論文

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Background: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs)/hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are highly vascularized tumors well known for malignant, invasive, and highly vascular features. To date, several studies have reported the preoperative imaging findings of SFTs/HPCs. In this study, computed tomography (CT) tumor values acquired from dynamic CT scan were selected to determine the tumor pathology of highly vascular tumors, such as SFTs/HPCs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on patients with pathologically diagnosed meningiomas and SFTs/HPCs who had undergone a dynamic contrast CT scan. We assessed and compared the CT values of these tumors according to the pathology. Results: From a total of 34 patients, 30 patients with meningiomas and 4 patients with HPCs were included. The mean CT values of SFTs/HPCs and angiomatous meningioma were statistically significantly higher than those of the other meningioma subtypes (P = 0.003). We also performed receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to detect an appropriate cutoff point for the CT value to differentiate tumor pathology, and the calculated threshold was 161 Hounsfield units (HU) (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 75%; area under the curve, 0.87; 95%, CI 0.75–0.99). Conclusions: This study showed that obtaining a CT value is useful in determining highly vascular tumor pathology preoperatively. When considering neurosurgical extra-axial tumor removal, and when the CT value of tumors is >161 HU, then highly vascular tumors such as SFTs/HPCs or angiomatous meningiomas are likely, and this should be considered prior to surgical intervention and for risk assessment.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Background: Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare malignant tumor. Owing to moderately vascular and firm characteristics of the tumor, complete removal without complications is often difficult. In pediatric patients, the volume of total blood is less than in adults, and minimal intraoperative hemorrhage is desirable. Case Description: A 6-year-old boy presented with ataxia and was found to have a large cerebellopontine angle tumor and hydrocephalus. The patient underwent preoperative coil embolization of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery to decrease tumor vascularity, and gross total removal was achieved on the same day via a suboccipital approach. Pathologic diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma. Conclusions: Successfully resection of primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma was achieved after preoperative embolization. Tumor vascularity was significantly reduced, and gross total removal was achieved safely with less hemorrhage.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Objective: To evaluate the pros and cons of using a newly developed microscope, ORBEYE™, during microneurosurgery. Patients and methods: ORBEYE™ use in 14 microneurosurgical procedures was retrospectively assessed by nine neurosurgeons after the procedure. A questionnaire comprising 20 questions was designed and used for evaluation. Results: Compared with the current gold standard, the binocular microscope, ease of setting up the equipment was scored the highest, whereas ease of conducting surgery in a position of an assistant was scored the lowest. Among characteristics of ORBEYE™ itself, the space-saving feature was scored the highest and was followed by the ability to perform procedures in a comfortable position. The only characteristic that was rated below average was ease of operation in a position of an assistant. Neurosurgeons with greater experience (more than five procedures using ORBEYE™) provided significantly higher scores (p = 0.0196) for characteristics of ORBEYE™ itself compared with neurosurgeon with fewer ORBEYE™ experience. Conclusions: The main benefits of the ORBEYETM are its compact size and freedom from focusing through the eye lens of a conventional binocular microscope. However, it appears to be disadvantageous for operating in a position of an assistant because the surgical field has a rotated view on the monitor from a position of an assistant. Nonetheless, because of certain advantages, we believe the ORBEYE™ could be of additional help to use of conventional binocular microscope at the moment and will facilitate microneurosurgery in the future.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. An understanding of the anatomy and function of the skull base venous channels is fundamentally important for safe performance of endoscopic surgery for skull base lesions. This review focuses on 4 skull base venous channels—namely, the intercavernous sinuses, basilar plexus, osseous veins, and inferior petroclival vein—because these have been less recognized by neurosurgeons than other major venous channels such as the inferior petrosal sinus. We reviewed the literature concerning these 4 venous channels and discussed their anatomy and function. The literature review was mainly based on an electronic search in PubMed using the following terms: “intercavernous sinus,” “basilar plexus,” “emissary veins,” “diploic vein,” “basilar plexus,” “intraosseous vein,” “inferior petroclival/petro-occipital vein,” and “transclival.” A total of 50 articles were included in this review. Detailed anatomic features of the 4 structures have been elucidated in the literature. All of these venous channels run along the skull base and have multiple connections with surrounding venous structures. Because of their location, they occasionally obstruct the surgical view and are sometimes implicated in intraoperative hemorrhage, air embolism during endoscopic skull base surgery, and postoperative hematoma. They usually function as a venous reservoir of cranial venous drainage; however, they are less often directly involved in normal brain perfusion. Knowledge about the functional and morphologic anatomy of the skull base venous channels is important for neurosurgeons to avoid unexpected complications during endoscopic skull base surgery.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Objectives: : Functional venous anatomy in the brain has been mostly understood from the morphological and embryological points of view and no published study has directly evaluated the blood flow volume of cerebral small veins. We developed a method to directly evaluate the relative blood volume in small venous channels using multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and applied it to evaluate the blood volume in each tributary of the cavernous sinus, which plays an important role in cerebral venous drainage. Patients and Methods: : Ten patients with small brain tumors who had normal venous anatomy were included in the present study. All of them underwent preoperative 320-row multi-detector CT. After injecting the contrast bolus, we measured the Hounsfield units (HUs) at 10 time point over 60 s in each tributary of the cavernous sinus. The gamma distribution fitting to each HU enabled us to obtain a time-density curve and determine the relative venous volume in each venous channel. Results: : In terms of blood volume, the superficial middle cerebral vein and inferior petrosal sinus were the largest inflow and outflow channels of the cavernous sinus and accounted for 36.1% and 24.7% of its inflow and outflow on average, respectively. The superior orbital vein did not contribute to the blood volume passing through the cavernous sinus in the current study. Conclusions: : The present study allowed us to determine the relative blood volume in each tributary of the cavernous sinus, which was very useful to understand the physiological actual venous drainage pattern concerning the cavernous sinus in normal anatomy.

