論文

ABSTRACT:: Dry eye is one of the most common eye disorders affecting millions of people. It causes ocular irritation or discomfort, and decreases functional vision, causing a dramatic deterioration in the quality of life. Although new treatments such as the P2Y2 agonist or cyclosporine eye drops have been developed and a certain level of patient satisfaction can now be obtained, no fundamental treatment has been developed. Currently, there is no therapy available to recover lacrimal function to its normal status. Recent progress in the understanding of aging has laid the foundations for a new way of thinking about intervention of the aging process. Because dry eye is accelerated by aging, a useful approach for the prevention or treatment of dry eye may be to interfere with the aging process. In the scientific community, there is a global consensus that calorie restriction can extend the life span of various kinds of animals, establishing an intervention to aging. Another important hypothesis believed to be involved in aging is the free radical theory. According to these theories, the aging process may be managed by controlling levels of calories or reactive oxygen species. In this review, these 2 important aging theories, calorie restriction and free radical aging, are examined, and we discuss how to apply these theories to the prevention and treatment of dry eye. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Background: Peripheral nerve damage of the cornea is a complication following surgery or infection which may lead to decreased visual function. We examined the efficacy of the semaphorin 3A inhibitor, SM-345431, in promoting regeneration of peripheral nerves in a mouse corneal transplantation model. Methodology/Principal Findings: P0-Cre/Floxed-EGFP mice which express EGFP in peripheral nerves cells were used as recipients of corneal transplantation with syngeneic wild-type mouse cornea donors. SM-345431 was administered subconjunctivally every 2 days while control mice received vehicle only. Mice were followed for 3 weeks and the length of regenerating nerves was measured by EGFP fluorescence and immunohistochemistry against βIII tubulin. Cornea sensitivity was also measured by the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. CD31 staining was used to determine corneal neovascularization as a possible side effect of SM-345431. Regeneration of βIII tubulin positive peripheral nerves was significantly higher in SM-345431 treated mice compared to control. Furthermore, corneal sensitivity significantly improved in the SM-345431 group by 3 weeks after transplantation. Neovascularization was limited to the peripheral cornea with no difference between SM-345431 group and control. Conclusions/Significance: Subconjunctival injections of SM-345431 promoted a robust network of regenerating nerves as well as functional recovery of corneal sensation in a mouse keratoplasty model, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for treating neurotrophic corneal disease. © 2012 Omoto et al.

Objective: To investigate the dose-dependent efficacy and safety of diquafosol ophthalmic solution for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Design: Randomized, double-masked, multicenter, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Participants: A total of 286 Japanese patients with dry eye who were prescribed topical diquafosol (1%, n = 96; 3%, n = 96) or placebo ophthalmic solution (n = 94). Methods: After a washout period of 2 weeks, qualified subjects were randomized to receive a single drop of 1% or 3% diquafosol or placebo ophthalmic solutions 6 times per day for 6 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was fluorescein corneal staining score assessment. The secondary outcome measures were Rose Bengal corneal and conjunctival staining scores, tear break-up time (BUT), and subjective symptom assessment. Safety measures were clinical blood and urine examination and recording of adverse events. Results: Fluorescein corneal staining scores significantly improved with both 1% and 3% topical diquafosol compared with placebo at 4 weeks, respectively (P = 0.037, P = 0.002). There was a dose-dependent effect among the groups. Rose Bengal corneal and conjunctival staining scores also improved significantly with both 1% and 3% diquafosol compared with placebo (P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively). Subjective dry eye symptom scores significantly improved with both diquafosol ophthalmic solutions (P ≤ 0.033), although there were no significant differences in BUT compared with placebo. No significant differences between the treatment groups were observed in relation to the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusions: Both 1% and 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solutions are considered effective and safe for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. © 2012 American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011 triggered powerful tsunami waves off the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan that destroyed almost all of the built-up areas along the coast. The study reported here examined the role played by the Vision Van, a mobile outpatient ophthalmological clinic, in providing eye