論文

Background: We previously reported the pharmacokinetic profile and preliminary tolerability of cabazitaxel in a phase I study in Japanese patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here we report the final safety profile and anti-tumor activity of cabazitaxel in a larger population, including all patients enrolled in the expansion cohort of the study. Methods: Japanese patients with mCRPC previously treated with docetaxel received cabazitaxel intravenously every 3 weeks plus daily prednisolone. In patients treated with the maximum tolerated dose of 25 mg/m2 we evaluated adverse events including treatment-related neutropenia, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response and objective response. Results: In total, 44 patients were treated with the maximum tolerated dose. The most frequent adverse events (any grade) were neutropenia (100 %), febrile neutropenia (54.5 %), fatigue (54.5 %), nausea (52.3 %) and diarrhea (50.0 %). There were no deaths due to treatment-related adverse events. Neutropenia with prior docetaxel did not appear to influence the probability of febrile neutropenia with cabazitaxel. Most patients received therapeutic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; cycle 1: 86.4 %; cycle 2 or later: 81.8 %). In the efficacy population, two of 12 patients with measurable disease had partial response (objective response rate: 16.7 %), while 10 had stable disease. PSA response rate was 29.3 % (12/41 patients). Median time to PSA progression was 3.68 months (95 % confidence interval 1.35–4.63). Conclusions: In this heavily pretreated Japanese population, the occurrence of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia was high, suggesting G-CSF prophylaxis may be required as part of toxicity management. However, the efficacy of cabazitaxel was consistent with global studies. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01324583.

Background: Angiotensin 2 is a key biologic peptide in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) that regulates blood pressure and renal hemodynamics. The potential role of the RAS in the promotion of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis also has been shown in the past few decades. This study investigated the prognostic impact of RAS blockade on patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after surgery. Methods: The study identified 557 patients with pathologically diagnosed RCC (pT1-4 N0M0) and evaluated the prognostic factors after surgery for patients administered or not administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs) or angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs). Results: The median follow-up period was 5.1 years. Radical nephrectomy was performed for 349 patients (62.7 %), whereas the remaining 208 patients (37.3 %) underwent partial nephrectomy. A total of 104 patients (18.7 %) were administered RAS inhibitors: ACEs (n = 22) or ARBs (n = 82). Multivariate analysis showed that administration of RAS inhibitors (P = 0.044; HR 2.69), longer tumor length (P < 0.001; HR 1.02), high-grade tumor (P < 0.001; HR 3.55), and positive microvascular invasion (P < 0.003; HR 3.13) were not independent risk factors for a decrease in subsequent disease-specific survival after surgery for RCC. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 96.8 % among the patients administered RAS inhibitors and 89.8 % among their counterparts (P = 0.019). Conclusions: The authors propose renin–angiotensin blockade as a possible potent choice for effective treatment after surgical treatment of RCC.