Here we investigated the changes in utility and limits of combined microsurgical and endovascular treatment for complex cerebrovascular disease before and after the introduction of the hybrid operating room (HOR) in our department. Since 2006, a total of 17 patients (cerebral aneurysm in 12, cerebral arteriovenous malformation in 5) underwent integrated microsurgery with endovascular treatment. In 3 of 11 patients treated before the introduction of HOR, certain problems such as time consumption during patient transfer, disconnected workflow, and complicated operation due to poor quality of support equipment occurred. In contrast, all 6 operations in the HOR were uncomplicated. All therapeutic steps including anesthesia management were planned in a single session. In conclusion, HOR provides a safe and smooth workflow in combined microsurgical and endovascular treatment for complex cerebrovascular diseases.

The anterior condylar arteriovenous fistula (AC-AVF) is a relatively rare AVF that affects the vasculatures adjacent to the hypoglossal canal. We aimed to discuss the etiology and definition of the AC-AVF from the viewpoint of the osseous venous anatomy. Our recent study, which used modern imaging technology (CT digital subtraction venography and cone beam CT reconstructed from 3D rotational angiography), elucidated the intraosseous venous anatomy in this region and the precise fistulous locations of AC-AVFs. Those findings suggest that the AC-AVF is a group of "osseous" AVF that involves the anterior condylar vein and jugular tubercle venous complex (JTVC), and the osseous veins connected to them. The AC-AVF develops in osseous veins adjacent to the hypoglossal canal, and it is one of the most common subtypes of osseous AVFs. The angioarchitectures and etiology of AC-AVFs discussed herein are essential to understand this clinical entity.

