of the studies of clozapine to date have effectively excluded older patients with schizophrenia. Only one small study has evaluated clozapine (n24, mean dose 300mgday) in comparison with chlorpromazine (n18, mean dose 600mgday) in a difficult-to-treat older population; the investigators reported that both treatments were similarly efficacious. Furthermore, there has been little compelling evidence in favour of or against augmentation of antipsychotics with other psychotropic medications in the older age group.Treatment of non-resistant, late-life schizophrenia with olanzapine and risperidone appears to be supported by the available evidence. However, data on geriatric patients with schizophrenia are generally scarce, particularly for treatment-resistant subpopulations, underscoring the need for more research in this important area. © 2011 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.