Purpose: It is still unknown whether switching the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain at the second induction course of BCG therapy has a therapeutic benefit in patients with tumor recurrence after the initial BCG therapy (BCG-relapsing tumor). Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological features of 97 patients treated with a second induction course of BCG therapy between 1986 and 2014. Among the patients initially treated with BCG Tokyo-172, the second course was either BCG Tokyo-172 in 56 (57.8%) or BCG Connaught in 15 (15.5%). Among those who were initially treated with BCG Connaught, the corresponding numbers were 13 (13.4%) or 13 (13.4%), respectively. Twenty-eight (28.9%) patients were given a different BCG strain at the 2 BCG therapies (switching group), and 69 (71.1%) patients were given the same BCG strain (non-switching group). Result: The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of the switching group was 64.7 ± 9.6%, which was not significantly different from that of the non-switching group (54.8 ± 6.9%, P = 0.427). Switching or not switching the BCG strain was not significantly associated with tumor recurrence after the second BCG therapy. The 5-year progression-free survival rate of the switching group was 95.4 ± 2.6%, which was also not significantly different from that of the non-switching group (96.0 ± 3.9%, P = 0.674). Patients treated with BCG Tokyo-172 to Tokyo-172 had significantly higher incidences of side effects during the second BCG therapy. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that in patients with a BCG-relapsing tumor after the initial BCG therapy, the same BCG strain as that administered at the initial BCG therapy could be utilized effectively for the second BCG therapy. Patients treated with BCG Tokyo-172 for an initial tumor had a higher incidence of side effects during the second BCG therapy using the same strain.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by taxanes in cancer cells may influence the taxane-induced cell death or the drug resistance. We investigated the correlation between the cytotoxic effect of taxanes and ROS production in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines. Three human prostate cancer cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of docetaxel or cabazitaxel in vitro. Cabazitaxel showed significantly higher cytotoxic efficacy than docetaxel in human CRPC cells, accompanied by elevated ROS production detected by FACS analysis. To investigate whether cabazitaxel-mediated cell death was caused by the ROS generation induced by cabazitaxel, we treated CRPC cells in the presence of antioxidant NAC. NAC reduced the cytotoxic effect induced by cabazitaxel. We found that ROS elimination by Sestrin-3 (SESN3) was significantly inhibited by cabazitaxel, but not by docetaxel. These results indicate higher sensitivity of human CRPC to cabazitaxel compared to docetaxel involves ROS production through inhibiting the expression of antioxidant enzyme SESN3.

Background: Image-based measurement of absorbed dose of Ra-223 dichloride may be useful in predicting therapeutic outcome in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In general, SPECT has been found to be more accurate than planar imaging in terms of lesion-based analysis. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility and clinical usefulness of Ra-223 SPECT. The energy spectrum of Ra-223 and SPECT images of a cylindrical phantom with a hot rod were obtained to determine the collimator candidates and energy window settings suitable for clinical Ra-223 SPECT (basic study A). Another phantom with a tube-shaped chamber and two spheres simulating bowel activity and metastatic lesions in the lumbar spine was scanned with medium-energy general-purpose (MEGP) and high-energy general-purpose (HEGP) collimators (basic study B). Ten patients with CRPC underwent SPECT imaging 2 h after Ra-223 injection successively with MEGP and HEGP collimators in random order for 30 min each. Lesion detectability and semi-quantitative analyses of bone metastasis (i.e. lesion-to-background ratio (LBR)) were performed compared to Tc-99m HMDP SPECT. Results: Basic study A revealed that an 84-keV photopeak ± 20% using the HEGP collimator offers better SPECT image quality than the other imaging conditions. Basic study B showed that uptake in one of the spheres was overestimated by overlapped activity of the tube-shaped chamber in planar imaging whereas the spheres had similar counts and significantly higher sphere-to-background ratio in SPECT. On both planar and SPECT images, HEGP gave higher image contrast than MEGP (p < 0.01). In the clinical study, Ra-223 SPECT at 84 keV ± 20% depicted more lesions with the HEGP than with the MEGP collimator (51 vs 36, p = 0.013). There was a positive correlation between LBR in Tc-99m SPECT and in Ra-223 SPECT (r = 0.67 with the MEGP and 0.69 with the HEGP collimator, p < 0.01). LBRs were significantly higher with the HEGP than with the MEGP collimator (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We recommended the use of the HEGP collimator at 84 keV ± 20% for Ra-223 SPECT imaging. Lesion-based semi-quantitative analysis in the human study revealed a good correlation between Ra-223 and Tc-99m HMDP SPECT in the early phase (2–3 h post injection).