care to disaster evacuees. Methods: This was a retrospective case-series study of 2,070 victims (male: 732, female: 1,338) who visited the Vision Van. The subjects' medical records were examined retrospectively and analyzed in terms of age, sex, and date of visit to the Vision Van. Information regarding each patient's chief complaint, diagnosis, medication(s) prescribed, and eyeglasses and contact lenses provided, was also examined.Results: The Vision Van was used to conduct medical examinations on 39 days between April 23 and June 29, 2011. The average number of subjects visiting the Vision Van each day was 53±31 (range: 7-135), with examinations carried out in Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture. The most frequent complaint was a need for eye drops (871/2,070 [42.1%]). The second and third most frequent complaints, respectively, were the need for contact lenses (294/2,070 [14.2%]) and eyeglasses (280/2,070 [13.5%]). The most frequent ocular disease diagnosis was cataract (497/2,070 [24.0%]). Eye drops were prescribed to 74.1% of the subjects.Conclusion: Mobile clinics such as the Vision Van provide valuable care, in this case, particularly to individuals who lost or left behind eyeglasses or contact lenses while escaping a natural disaster, and to subjects with chronic eye disease. © 2014 Yuki et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited.

The mechanism by which lutein, a carotenoid, acts as an antioxidant in retinal cells is still not fully understood. Here, lutein treatment of a neuronal cell line (PC12D) immediately resulted in reduced intracellular ROS levels, implying that it has a direct role in ROS scavenging. Significantly, lutein treatment also induced phase II antioxidative enzyme expression, probably via a nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) independent pathway. This latter mechanism could explain why lutein acts diversely to protect against oxidative/cytotoxic stress, and why it is physiologically involved in the human neural tissue, such as the retina. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the outcome of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and no gas tamponade in the treatment of eyes with myopic foveoschisis. METHODS:: Medical records of 10 eyes of 9 consecutive patients with myopic foveoschisis without macular hole treated by vitrectomy were reviewed. RESULTS:: The patientsÊ1/4 refractive error was-4.00 diopters to-34.00 diopters, and axial length was 28.38 mm to 35.90 mm. Six eyes had foveal retinal detachment with retinoschisis. All cases were treated by vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal without gas tamponade. The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.61 ± 0.42 in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units (Snellen equivalent of 20/82). Myopic foveoschisis was reduced in 8 eyes (80%) with a single surgery. Two eyes without improvement developed a postoperative macular hole and were treated by additional vitreoretinal surgery. All 10 eyes showed anatomical repair, and 5 eyes showed improvement in best-corrected visual acuity to 0.47 ± 0.48 (Snellen equivalent of 20/60), by 17 months after the initial surgery. CONCLUSION:: Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and no gas tamponade can effectively treat some cases of myopic foveoschisis, suggesting that tractional forces at the vitreoretinal interface may contribute to the pathogenesis of myopic foveoschisis, thereby avoiding gas tamponade. © 2013 Ophthalmic Communications Society, Inc.

Purpose To evaluate the possible advantages of combination therapy with diquafosol tetrasodium and sodium hyaluronate for dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Design Prospective randomized comparative trial. Methods A total of 206 eyes of 105 patients who underwent LASIK were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups according to the postoperative treatment: artificial tears, sodium hyaluronate, diquafosol tetrasodium, and a combination of hyaluronate and diquafosol. Questionnaire responses reflecting subjective dry eye symptoms, uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, functional visual acuity, manifest refraction, tear break-up time, fluorescein corneal staining, Schirmer test, and corneal sensitivity were examined before and 1 week and 1 month after LASIK. Results Distance uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better in the combination group than in the hyaluronate group 1 week and 1 month after LASIK. Near uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better in the combination group than in the artificial tear and diquafosol groups 1 week and 1 month after LASIK. Distance functional visual acuity improved significantly only in the combination group 1 month after LASIK. The Schirmer value in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the hyaluronate group at 1 month after LASIK. Subjective dry eye symptoms in the combination group improved significantly compared with those in the other groups 1 week after surgery. Conclusions Our results suggest that hyaluronate and diquafosol combination therapy is beneficial for early stabilization of visual performance and improvement of subjective dry eye symptoms in patients after LASIK.

