論文

37歳女。下腹部痛・発熱を主訴とした。子宮と右付属器に圧痛を認め、超音波では子宮後壁に3個の漿膜下筋腫、子宮右壁に変性を伴った子宮筋腫、他にも小さな筋腫と腹水を認めた。右付属器炎と子宮筋腫変性の合併による腹痛と診断し、抗生剤と消炎鎮痛剤により症状は軽快したが、不妊症を伴う子宮筋腫であったため腹腔鏡下子宮筋腫核出術を施行した。術中、子宮後壁漿膜・直腸表面・ダグラス窩・膀胱子宮窩腹膜に5〜10mmの乳頭状腫瘤を多数認め、大網にも20mm大の乳頭状腫瘤を認めたため、可及的にcytoreductionを行った。病理診断で腹水細胞診は陰性、子宮筋腫と思われた腫瘤は良性の平滑筋腫であった。腹膜腫瘤は軽度の異型を呈し、カルレチニン、サイトケラチン5/6、D2-40はすべて陽性であったため、高分化型乳頭状中皮腫と病理診断した。術後8ヵ月経過してadjuvant therapyなしで無症状である。

Progestin preparations are made of synthetic progesterone and have often been used for hormone therapy in gynecological patients with endometriosis or endometrial cancer. Hormone therapy using progestin is considered to be one of the effective means of treatment particularly when dealing with endometrial cancer (an estrogen-dependent tumor). Numerous reports have been published concerning its efficacy in advanced or recurrent cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer. Dienogest has been developed as a fourth-generation progestin for hormone therapy for endometriosis that can be used with high safety for long periods of time. In Japan, dienogest has been recommended as a first-line drug for endometriosis-associated pain. However, its antitumor activity has also been attracting close attention following a report that this drug suppressed the proliferation in vitro of endometrial cancer-derived cell lines which failed to respond to other progestins such as medroxyprogesterine acetate (MPA). The mechanism for antitumor activity of dienogest is considered to differ from the mechanism for antitumor activity of conventional progestin preparations used for treatment of endometrial cancer. This drug is expected to be clinically applicable as a new drug for the treatment of endometrial cancer.

Lynch syndrome is a genetic disease that often develops in patients with endometrial cancer and is caused by abnormal DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In the United States, it was recently reported that the prevalence of Lynch syndrome with an hMSH2 mutation in patients with endometrial cancer in the lower uterine segment (LUS) is much greater than that in patients with endometrial cancer, although no such reports have been published in Asia. In this study, we examined the correlation between endometrial cancer in LUS and abnormalities in MMR genes. We examined 625 patients, who were diagnosed with endometrial cancer and underwent a hysterectomy. Nine patients (1.4%) had cancer based on pathological confirmation of a tumor in the lower part of the uterus and no cancer in the upper part. These cases were compared with 27 cases of sporadic endometrial (non-LUS) cancer. The age and BMI of the patients with LUS cancer were significantly lower than those of the patients with non-LUS cancer. No differences were observed in the pathological characteristics. The microsatellite instability (MSI)-positive rates were similar. Immunohistochemistry showed a decreased expression of hMLH1 and hMSH6 in patients with LUS cancer. In contrast with earlier reports from the United States, hMSH2 was expressed in all the cases. Of the 2 patients with LUS cancer who exhibited high MSI, 1 patient showed abnormal methylation of hMLH1, while the other patient was diagnosed with Lynch syndrome with a mutation in the hMLH1 gene. This is the second report on the relationship of LUS cancer and Lynch syndrome, and the first to describe an Asian patient with LUS cancer with Lynch syndrome induced by an hMLH1 mutation.