The microvascular density detected by markers of endothelial cells (ECs), such as CD31 and CD34, is considered to be a biomarker for angiogenesis, and it is generally associated with the malignant potential of solid tumors. However, there is a conflicting relationship between the microvascular density and prognosis in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. It may be explained by the suggestion that the microvascular density cannot fully reflect the angiogenic activity in ccRCC, as the markers of ECs are expressed by both quiescent and activated ECs. To investigate the real angiogenic activity, we examined vasohibin-1 (VASH1), a recently identified regulator of angiogenesis, which was demonstrated to be specifically expressed by ECs of newly formed blood vessels. Expression of VASH1 and CD34 were immunohistochemically examined in 116 primary untreated ccRCCs, 10 metastatic untreated ccRCCs, and 9 metastatic ccRCCs treated with sunitinib. ECs in the tumor microvessels were sporadically immunostained for VASH1, although no VASH1 staining was observed in the non-neoplastic renal tissues. CD34 was ubiquitously expressed by all ECs in both ccRCC and non-neoplastic renal tissues. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that an elevated VASH1 density, but not microvascular density, was a significant and independent predictor of overall survival (odds ratio, 7.71; P=0.003). The microvascular density was significantly decreased in the sunitinib-treated metastases compared with untreated tumors (P=0.001). On the other hand, the VASH1 density was significantly higher in the metastatic ccRCCs treated with sunitinib compared with non-treated ones (P=0.010), indicating that VASH1 may be associated with the resistance of ECs to sunitinib treatment. Thus, VASH1 expression may reflect the actual activity of angiogenesis, and VASH1 can serve as a new prognostic and predictive biomarker in patients with ccRCC.

Purpose We analyzed long-term followup data after radical prostatectomy to determine how long we should follow patients in whom the serum prostate specific antigen level measured by an ultrasensitive assay was consistently low. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinicopathological data for 582 consecutive patients who underwent open or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy between 1995 and 2004, excluding 4 patients who received adjuvant therapy. We stratified the patients according to prostate specific antigen at 3 and 5 years after surgery, and examined subsequent biochemical recurrence (elevation of prostate specific antigen to greater than 0.2 ng/ml) during followup. Mean followup was 9.7 years. Results At 3 years after surgery prostate specific antigen levels were measured by an ultrasensitive assay in 323 patients who had not experienced biochemical recurrence. In 187 patients with undetectable prostate specific antigen levels (less than 0.01 ng/ml) the 10 and 15-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 99% and 96%, respectively. At 5 years after surgery prostate specific antigen was measured in 315 patients by the ultrasensitive assay. In 162 patients with undetectable prostate specific antigen levels the 10 and 15-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were both 100%. In this group the prostate specific antigen level at last followup was less than 0.01 ng/ml in 132 patients, 0.01 to 0.03 ng/ml in 27 patients, and 0.06 ng/ml, 0.07 ng/ml and 0.11 ng/ml in 1 patient each. Conclusions This long-term review indicates that if patients have continuously undetectable prostate specific antigen levels by an ultrasensitive assay for 5 years, prostate specific antigen monitoring can be stopped with an extremely low risk of subsequent biochemical recurrence.

We report a case of non-familial juvenile primary aldosteronism (PA). Super-selective adrenal venous sampling identified less aldosterone production in the right inferior adrenal segment than others. Bilateral adrenalectomy sparing the segment normalized blood pressure and improved PA. Both adrenals had similar histologies, consisting of a normal adrenal cortex and aldosterone synthase-positive hyperplasia/adenoma. An aldosterone-driving KCNJ5 mutation was detected in the lesions, but not in the histologically normal cortex. After taking into account that the two adrenal glands displayed a similar histological profile, as well as the fact that hyperplastic lesions in both glands exhibited a common KCNJ5 mutation, we conclude that the specific mutation may have occurred at an adrenal precursor mesodermal cell, at an early stage of development; its daughter cells were mixed with non-mutant cells and dispersed into both adrenal glands, resulting into a form of the condition known as genetic mosaicism.