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Background: The flow dynamics of the intracranial venous channels are fundamentally important for understanding intracranial physiology and pathophysiology. However, the method clinically applicable to the evaluation of the flow dynamics of the intracranial venous system has not been well described in the reported data. We have developed a new method to evaluate intracranial venous flow direction and velocity using 4-dimensional (4D) computed tomography angiography (CTA). The aim of the present study was to verify the accuracy and validity of 4D-CTA in a clinical setting. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 97 veins from 26 patients (16 cases of arteriovenous shunt disease, 9 intracranial tumor cases, and 1 cerebral aneurysm case) who had undergone both 4D-CTA and conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Using 4D-CTA, we analyzed the time-density curve with gamma distribution extrapolation and obtained the direction of the flow and flow velocity of each vein. The direction of the flow in 4D-CTA was also collated with that obtained using conventional DSA to verify the experimental method. Results: The direction of the flow determined by 4D-CTA was consistent with that of conventional DSA in 94.8% of cases. The average venous flow velocity was 64.3 mm/second and 81.8 mm/second, respectively, in the antegrade and retrograde channels affected by arteriovenous shunts. Conclusions: The present flow analysis using 4D-CTA enabled us to evaluate the direction and velocity of intracranial venous flow. Other than some limitations, the presented method is reliable and its potential for application in clinical settings is promising.

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Background: The anterior transpetrosal approach (ATPA) is applied to petroclival and brainstem lesions. Although neurosurgeons need to minimize the risk of neurologic complications, brain retraction is necessary for procedures of ATPA. Bridging veins (BVs) limit mobility of the temporal lobe. In the present study, BVs around the petrous bone were analyzed, focusing on the dural entrance and termination points. Methods: The relationship between subdural and meningeal segments of temporobasal veins (TBVs) was analyzed by preoperative computed tomography venography in 102 patients who underwent ATPA. TBVs were classified by the dural entrance and termination points. Results: TBVs mainly entered the transverse sinus and rarely entered transverse-sigmoid sinus (T-S) junction and superior petrosal sinus (SPS). TBVs entered a dural sinus either directly or indirectly through a meningeal vein. The changes in vascular diameter of the lumen, shape, and course were identified between the subdural and meningeal segments. Generally, BVs with long subdural segment do not limit mobility of the temporal lobe. TBVs draining into the T-S junction and SPS tended to be shorter than those draining into the transverse sinus. Furthermore, a few TBVs indirectly entered the dural sinuses through the meningeal vein (early dural entrance). The subdural segment of these TBVs was much shorter. Conclusions: TBVs entering the T-S junction or SPS with short subdural segment may limit the mobility of the temporal lobe. Changes in vascular diameter, shape, and course were detected by computed tomography venography, which was helpful to detect the subdural-meningeal transition.

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Background: Ossifying fibroma arising in the sinonasal tract is rare. Its treatment includes complete resection; however, this can be challenging to perform due to the well-vascularized nature of the fibroma. Some surgical techniques can control intraoperative hemorrhage; however, to date, no reports have assessed the use of preoperative embolization. Methods: We report a case of a child with ossifying fibroma arising from the ethmoid sinus, which was resected by endoscopic surgery using preoperative transarterial embolization. Conclusions: Embolization was effective in decreasing intraoperative hemorrhage. No complications related to the procedure or operation were encountered. Preoperative embolization should be considered for better control of the bleeding that occurs in ossifying fibromas, similar to that in other well-vascularized tumors.

Background: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic systemic vascular disease affecting multiple organs and shows recurrent intractable symptoms. This disease has not been widely recognized in Japan until recently. Both diagnosed HHT patients and potential ones have faced difficulties because of the unfamiliarity with the disease in Japan. To evaluate the effect and degree of such a Japanese situation, a questionnaire-based survey was executed in this study. Methods: This survey was carried out among the members of HHT Japan Association. The organization consisted of 102 members (as of 6/2019), mainly HHT patients and their family members. A questionnaire was used to gather demographic data, the effort to reach the diagnosis, and information regarding current patients' and their families' medical managements. Results: Of the 102 questionnaires distributed, we have got 56 responses. The participants were mostly female (30) with an average age of 55.4 ± 14.8 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) years. The average age of males was 53.5 ± 16.4. Relatively many HHT patients were born in huge cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka Prefecture (n = 4 to 8 patients). The duration between the initial symptoms and the definite diagnosis was 8.8 ± 10.9 years. The number of hospitals involved in the final diagnosis was 2.38 ± 1.83. More than 70% of patients now have to visit at least two departments and 24% of HHT patients did not want their family to screen for HHT. Conclusion: HHT medical practice in Japan should be further modified, for example, by establishing HHT centers and educating primary care physicians and HHT patients.