Vitreoretinal surgery has recently undergone remarkable developments. The introduction of micro-incision vitrectomy surgery using 25-and 23-gauge techniques has led to minimally invasive, faster, safer, and more accurate surgeries. Similarly, intraocular illumination and observation systems have advanced from light pipes to chandelier illumination, slit illumination, wide-angle viewing systems, and intraocular endoscopes. Compared to observation via the cornea and optic media, vitreous surgery using an endoscope is extremely useful, as the endoscope is inserted directly into the eye, circumventing the difficulties of corneal clouding and small pupil diameters. Furthermore, there are no blind spots after surgery. We here discuss the advantages of intraocular endoscope use, the current state of endoscopy-guided vitreoretinal surgery, and its future prospects. © 2014 Informa UK Ltd.

Purpose. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is characterized by an increase in tear osmolarity and induction of the expression and nuclear localization of an osmoprotective transcription factor (nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 [NFAT5]) that plays an important role in providing protection against hyperosmotic tears. In this study, we screened medicines already in clinical use with a view of finding compounds that protect cultured human corneal epithelial cells against hyperosmolarity-induced cell damage. Methods. Viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and cellular NFAT5 level was measured by immunoblotting. The rat model for DES was developed by removal of the lacrimal glands, with an assessment of corneal surface damage based on levels of fluorescein staining and epithelial apoptosis. Results. Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including diclofenac sodium (diclofenac), were identified during the screening procedure. These NSAIDs were able to suppress hyperosmolarity-induced apoptosis and cell growth arrest. In contrast, other NSAIDs, including bromfenac sodium (bromfenac), did not exert such a protective action. Treatment of cells with diclofenac, but not bromfenac, stimulated both the nuclear localization and expression of NFAT5 under hyperosmotic conditions. In the rat model for DES, topical administration of diclofenac (but not bromfenac) to eyes reduced corneal surface damage without affecting the volume of tear fluid. Conclusions. Diclofenac appears to protect cells against hyperosmolarity-induced cell damage and NFAT5 would play an important role in this protective action. The findings reported here may also indicate that the topical administration of diclofenac to eyes may be therapeutically beneficial for DES patients. © 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Purpose To estimate the impact of dry eye disease (DED) on work performance and productivity in office workers using visual display terminals (VDTs). Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Six hundred seventy-two Japanese young and middle-aged office workers using VDTs completed a questionnaire that was designed to measured at-work performance deficits and productivity losses using the Japanese version of the Work Limitations Questionnaire, completed by e-mail. Using the Japanese dry eye diagnostic criteria, respondents were classified into 3 groups: definite DED, probable DED, and non DED. Results Of the 672 office workers, 553 subjects (82.3%), including 366 men and 187 women, completed the questionnaire and underwent clinical evaluation. As for the total workplace productivity loss, the non DED group demonstrated a loss of 3.56%, those with probable DED demonstrated a loss of 4.06%, and those with definite DED demonstrated a loss of 4.82%, indicating significantly worse performance and productivity (P =.014, trend test). For the 4 subscales, DED was associated with significantly lower on-the-job time management (P =.009, trend test) and combined mental performance and interpersonal functioning (P =.011, trend test). After controlling for age, sex, VDT working hours, and diagnosis of DED, time management, physical demands, and mental and interpersonal functioning showed a significant relationship to DED (each P >.05). Annual DED productivity losses were estimated to be $6160 per employee when measured by total production and $1178 per employee calculated by wage. Conclusions This study indicated that there is a significant impact of DED on the total productivity of Japanese VDT users. © 2014 BY ELSEVIER INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