Our group previously purified human and rat aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 and Cyp11b2, respectively) from their adrenals and verified that it is distinct from steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1 or Cyp11b1), the cortisol- or corticosterone-synthesizing enzyme. We now describe their distributions immunohistochemically with specific antibodies. In rats, there is layered functional zonation with the Cyp11b2-positive zona glomerulosa (ZG), Cyp11b1-positive zona fasciculata (ZF), and Cyp11b2/Cyp11b1-negative undifferentiated zone between the ZG and ZF. In human infants and children (<12 years old), the functional zonation is similar to that in rats. In adults, the adrenal cortex remodels and subcapsular aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) replace the continuous ZG layer. We recently reported possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (pAATLs) in 2 cases of unilateral multiple adrenocortical micro-nodules. In this review, we present 4 additional cases of primary aldosteronism, from which the extracted adrenals contain pAATLs, with results of next generation sequencing for these lesions. Immunohistochemistry for CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 has become an important tool for the diagnosis of and research on adrenocortical pathological conditions and suggests that APCCs may be the origin of aldosterone-producing adenoma.

Objectives: To identify predictive factors for the severity of epididymitis and to develop an algorithm guiding decisions on how to manage patients with this disease. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 160 epididymitis patients at Keio University Hospital. We classified cases into severe and non-severe groups, and compared clinical findings at the first visit. Based on statistical analyses, we developed an algorithm for predicting severe cases. We validated the algorithm by applying it to an external cohort of 96 patients at Tokyo Medical Center. The efficacy of the algorithm was investigated by a decision curve analysis. Results: A total of 19 patients (11.9%) had severe epididymitis. Patient characteristics including older age, previous history of diabetes mellitus and fever, as well as laboratory data including a higher white blood cell count, C-reactive protein level and blood urea nitrogen level were independently associated with severity. A predictive algorithm was created with the ability to classify epididymitis cases into three risk groups. In the Keio University Hospital cohort, 100%, 23.5%, and 3.4% of cases in the high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups, respectively, became severe. The specificity of the algorithm for predicting severe epididymitis proved to be 100% in the Keio University Hospital cohort and 98.8% in the Tokyo Medical Center cohort. The decision curve analysis also showed the high efficacy of the algorithm. Conclusions: This algorithm might aid in decision-making for the clinical management of acute epididymitis.

We describe the case of a 55-year-old man who underwent four cycles of cabazitaxel therapy for castration- resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). After the fourth cycle of cabazitaxel, the patient experienced severe headaches. Brain gadolinium (Gd) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple brain metastases. A few days later, the patient suffered impaired consciousness that progressed rapidly. The patient was treated for the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and underwent whole-brain radiation. One month later, the patient’s consciousness level and headache had improved. Although brain metastases of prostate cancer are rare, the possibility of brain metastases should be considered for prostate cancer patients, especially when a CRPC patient complains of headache. Additionally, even if major conditions such as cerebral hemorrhage are excluded by the use of non-contrast enhanced computed tomography, brain Gd contrast-enhanced MRI should be performed in consideration of the possibility of brain metastases of prostate cancer.

Germ cells possess the unique ability to acquire totipotency during development in vivo as well as give rise to pluripotent stem cells under the appropriate conditions in vitro. Recent studies in which somatic cells were experimentally converted into pluripotent stem cells revealed that genes expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs), such as Oct3/4, Sox2, and Lin28, are involved in this reprogramming. These findings suggest that PGCs may be useful for identifying factors that successfully and efficiently reprogram somatic cells into toti- and/or pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that Blimp-1, Prdm14, and Prmt5, each of which is crucial forPGCdevelopment, have the potential to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. Among them, Prmt5 exhibited remarkable reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into which Prmt5, Klf4, and Oct3/4 were introduced. The resulting cells exhibited pluripotent gene expression, teratoma formation, and germline transmission in chimeric mice, all of which were indistinguishable from those induced with embryonic stem cells. These data indicate that some of the factors that play essential roles in germ cell development are also active in somatic cell reprogramming.