Purpose: To investigate the anatomical characteristics and clinical implications of the pterygovaginal artery (PtVA), a recurrent branch from the distal internal maxillary artery (IMA), which courses through the pterygovaginal canal that connects the pterygopalatine fossa and nasopharynx. Methods: Eighty-two patients with 90 sides of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstructed from rotational angiography of the external or common carotid artery with a field of view covering the pterygopalatine fossa were retrospectively reviewed. The origin from the IMA, branching type, distribution, and anastomoses was evaluated. The underlying lesions were 36 hypervascular lesions with possible supply from PtVA (17 cavernous sinus arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), 6 anterior condylar AVFs, and 13 nasopharyngeal, parasellar, or paraclival tumors) and 46 other diseases. Results: PtVA was identified in 75 sides (83%). It originated from the pterygopalatine segment of the IMA in 45 sides (60%) and from the pterygoid segment in 30 sides (40%). It arose independently (77%), sharing the common trunk with the Vidian artery (15%) or with other branches. It ran posteromedially through the pterygovaginal canal to supply the mucosa over the nasopharyngeal roof, the choanae, and the pharyngeal ostium of the eustachian tube. It anastomosed with the ascending pharyngeal artery (n=37), the accessory meningeal artery (n=7), and the mandibular artery from the petrous internal carotid artery (n=2). It served as a feeder of osseous AVFs and skull base tumors. Conclusion: PtVA was often identified by CBCT even in normal anatomy. Its detailed angio-anatomy could be evaluated in the presence of parasellar or paraclival hypervascular lesions.

Background: There are many scores and markers that predict poor outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, parameters that can predict outcomes in patients with SAH with high specificity and sensitivity, which can be identified in the early postictal state and utilized as a clinical marker of early brain injury (EBI) have not been identified so far. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with SAH due to a saccular intracranial aneurysm rupture were reviewed. We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between patients' baseline characteristics and patients' outcomes to identify parameters that could predict patient outcomes in the early postictal state. Results: In the univariate analysis, older age (>65), loss of consciousness (LOC) at ictus, poor initial World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade (3-5), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) were associated with poor outcome (GOS 1-3). Statistical analyses revealed that combined LOC at ictus and/or poor initial WFNS grade (3-5) was a more powerful surrogate marker of outcome (OR 15.2 [95% CI 3.1-75.5]) than either LOC at ictus or the poor initial WFNS grade (3-5) alone. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that older age, combined LOC at ictus and/or poor initial WFNS grade, and DCI were independently associated with poor outcome. Conclusion: Combined LOC at ictus and/or poor initial WFNS grade (3-5) reflects the impact of EBI and was a useful surrogate marker of poor prognosis in SAH patients, independent of patients' age and state of DCI.

Objective: Meningioma is an extra-axial tumor that forms adhesions toward the brain surface in the course of its growth. Predicting adhesions between the tumor and the brain surface leads to better predictions of surgical results. There are few studies on brain–tumor adhesions or postoperative hemorrhage. This study aimed to assess tumor vascularity of the dura and cerebral surface, and predict surgical outcomes using four-dimensional computed tomography angiography (4D CTA). Patients and methods: Using a dynamic contrast CT, we conducted a retrospective study of 27 patients with convexity (n = 15), falx (n = 6), and parasagittal (n = 6) meningiomas treated in our hospital from January 2016 to September 2018. We set the region of interest on the dural layer and cerebral surface side of meningiomas and calculated the mean CT value in each region. Distribution of blood flow in the tumor was classified into two groups: A, which has a higher CT value of the dural side than that of the brain surface side at every timing, and B, which meets the criteria other than those in group A. Demographic data, preoperative characteristic images, and postoperative complications were compared between the groups. Results: Twelve and 15 patients were classified into groups A and B, respectively. The extent of adhesions against the cerebral cortex in group A was significantly less severe compared with that in group B (p = 0.038). The rate of postoperative hemorrhage occurrence in group B (53%) was significantly higher than that in group A (8%) (p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in the other preoperative characteristic images or perioperative parameters between groups A and B. Conclusion: A 320-row dynamic contrast CT scanner can detect meningiomas with a high probability of severe adhesion toward the brain surface and postoperative intraparenchymal hematoma.

