論文

Pulmonary metastases from thyroid carcinoma typically cause a micronodular or miliary pattern throughout both lungs. Metastasis consisting of a solitary pulmonary nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter is rare. Here we report a case of a 66-year-old woman without a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma who presented with a pulmonary nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter, found on chest computed tomography during a health checkup. The patient underwent a right lobectomy. Microscopic examination showed well-differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Solitary metastasis to the lung from occult thyroid carcinoma is quite rare, but if a pulmonary nodule is encountered in a patient without a history of thyroid carcinoma, the possibility must be considered.

BACKGROUND: Lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are often staged using integrated 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). However, this modality has limited ability to detect micrometastases. We aimed to define risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical stage I NSCLC diagnosed by preoperative integrated FDG-PET/CT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 246 patients diagnosed with clinical stage I NSCLC based on integrated FDG-PET/CT between April 2007 and May 2015. All patients were treated by complete surgical resection. The prevalence of occult lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical stage I NSCLC was analysed according to clinicopathological factors. Risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis were defined using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Occult lymph node metastasis was detected in 31 patients (12.6 %). Univariate analysis revealed CEA (P = 0.04), SUV(max) of the primary tumour (P = 0.031), adenocarcinoma (P = 0.023), tumour size (P = 0.002) and pleural invasion (P = 0.046) as significant predictors of occult lymph node metastasis. Multivariate analysis selected SUV(max) of the primary tumour (P = 0.049), adenocarcinoma (P = 0.003) and tumour size (P = 0.019) as independent predictors of occult lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The SUV(max) of the primary tumour, adenocarcinoma and tumour size were risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC diagnosed as clinical stage I by preoperative integrated FDG-PET/CT. These findings would be helpful in selecting candidates for mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and K-ras genes and their clinicopathological and prognostic features in patients with resected pathological stage I adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We examined 224 patients with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma and analyzed the prognostic and predictive value of these mutations in 162 patients with pathological stage I adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: Mutations of the EGFR and K-ras genes were detected in 100 (44.6%) and 19 (8.5%) of all tumors, and in 81 (50.0%) and 17 (10.5%) of the pathological stage I tumors, respectively. EGFR mutations were significantly associated with female gender, smoking habit (never smoker), and low grade. By contrast, K-ras mutations were significantly associated with male gender, smoking habit (ever smoker), and the presence of mucinous components. No significant differences were observed in recurrence-free or overall survival between the EGFR-mutant, K-ras-mutant, and wild-type groups (five-year recurrence-free survival 77.8% vs. 87.8% vs. 79.5%; five-year overall survival 82.8% vs. 82.4% vs. 79.2%, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that neither EGFR nor K-ras mutation was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that pathological stage I adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR and K-ras gene mutations have distinct clinicopathological features. The presence of these mutations alone were not prognostic factors in patients with resected pathological stage I adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Plasma D-dimer level, a marker of hypercoagulation, has been reported to be associated with survival in several types of cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative D-dimer levels in patients with surgically resected clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Participants comprised 237 patients with surgically resected clinical stage I NSCLC. In addition to factors such as age, sex, and smoking status, the association between preoperative D-dimer level and survival was explored. RESULTS: Patients were divided into two groups according to D-dimer level: Group A, 1.0 mug/ml (n = 67). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 81.6% for Group A and 66.6% for Group B (p < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival rate was 93.6% for Group A and 84.7% for Group B (p = 0.002). Multivariate survival analysis identified D-dimer level as an independent prognostic factor, along with age, maximum standardized uptake value of the primary tumor, and pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative D-dimer level is an independent prognostic factor in patients with surgically resected clinical stage I NSCLC.