Osteosarcoma is a high-grade malignant bone tumor that manifests ingravescent clinical behavior. The intrinsic events that confer malignant properties on osteosarcoma cells have remained unclear, however. We previously established two lines of mouse osteosarcoma cells: AX cells, which are able to form tumors in syngeneic mice, and AXT cells, which were derived from such tumors and acquired an increased tumorigenic capacity during tumor development. We have now identified Igf2 mRNA-binding protein3 (Imp3) as a key molecule responsible for this increased tumorigenicity of AXT cells in vivo. Imp3 is consistently up-regulated in tumors formed by AX cells, and its expression in these cells was found to confer malignant properties such as anchorage-independent growth, loss of contact inhibition, and escape from anoikis in vitro. The expression level of Imp3 also appeared directly related to tumorigenic ability in vivo which is the critical determination for tumor-initiating cells. The effect of Imp3 on tumorigenicity of osteosarcoma cells did not appear to be mediated through Igf2-dependent mechanism. Our results implicate Imp3 as a key regulator of stem-like tumorigenic characteristics in osteosarcoma cells and as a potential therapeutic target for this malignancy. © 2012 Ueki et al.

Endometrial cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women worldwide. Therefore elucidation of the pathogenesis and development of effective treatment for endometrial cancer are important. However, several aspects of the mechanism of carcinogenesis in the endometrium remain unclear. Associations with genetic variation and mutations of cancer-related genes have been shown, but these do not provide a complete explanation. Therefore, in recent years, epigenetic mechanisms that do not involve changes in DNA sequences have been examined. Studies aimed at detection of aberrant DNA hypermethylation in cancer cells present in microscopic amounts in vivo and application of the results to cancer diagnosis have also started. Breakdown of the DNA mismatch repair mechanism is thought to play a large role in the development of endometrial cancer, with changes in the expression of the hMLH1 gene being particularly important. Silencing of genes such as APC and CHFR, Sprouty 2, RASSF1A, GPR54, CDH1, and RSK4 by DNA hypermethylation, onset of Lynch syndrome due to hereditary epimutation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mismatch repair genes, and regulation of gene expression by microRNAs may also underlie the carcinogenic mechanisms of endometrial cancer. Further understanding of these issues may permit development of new therapies. © Copyright 2012 Kouji Banno et al.

Endometrial cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide among females. An increased incidence and a younger age of patients are also predicted to occur, and therefore elucidation of the pathological mechanisms is important. However, several aspects of the mechanism of carcinogenesis in the endometrium remain unclear. Associations with genetic mutations of cancer-related genes have been shown, but these do not provide a complete explanation. Therefore, epigenetic mechanisms have been examined. Silencing of genes by DNA hypermethylation, hereditary epimutation of DNA mismatch repair genes and regulation of gene expression by miRNAs may underlie carcinogenesis in endometrial cancer. New therapies include targeting epigenetic changes using histone deacetylase inhibitors. Some cases of endometrial cancer may also be hereditary. Thus, patients with Lynch syndrome which is a hereditary disease, have a higher risk for developing endometrial cancer than the general population. Identification of such disease-related genes may contribute to early detection and prevention of endometrial cancer. © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd.

Epimutation is defined as abnormal transcriptional repression of active genes and/or abnormal activation of usually repressed genes caused by errors in epigenetic gene repression. Epimutation arises in somatic cells and the germline, and constitutional epimutation may also occur. Epimutation is the first step of tumorigenesis and can be a direct cause of carcinogenesis. Cancers associated with epimutation include Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC), chronic lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Epimutation has been shown for many tumor suppressor genes, including RB, VHL, hMLH1, APC and BRCA1, in sporadic cancers. Methylation has recently been shown in DNA from normal tissues and peripheral blood in cases of sporadic colorectal cancer and many studies show constitutive epimutation in cancers. Epimutation of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (BRCA1, hMLH1 and hMSH2) involved in development familial cancers has also been found. These results have led to a focus on epimutation as a novel oncogenic mechanism.