PURPOSE: In myopia, biometry including the axial length is important, along with the refractive data. We compared the rates of myopic regression 3 years after phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) after matching the preoperative axial length in highly myopic eyes of Japanese patients. METHODS: This retrospective nonrandomized study included 133 eyes of 84 patients with myopia exceeding -6.00 diopters (D) who underwent implantation of two iris-fixated pIOLs (pIOL group, 66 eyes/46 patients) or myopic LASIK (LASIK group, 67 eyes/38 patients) who were followed for more than 3 years postoperatively. The patient age, preoperative refraction, and preoperative axial length were matched between the study groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences preoperatively between the groups in age, intraocular pressure, refraction, keratometry, or axial length. The mean regression values after 3 years compared with the 1-month postoperative refractions were -0.12 ± 0.47 (SD) D in the pIOL group and -0.82 ± 0.69 D in the LASIK group (p < 0.001). The differences in the mean regression rates between 1 and 12 months, 12 and 24 months, and 24 and 36 months of follow-up were, respectively, 0.09 ± 0.38 D, -0.11 ± 0.35 D, and -0.11 ± 0.30 D in the pIOL group and -0.57 ± 0.84 D, -0.24 ± 0.47 D, and 0.00 ± 0.53 D in the LASIK group (p < 0.001, p = 0.07, p = 0.15, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in myopic regression 3 years postoperatively between the groups matched for preoperative axial length in Japanese patients. This result has the potential to elucidate myopia in the future. Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Optometry.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of a thermosensitive atelocollagen punctal plug in the treatment of dry eye disease. Design Prospective observational case series. Methods The thermosensitive atelocollagen punctal plug was warmed at 37 C, 39 C, 41 C, and 43 C to evaluate the appropriate temperature and time for solidification. Dry eye patients were divided into 2 groups according to the preparation method of the atelocollagen punctal plug. In the conventional implantation group, atelocollagen gel was kept at room temperature for 15 minutes before implantation (27 eyes of 14 patients). In the preheating group, atelocollagen was warmed at 41 C for 8 minutes before implantation (23 eyes of 13 dry eye patients). Strip meniscometry, vital stainings, tear film break-up time (BUT), and symptom scores were evaluated before and 1 month after plug implantation. Results In vitro experiments revealed that heating at 41 C for 8 minutes was sufficient to solidify the gel. The mean fluorescein score in the conventional implantation group significantly improved after treatment (before, 3.5 ± 2.3 points; after, 2.5 ± 0.9 points, P <.05). In the preheating group, the mean fluorescein score (before, 3.7 ± 1.7 points; after, 1.5 ± 1.2 points), strip meniscometry (before, 0.6 ± 0.7 mm; after, 1.1 ± 0.3 mm), BUT (before, 3.2 ± 0.7 seconds; after, 4.8 ± 1.0 seconds), and visual analog scale scores (before, 6.6 ± 1.5 points; after, 4.1 ± 0.9 points) significantly improved after treatment (P <.05). Conclusion The thermosensitive atelocollagen punctal plug was effective for dry eye treatment. The preheating method was found to be useful to strengthen the efficacy of the thermosensitive atelocollagen punctal plug. © 2014 BY ELSEVIER INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Purpose. To assess the relationship between macular thickness and volume as characterized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and known risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) or macular edema (DME) in type 2 diabetic patients with no DME. Methods. Seventy-four patients with type 2 diabetes without DME and no or only minimal DR (n = 67 with no DR; n = 7 with minimal DR; mean age, 59.5 years) were recruited at a tertiary eye hospital. Central subfield macular thickness (CSMT; circle of 500-μm radius) and central subfield macular volume (CSMV) were measured using spectral-domain OCT. Associations between OCT parameters and known risk factors for DR were examined using multiple linear regression models. Results. The mean CSMT and CSMV values were 273.7 ± 17.8 μm and 0.215 ± 0.015 mm3, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, and urine protein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was positively associated with CSMT and CSMV; each 1 mmol/L increase in LDL was associated with a mean increase in CSMT of 6.52 μm (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-11.08; P = 0.006) and a mean increase in CSMV of 0.0047 mm3 (95% CI, 0.001-0.0085; P = 0.015). Conclusions. A higher LDL cholesterol level was associated with increased CSMT and CSMV in diabetic patients without DME. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to assess whether having both elevated levels of LDL and higher CSMT or CSMV is a risk indicator for subsequent development of DME. © 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Purpose To identify genetic mutations and study the corneal epithelium in Japanese patients with Meesmann corneal dystrophy. Design Laboratory investigation and prospective observational case series. Methods Slit-lamp biomicroscopy with fluorescein vital staining and in vivo confocal microscopy were performed. Mutation screening of the KRT3 and KRT12 genes was performed via polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing for 5 patients in 2 families. Results Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed multiple corneal intraepithelial microcysts in all patients. A clear zone was seen in the younger generation, whereas mild subepithelial opacity was seen in the older generation. In the in vivo confocal microscopy, numerous corneal intraepithelial microcysts and hyperreflective materials, which were believed to be degenerative cells, were detected closer to the basal layer of the corneal epithelium in older patients. The superficial layer contained more enlarged microcysts, and the hyperreflective materials showed atrophic changes, as compared to the basal layer. The demarcation line between the microcysts and normal epithelial cells was clearly visualized by in vivo confocal microscopy and corresponded to the demarcation line of the clear zone observed by the slit-lamp examination. Two heterozygous mutations (Q130P, L140Q) in the KRT12 gene, one of which (L140Q) was novel, were identified only in the affected patients of the families. Conclusions We identified a novel missense mutation of the KRT12 gene in Meesmann corneal dystrophy. The in vivo confocal microscopy examinations revealed previously unreported depth-dependent ultrastructural changes in the living cornea of Meesmann corneal dystrophy patients. © 2014 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Eye diseases including cataract, keratitis and pterygium have been reported to be sun-exposure-related. The association between macular degeneration and blue light has also been discussed. Moreover, it is hypothesized that retinal exposure to blue light may influence the human circadian rhythm. However, no monitoring devices exist that can measure eye exposure to visible and ultraviolet (UV) radiation over time. To measure the exact dose at specific times, we have developed a novel sensing system (ray-sensing glass system: RaySeG). RaySeG can continuously measure and record the composition and intensity of light with a time-stamped system. Subjects wearing RaySeG were instructed to walk under various light conditions such as indoor and outdoor. RaySeG consists of two sensors embedded in the eyeglasses. These sensors are for UV (260-400 nm), visible lights (red, 615 nm; green, 540 nm; and blue, 465 nm: peak wavelength for each). The total weight of the system is about 100 g, and the size is comparable to that of a digital audio player. The system continuously recorded changes in visible and UV light exposure under various conditions. After accuracy validation, further experiments with a larger number of subjects are required. Our final goal is to apply the system to evaluating personal eye exposure to UV and visible light in epidemiological studies of eye diseases and circadian rhythm abnormality.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of two non-surgical interventions of vision improvement in children. Methods: A prospective, randomized, pilot study to compare fogging method and the use of head mounted 3D display. Subjects were children, between 5 to 15 years old, with normal best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and up to -3D myopia. Subjects played a video game as near point work, and received one of the two methods of treatments. Measurements of uncorrected far visual acuity (UCVA), refraction with autorefractometer, and subjective accommodative amplitude were taken 3 times, at the baseline, after the near work, and after the treatment. Results: Both methods applied after near work, improved UCVA. Head mounted 3D display group showed significant improvement in UCVA and resulted in better UCVA than baseline. Fogging group showed improvement in subjective accommodative amplitude. While 3D display group did not show change in the refraction, fogging group's myopic refraction showed significant increase indicating the eyes showed myopic change of eyes after near work and treatment. Discussion: Despite our lack of clear knowledge in the mechanisms, both methods improved UCVA after the treatments. The improvement in UCVA was not correlated to measured refraction values. Conclusion: UCVA after near work can be improved by repeating near and distant accommodation by fogging and 3D image viewing, although at the different degrees. Further investigation on mechanisms of improvements and their clinical significance are warranted. © Ide et al.