We have previously demonstrated that the prognostic significance of tumour-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells significantly differs according to histological type and patient smoking habits in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This work suggested that infiltrating CD8(+) T cells may not be activated sufficiently in the immunosuppressive microenvironment in non-smokers with adenocarcinoma. To understand the immunogenic microenvironment in NSCLC, we characterised immune cells comprehensively by performing an immunohistochemical evaluation using an alternative counting method and multicolour staining method (n = 234), and assessed immune-related gene expression by using genetic analytical approaches (n = 58). We found that high infiltration of activated CD8(+) T cells expressing interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and granzyme was correlated with postoperative survival in patients with non-adenocarcinoma. On the contrary, CD8(+) T-cell accumulation was identified as a worse prognostic factor in patients with adenocarcinoma, particularly in non-smokers. Infiltrating CD8(+) T cells were significantly less activated in this microenvironment with high expression of various immunoregulation genes. Potentially immunoregulatory CD8(+) FOXP3(+) T cells and immunodysfunctional CD8(+) GATA3(+) T cells were increased in adenocarcinoma of non-smokers. CD4(+) FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells expressing chemokine receptor-4 (CCR4)- and chemokine ligand (CCL17)-expressing CD163(+) M2-like macrophages also accumulated correlatively and significantly in adenocarcinoma of non-smokers. These characteristic immune cells may promote tumour progression possibly by creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment in non-smoking patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Our findings may be helpful for refining the current strategy of personalised immunotherapy including immune-checkpoint blockade therapy for NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of integrated (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in hilar and mediastinal lymph node (HMLN) staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to investigate potential risk factors for false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases. METHODS: We examined the data of 388 surgically resected NSCLC patients preoperatively staged by integrated FDG-PET/CT. Risk factors for false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses of clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of integrated FDG-PET/CT in detecting HMLN metastases were 47.4%, 91.0%, 56.3%, 87.7%, and 82.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the tumor (P = 0.042), adenocarcinoma (P = 0.003), and tumor size (P = 0.017) were risk factors for false-negative HMLN metastases, and history of lung disease (P = 0.006) and tumor location (central; P = 0.025) were risk factors for false-positive HMLN metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified risk factors for false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases in NSCLC patients staged by preoperative integrated FDG-PET/CT. These findings would be helpful in selecting appropriate candidates for mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.

Histological vascular invasion (VI) by tumors is reportedly a risk factor influencing recurrence or survival after surgical treatment; however, few studies have evaluated which VI features affect recurrence or survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate how VI features affect recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma patients. We selected 106 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma who showed VI and examined the properties of intravascular tumors associated with recurrence. First we investigated the relationship between the frequency of VI in a histological cross-section and the incidence of recurrence; however, a significant impact was not observed. Microscopic examination revealed the intravascular tumors were composed of not only cancer cells but also non-cancerous cells. To examine whether the characteristics of intravascular cancer cells and/or non-cancerous cells have prognostic value, we examined the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers in cancer cells and the numbers of infiltrating non-cancerous cells, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. High levels of E-cadherin expression in the intravascular cancer cells were significant predictors of recurrence (P = 0.004), whereas the expressions of CD44, CD44 variant 6, and vimentin were not. Large numbers of intravascular CD204(+) macrophages (P = 0.016), CD34(+) microvessels (P = 0.007), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (+) fibroblasts (P = 0.033) were also significant predictors of recurrence. Our results indicated VI with abundant stromal cell infiltrates might be a predictor of recurrence and suggested the tumor microenvironment created by cancer cells and stromal cells within the blood vessel may play an important role during the metastatic process.

BACKGROUND: The finding of pulmonary arterial enlargement on computed tomography has been reported to be associated with pulmonary hypertension. On the other hand, pulmonary hypertension is a known risk factor for thoracic surgery. We investigated whether pulmonary arterial enlargement predicts cardiopulmonary complications following pulmonary resection for lung cancer. METHODS: We reviewed 237 consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer. Preoperative patient characteristics (sex, age, Brinkman index, cardiopulmonary comorbidities, cardiothoracic ratio, pulmonary function, and pulmonary arterial enlargement) and surgical data (surgical procedure, pathological stage, postoperative complications, mortality, and length of postoperative hospital stay) were analyzed. In order to evaluate preoperative pulmonary arterial enlargement, we measured the diameter of the main pulmonary artery at its bifurcation and that of the ascending aorta at its widest point using chest computed tomography and calculated the ratio of the former diameter to the latter. RESULTS: In all, 16 patients developed postoperative cardiopulmonary complications and 221 did not. One patient died from postoperative pneumonia. The mean age of patients who developed postoperative cardiopulmonary complications was significantly higher than that of those who did not (78 +/- 5 years vs 69 +/- 9 years, P=0.0001). The pulmonary artery-to-ascending-aorta ratio was significantly higher in patients who developed postoperative complications than in those who did not (0.94 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.81 +/- 0.11, P=0.03). Other preoperative patient characteristics and surgical data did not differ significantly between the groups. On multivariate analysis, pulmonary artery-to-ascending-aorta ratio (0.1-point increase; odds ratio 2.3, 95 % confidence interval 1.5-3.5; P=0.0002) and age (1-year increase; odds ratio 1.2, 95 % confidence interval 1.1-1.3; P=0.03) were found to be independent predictors of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. CONCLUSIONS: A finding of pulmonary arterial enlargement on computed tomography is a potential predictor of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications after lung cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), which is based on serum C-reactive protein and albumin levels, has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of patients with several types of inoperable and operable cancers. However, its applicability to operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not yet been established. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from patients with pathological stage I or II NSCLC who underwent complete resection. A total of 1048 patients were categorized as either GPS-0 (n = 817 [78.0%]), GPS-1 (184 [17.6%]), or GPS-2 (47 [4.5%]). Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the relationship between prognosis and GPS status. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 91.2%, 78.3%, and 75.8% for GPS-0, GPS-1, and GPS-2, respectively. There were significant differences in OS between GPS-0 and GPS-1 (p < 0.001) and between GPS-0 and GPS-2 (p < 0.001). Ten variables demonstrated to be associated with OS in a univariate analysis were subjected to a multivariate analysis. The results showed that male sex (p = 0.031), vascular invasion (p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and GPS (p = 0.025) were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS: A high GPS is significantly associated with poor OS. Although the biological mechanism that underlies this association is not clear, this inflammation-based score may be a useful indicator of the prognosis in patients with resectable NSCLC.