Background: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is currently regarded as the most certain primary method for preventing ovarian cancer among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. However, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy has rarely been performed in Japan. Methods: We developed the first system in Japan for performing risk-reducing salpingooophorectomy for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers at our university hospital in 2008. Results: The indication for risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for patients with hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome is currently limited in Japan. This situation may be because of the limited number of genetic counseling units, the limited number of facilities that can perform BRCA1/2 genetic testing and the fact that prophylactic surgery is not covered by health insurance in Japan. Conclusions: Recent treatment guidelines for breast cancer in Japan recommended riskreducing salpingo-oophorectomy for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Risk-reducing salpingooophorectomy should be performed in the framework of the standard therapeutic modality for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers in the near future. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Background: This study aimed to examine family history among Japanese ovarian cancer patients and to investigate the TP53 status of fallopian tube epithelial and ovarian cancer cells in a Japanese BRCA1 mutant case that may be associated with the transformed state in hereditary ovarian cancer. Methods: One hundred and two primary ovarian cancer patients were retrospectively evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The family history of cancer was determined in probands. In a BRCA1 mutant case, p53 immunostaining and direct sequencing, followed by laser-capture microdissection, were performed for the fallopian tube, considered the origin of ovarian cancer. Results: Nine of 102 (8.8%) families were regarded as having hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, two families (2.0%) were diagnosed with Lynch syndrome and six patients harbored BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. One case underwent risk-reductive salpingooophorectomy as a BRCA1 mutant carrier was retrospectively diagnosed as occult cancer. Common TP53 mutations were detected in cancer and fallopian tube epithelial cells in the case. Conclusions: Here, we integrate family cancer history and histology in ovarian cancer cases as well as TP53 status in a BRCA1 mutant case into a discussion regarding carcinogenesis in a Japanese population. The TP53 status for the BRCA1 mutant case examined here supports the recently proposed theory that ovarian cancer develops because of BRCA1 or BRCA2 inactivation and/or TP53 mutations. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) for detection of blood vessels and microstructures on the mucosal surface is used in gastrointestinal endoscopy since it can improve qualitative diagnosis and detection of lesion. However, there are no studies on flexible hysteroscopy using NBI. We performed flexible hysteroscopy with NBI for outpatients to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions. Of patients who attended our hospital for suspected lesions in the uterine cavity between April 2009 and May 2010, 104 subjects underwent hysteroscopy with NBI, in addition to white light. Using the pathological diagnosis as the gold-standard, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of NBI hysteroscopy for detecting atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) or carcinoma. The results were also compared with historical data (n=209) for conventional hysteroscopy using white light only in 2008. The sensitivities were 97.2% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 90.3-99.7%] and 82.6% (95% CI: 74.4-89.0%) for NBI hysteroscopy and conventional hysteroscopy, respectively. The 95% CIs for the two methods did not overlap and the sensitivity of lesion detection was higher with NBI hysteroscopy. Specificities were comparable, 90.6% (95% CI: 75.0-98.0%) and 85.1% (95% CI: 76.3-91.6%) between the methods. NBI hysteroscopy has increased sensitivity for detection of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) or carcinoma. A comparison with historical data suggested that NBI may be useful for diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions. As far as we are aware, this is the first evaluation of flexible hysteroscopy with NBI for diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant disease that is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous melanin spots. The tumor suppressor gene, STK11/LKB1, which is located on chromosome 19p13.3, has been reported to be responsible for this condition. PJS is complicated by benign and malignant tumors of various organs and complications from rare diseases, including sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) and minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA), which have also recently attracted attention in the field of gynecology. Among the total MDA cases, 10% are complications of PJS, and mutations in the STK11 gene are closely associated with the development and prognosis of MDA. Furthermore, a new type of uterine cervical tumor, lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH), has been identified and has been predicted to be a precancerous lesion of MDA. The first case of LEGH induced by a germline STK11 mutation has also been described. A high risk of endometrial cancer in PJS has also been reported. These developments suggest that PJS is an important syndrome of hereditary gynecological tumors that requires further study.