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of fish oil supplementation added to usual dry eye treatment in dry eye subjects in a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-seven typical dry eye subjects were selected from 43 candidates by the diagnostic criterion for dry eye in this study. They were assigned to the randomized fish oil group (n = 15) or the placebo group (n = 12). Fish oil group ingested fish oil capsules containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1245 mg/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 540 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Placebo group ingested placebo capsules without EPA or DHA. A visual analog scale test estimating subjective symptoms, the Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (BUT) measurement, fluorescein staining, and rose bengal staining were performed every 4 weeks during the 12-week supplementation period and 4-week washout period. The subjective symptom of "eye pain", BUT, and changes in rose bengal staining score of the fish oil group were significantly improved after 8-12 weeks of supplementation and/or 4 weeks of washout, compared to those of the placebo group. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation added to usual care may be effective in the treatment of dry eye.

PURPOSE. To elucidate the influences of light exposure on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo that may be involved in the pathogenesis of AMD. METHODS. Six- to 7-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed to light at 2000 lux for 3 hours. Flatmount RPE samples were immunostained with anti-ZO-1 antibody for evaluating tight junction, anti-N-cadherin, and anti-b-catenin antibodies for adherens junction, and stained with phalloidin for actin cytoskeleton. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured using DCFH-DA; Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK) activity was by ELISA. Cytokine expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and/or ELISA in the RPE-choroid, and macrophage recruitment was by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Either an antioxidant, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), or a ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, were administered to analyze the roles of ROS and ROCK activation, respectively. RESULTS. Light exposure disrupted staining patterns of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and actin cytoskeleton in the RPE, where ROS was elevated. However, NAC treatment avoided the RPE changes, reducing ROS. ROCK activity increased after light exposure was suppressed by NAC, and the structural disruptions were suppressed by Y-27632. The levels of MCP-1, CCL11, and IL-6 increased after light exposure were suppressed by NAC. Light-induced MCP-1 and IL- 6 were suppressed by Y-27632. Macrophage recruitment after light exposure was also suppressed either by NAC or Y-27632. CONCLUSIONS. Light exposure induced ROS and Rho/ROCK activation, which caused disruption of cell-cell junctions (tight junctions and adherens junctions) and actin cytoskeleton, the RPE's barrier structure, and induced AMD-associated pathological changes in the RPE-choroid. Copyright 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Abstract. Background: Meibomian gland obstruction induces hyposecretion of tear film lipids, which results in lipid layer deficiency and evaporative dry eye. Unfortunately, the importance of blinking in meibomian gland dysfunction has been largely overlooked, and it is not known whether incomplete blinking causes tear lipid deficiency, even in the unobstructed meibomian glands. Case presentation. A 38-year-old woman suffering from foreign body sensations in her eyes was examined. The cornea was clear and tear secretion was normal. Lid margin abnormalities were not observed and the meibum was clear. However, the lipid layer was very thin, and the patient was given a diagnosis of incomplete blinking. The patient was made aware of her condition and asked to blink consciously and completely. After that, an immediate increase in lipid flow was observed. Conclusion: Tear lipid layer deficiency can occur with incomplete blinking, even though meibomian gland structures are intact. This case highlights the importance of complete blinking. © 2013 Kawashima and Tsubota; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.