Prognostic factors for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have been treated with neoadjuvant therapy have not been fully assessed. The purpose of this study was to analyze prognostic biomarkers in NSCLC after treatment with neoadjuvant therapy, with special reference to the immunophenotypes of both the cancer cells and stromal cells. A total of 52 patients with NSCLC who were treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by complete resection were included. We examined the expressions of nine markers in the cancer cells and stromal cells. The 5-year disease-free survival rate of patients with high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression levels in their cancer cells was significantly lower than those with a low ALDH1 level (47.3% vs. 21.5%, respectively; P = 0.023). The other molecules expressed in cancer cells did not exhibit any prognostic value. In NSCLC without neoadjuvant therapy (case control, n = 104), expression of ALDH1 in cancer cells was not correlated with prognosis (P = 0.507). A multivariate analysis identified ALDH1 expression in cancer cells as significantly independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (P = 0.045). The current study indicated that the immunophenotypes of ALDH1 in cancer cells could have prognostic value for patients with NSCLC who are treated with neoadjuvant therapy.

We describe a 61-year-old woman with an anterior mediastinal paraganglioma. The patient complained of a chronic cough that had lasted about 6 months. Her chest computed tomography (CT) showed a highly enhanced mediastinal tumor in the aorticopulmonary window. We surgically resected this tumor thorough a left anterior thoracotomy. Although numerous feeding vessels and firm adhesions with the pericardium hindered the procedure, macroscopically complete resection was achieved. Postoperatively, the tumor was diagnosed as an aorticopulmonary paraganglioma. As these highly enhanced tumors in the anterior mediastinum on CT images are unusual, a differential diagnosis including mediastinal hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, Castleman's disease, choriocarcinoma, metastatic tumor (especially from renal cell carcinoma), and paraganglioma should be considered.

Acute rejection after lung transplantation is the main risk factor for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Carbon monoxide (CO) can provide anti-inflammatory effects and may serve to limit tissue injury in airway transplant. Here, we tested the ability of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) to prevent airway rejection. Tracheal grafts from BALB/c or C57BL/6 were transplanted to C57BL/6 recipients. Experimental groups were treated with multiple doses of CORM-2. Histopathological evaluation of luminal obliteration was blindly reviewed. Immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed. Allografts treated with CORM-2 revealed a striking reduction of thickening in epithelial and subepithelial airway layers (P < 0.01) at day 7 in orthotopic trachea transplantation model compared with allografts treated with vehicle. In heterotopic trachea transplantation model, CORM-2 treated allografts showed a reduction of luminal obliteration (P < 0.01) at days 14 and 21. There was also a concordant decrease in CD3(+) lymphocytes and macrophages in CORM-2 treated allografts. IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL17A mRNA expressions were reduced dramatically by systemic administration of CORM-2. These data implicate CORM-2-derived CO has an important protective function in experimental BO, and may represent a target for the therapeutic intervention of chronic lung allograft rejection.