Purpose: Uterine blood flow is required for the maintenance of uterine viability in pregnancy and delivery, but it is unknown how many vessels are necessary for maintenance of uterine viability. The objective of this study was to examine whether unilateral uterine vessels provide sufficient nutrition in pregnancy in a cynomolgus macaque and to evaluate hemodynamics of pregnant uterus by indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging. Methods: A cynomolgus macaque with uterine blood flow maintained by the right uterine artery and vein alone was made pregnant. Hemodynamics of the uterus in the third trimester was evaluated by ICG fluorescence imaging. Results: Pregnancy was maintained with the right uterine artery and vein. An appropriate-for-date infant was delivered by Cesarean section. ICG fluorescence imaging showed that the uterine body was imaged from the right side to the center; furthermore, collateral circulation was present from the right uterine artery toward the left uterine artery, with expanded blood flow to the left uterine body. Conclusion: Pregnancy and delivery were achieved in a cynomolgus macaque with a unilateral right uterine artery and vein. Blood flow to the side without the artery was complemented by vascularization of collateral circulation to the uterine artery. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of approximately 22 base pairs that regulate the expression of genes by targeting messenger RNA with complementarity with the miRNA base sequence. Regulation of gene expression by miRNAs is crucial in cellular development and differentiation, and recent studies suggest a relationship between human diseases and the breakdown of gene silencing mechanisms induced by miRNA abnormalities. In particular, abnormal miRNA expression has been detected in various types of cancer and the target genes have been identified. These results indicate that miRNAs act in a manner equivalent to oncogenes or tumor suppressors. miRNAs may also serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we introduce the latest findings on miRNAs in human endometrial cancer, a common malignancy, and discuss the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and targets for molecular therapy.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) has been used in the gastrointestinal endoscopy field as a novel endoscopic imaging technique and has contributed to improved qualitative diagnosis and detection of lesions. However, there are only a few studies of use of NBI in the gynecology field. We applied NBI in flexible hysteroscopy at our outpatient clinic and evaluated the utility of NBI hysteroscopy for diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions by comparison of the sensitivity and specificity between white light alone and white light+NBI using hysteroscopic video images. The subjects were 65 patients with a suspected endo-metrial lesion in the uterine cavity. These patients underwent flexible hysteroscopy using NBI in addition to conventional white light. Video images from 65 patients were edited into two groups, white light alone (WL group) and white light+NBI (NBI group) (130 images in total). Computerized block randomization of the order was then performed. Four raters independently diagnosed the images without use of other clinical information. Using the pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) or endometrial carcinoma compared between the WL and NBI groups. The sensitivity of diagnosis of AEH or endometrial carcinoma was numerically higher in the NBI group for all raters, and the average sensitivity was significantly higher in the NBI group compared to the WL group (78.6% vs. 63.7%, P<0.001). The specificity for each rater and the average specificity were comparable between the two groups. Compared to white light hysteroscopy, NBI hysteroscopy had a higher sensitivity for diagnosis of AEH or endometrial carcinoma without loss of specificity. This suggests that NBI hysteroscopy may be more useful than white light hysteroscopy for endoscopic diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a new endoscopic technique in which images of mucosal microstructures and capillary structures are enhanced by shifting the light spectrum to a narrow band. Image-enhanced gastrointestinal endoscopy using NBI has improved the qualitative diagnosis of the grade and depth of invasion of an atypical lesion. NBI is currently not commonly used in gynecological endoscopy, but has recently been applied in laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. The utility of NBI for diagnosis of endometrial lesions and endometriosis has also been shown. In gynecological endoscopy, NBI provides enhanced images of mucosal microstructures and capillary structures and improves visual identification of lesions. Therefore, image-enhanced observation using NBI is likely to be useful for improved detection of lesions in endoscopic diagnosis. However, this technique remains experimental so far, and no study has demonstrated improved clinical outcome using this technique. In this review, we discuss the utility and potential applications of NBI in clinical practice in gynecology.

Cases of endometrial cancer have increased in recent years, but the prognosis of patients with this disease has also been improved by combined modality therapy with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the development of new therapy is required from the perspectives of conservation of fertility and efficacy for recurrent and intractable cancer. New candidate therapeutic agents for endometrial cancer include fourth-generation progestins for inhibition of growth and differentiation of endometrial glands; metformin for reduction of hTERT expression in the endometrium and inhibition of the mTOR pathway by activation of AMPK, with consequent inhibition of the cell cycle; mTOR inhibitors for supressing growth of cancer cells by G1 cell cycle arrest; microRNAs involved in the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis and progression; and HDAC inhibitors that block the growth of cancer cells by transcriptional elevation of tumor-suppressor genes, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. In this study, we review the background and early clinical evidence for these agents as new therapeutic candidates for endometrial cancer.