Purpose: There are few molecular markers known to predict upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) prognosis. Snail, which contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been documented in cancer progression, but not clear yet in UTUC. We therefore addressed the expression and biological significance of Snail in UTUC. Experimental Design: To elucidate the biological significance of Snail in UTUC, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of snail in UTUC and analyzed its clinical significance in 150 patients with UTUC. Biological effects of Snail in EMT and invasion were evaluated by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for Snail in urothelial carcinoma cell lines and the Matrigel invasion assay. Results: Nuclear Snail staining was very weak in superficial UTUC. In contrast, strong Snail staining was observed in many of the nucleus of invasive UTUC. Snail expression was significantly higher in the high tumor stage, high grade, and in tumors showing lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that elevated Snail expression was a significant and an independent prognostic predictor of recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival. Patients with positive LVI and high Snail expression showed the worse outcome. Targeting of Snail mRNA expression in UMUC-3 cells with Snail-specific siRNA downregulated the mRNA expression of Snail, Vimentin, MMP2, and MMP9. Furthermore, the cells with siRNA for Snail showed decreased invasion activity in comparison with the cells transfected with a nontargeting siRNA. Conclusion: Snail-induced EMT represents a clinically relevant mechanism of UTUC progression and an attractive target for the treatment of patients with UTUC.

We previously reported that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists enhanced the cytotoxity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) in a bladder cancer xenograft model. To elucidate the synergistic mechanism, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by CDDP may affect the regulation of AT1R expression. Five invasive human bladder cancer cell lines, T24, UMUC-3, 5637, KU-1, and KU-19-19, were used in the in vitro study. For the in vivo study, T24 cells were used. We also examined AT1R and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human bladder cancer specimens that had been treated with CDDP-based chemotherapy. The in vitro study showed that AT1R expression was significantly upregulated by CDDP in T24, KU-1, and KU-19-19 cells. On the other hand, AT1R expression was not changed in UMUC-3 and 5637 cells. ROS generation was also significantly upregulated by CDDP in T24, KU-1, and KU-19-19 cells. The upregulation of AT1R expression induced by CDDP was significantly suppressed by scavenging free radicals. Angiotensin II induced VEGF production in CDDP-treated cells; however, the AT1R antagonist significantly inhibited the increase in VEGF. The in vivo study results also showed that CDDP treatment upregulated AT1R expression, resulting in increased VEGF. Clinical specimens from patients who underwent cystectomy after neoadjuvant CDDP-based chemotherapy showed significantly higher AT1R and VEGF expression than corresponding transurethral resection specimens. Our findings indicate that CDDP upregulates AT1R expression though ROS generation and enhances VEGF production. Therefore, AT1R blockade may be an effective strategy for bladder cancer in combination with CDDP-based chemotherapy.

Regulation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) is crucial in controlling allograft rejection. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent APC and must mature to present antigens to T-cell receptors. During DC maturation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a key transcriptional factor. We synthesized dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), which specifically inhibits the final step of nuclear translocation of activated NF-κB proteins and examined its immunoregulatory effects on human monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC). Regulatory Mo-DC were generated by pretreatment with DHMEQ before LPS stimulation, which were termed dl-DC. DHMEQ pretreatment (5 μg/ml) completely inhibited nuclear translocation of activated NF-κB. DHMEQ significantly inhibited DC production of κproinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12 p70) in a dose-dependent manner. IL-12 was most potently inhibited. However, IL-10 production by dl-DC was only moderately affected by DHMEQ. Although CD40 and the expression of HLA-DR (HLA-DR) expression on dl-DC was downregulated, CD80 and CD86 expression was moderately upregulated. Induction of T helper 1 cell responses was efficiently impaired by dl-DC. This confirmed that DHMEQ-treated Mo-DC exhibited immunoregulatory effects. These findings suggest that DHMEQ has potential as an immunosuppressive drug for human immune cells.