OBJECTIVES: Over the past decade, the biological and clinical characteristics of lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation have been well studied. However, most studies have focused on advanced inoperable cancer, and not on resected early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. We aimed to elucidate the differences in the clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative prognosis according to the EGFR mutation status in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and pathological data from 369 patients with pathological stage I or II lung adenocarcinoma who underwent complete resection. Clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative prognosis were compared depending on the EGFR mutation status, using the Chi-squared test and the log-rank test, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of the 369 patients, 160 (43.3%) had EGFR mutation, of which 64 (40.0%) were exon 19 deletion (Del-19) and 90 (56.3%) were exon 21 point mutation L858R. Although there was no difference in overall survival (OS) between patients with and without EGFR mutation (p=0.086), tumors with EGFR mutation were associated with a lower consolidation to tumor ratio (CTR) (p <0.001) and a higher incidence of a lepidic growth pattern by pathological evaluation (p <0.001) compared to those without EGFR mutation. Among tumors with EGFR mutation, there was no difference in OS (p=0.140) between Del-19 and L858R. Tumors with L858R were associated with a lower CTR (p=0.046), and tended to have a higher incidence of a lepidic growth pattern by pathological evaluation (p=0.073) compared to those with Del-19. In conclusion, although EGFR mutation status was not a prognostic indicator after surgery in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, L858R and Del-19 had different radiological and pathological features.

© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths around the world, the most common type of which is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Computed tomography (CT) is required for patients with NSCLC, but often involves diagnostic issues and large intra- and interobserver variability. The anatomic data obtained using CT can be supplemented by the metabolic data obtained using fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET); therefore, the use of FDG-PET/CT for staging NSCLC is recommended, as it provides more accuracy than either modality alone. Furthermore, FDG-PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides useful information on metabolic activity and tumor cellularity, and has become increasingly popular. A number of studies have described FDG-PET/MRI as having a high diagnostic performance in NSCLC staging. Therefore, multidimensional functional imaging using FDG-PET/MRI is promising for evaluating the activity of the intratumoral environment. Radiomics is the quantitative extraction of imaging features from medical scans. The chief advantages of FDG-PET/CT radiomics are the ability to capture information beyond the capabilities of the human eye, non-invasiveness, the (virtually) real-time response, and full-field analysis of the lesion. This review summarizes the recent advances in FDG-PET imaging within the field of clinical oncology in NSCLC, with a focus on surgery and prognostication, and investigates the site-specific strengths and limitations of FDG-PET/CT. Overall, the goal of treatment for NSCLC is to provide the best opportunity for long-term survival; therefore, FDG-PET/CT is expected to play an increasingly important role in deciding the appropriate treatment for such patients.

© 2020 The Japan Lung Cancer Society. Background. Thymoma is a low-grade malignant epithelial tumor arising in the thymus and rarely metastasizes to distant sites after complete resection. We herein report a rare case of solitary pulmonary metastasis of type Bl thymoma. Case. A woman in her 70s underwent thymectomy with partial resection of the pericardium and right upper lobe for type Bl thymoma 19 years ago. The pathological stage was T3N0M0 Stage III with invasion to the right lung. She received postoperative radiotherapy of 50 Gy with 25 Fr and had no evidence of recurrence until the detection of a 0.8-cm solitary pulmonary nodule in the right lower lobe on follow-up computed tomography (CT) performed 13 years after surgery. The pulmonary nodule gradually grew over the next seven-year follow-up, so we performed wedge resection of the right lower lobe for the diagnosis and treatment. Pathologically, the nodule consisted of epithelial cells with slightly large nuclei and inconspicuous atypia surrounded by a lot of lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, the epithelial cells were positive for AE1/AE3 and CK19, while the lymphocytes were positive for CD3 and TdT. These findings were similar to those shown in the initial thymoma specimen, and the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis of type Bl thymoma was made. The patient is doing well 23 months after pulmonary metastasectomy with no evidence of re-recurrence of thymoma. Conclusion. We herein report a resected case of slow-growing pulmonary metastasis from type Bl thymoma with a review of the literature. In cases of type A-Bl thymoma, we should consider the possibility of late recurrence and perform long-term follow-up.

Recent improvement of outcomes for resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been contributed not only by increased detection of early-stage disease and improvement of preoperative diagnosis/perioperative management but also by improvement of multimodality treatment. The introduction of newly developed systemic therapies including molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors dramatically changed clinical outcomes of advanced NSCLC. Accordingly, the role of surgery during the multimodality treatment will be changed more than ever. In this article, we overviewed the current status of the multimodality treatment for clinical stageⅢ (N2)disease and postoperative adjuvant therapy and discussed the role of surgery during these situations. We also discussed the future perspectives of the role of surgery during the multimodality treatment for advanced NSCLC.