Background: The pterygovaginal artery (PtVA), a recurrent branch of the internal maxillary artery (IMA), can be a feeder of skull base tumors. Preoperative embolization can help endoscopic resection of hypervascular lesions, which is performed under a narrow surgical space with restricted instrumental maneuverability. Methods: We performed preoperative embolization in five cases with hypervascular skull base lesions supplied by the PtVA, four of which were resected via endoscopic endonasal approach. In two cases, selective PtVA embolization through the distal IMA was successfully conducted. Results: In all the cases, intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic resection was easily controlled. The medial and lateral origins of the PtVA from the IMA were demonstrated by cone-beam CT images reconstructed from three-dimensional rotational angiography, and anastomoses around the eustachian tube and soft palate were visualized by superselective angiography. Conclusions: The PtVA embolization can be an effective strategy before endoscopic skull base tumor resection. When embolizing through the PtVA, clinicians should be aware of its anatomical variations and dangerous anastomoses. Understanding the surrounding angioarchitecture by angiographic techniques helps ensure safe embolization.

Primary intraosseous cavernous hemangiomas (PICHs) in the temporal bone are very rare. Most treated cases are in adult patients, and there are very few reports involving children. To our knowledge, no cases reported have ever actually adopted embolization in children, although several reports recommend preoperative embolization of the feeding arteries. Here, we present a case of a child with a large cavernous hemangioma developing in the temporal bone. The patient was an 11-year-old girl whose chief complaints were hearing loss, aural fullness, and otalgia. Based on imaging, a lymphoma was initially suspected, but extensive arterial bleeding occurred during biopsy under local anesthesia. Angiography was performed to evaluate the blood flow in the tumor, and revealed the middle meningeal artery as a main feeding artery to the tumor. A huge PICH at the temporal bone was successfully resected following preoperative embolization of the feeding artery.

Anterior condylar arteriovenous fistula（AVF）は舌下神経管周囲に形成される比較的稀なdural arteriovenous fistula（DAVF）の一型であり，一般的には舌下神経管内のanterior condylar vein にAVF が形成されると考えられてきた．最近の研究で，舌下神経管の周囲にはanterior condylar vein 以外にも豊富な骨内静脈路が存在していることが明らかとなった．また，改めて詳細にAVF のshunted venous pouch の位置を検討すると，骨内にshunted venous pouch が存在しているような症例が一定数以上あることがわかり，anterior condylar AVF はanterior condylar vein やその付近の骨内静脈路に形成される一群のAVF であることが明らかとなった．このAVF は通常の硬膜に形成されるDAVF と同様に，骨内静脈路の血栓化などが原因となって二次的に形成されると考えられる．本稿で述べる骨内静脈路の解剖やanterior condylar AVF の病態はこの疾患を理解するうえで非常に重要である．

当院で頸部頸動脈瘤に対し直達術を行った6例(男性1例、女性5例、平均年齢56.7歳)について検討した。その結果、全例が症候性内頸動脈瘤であり、瘤径は平均35.8mm、動脈瘤内血栓化を2例に認められた。手術法は3例で動脈瘤の切除と内頸動脈の端々吻合による血行再建が行われ、残る3例で母血管閉塞が行われていた。動脈瘤を切除した3例の病理所見はいずれも動脈硬化性動脈瘤であった。5例が転帰良好であったが、1例は内頸動脈閉塞から中大脳動脈塞栓を生じ、広範な脳梗塞により死亡していた。