論文

Development of subclassification of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by treatment suitability is in demand. We aimed to identify predictors that define treatment refractoriness against locoregional(transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) or thermal ablation) and surgical therapy. This multicenter retrospective study enrolled 1167 HCC patients between 2015 and 2021. Of those, 209 patients were initially diagnosed with intermediate-stage HCC. Treatment refractoriness was defined as clinical settings that meets the following untreatable progressive conditions by TACE (1) 25% increase of intrahepatic tumor, (2) transient deterioration to Child–Pugh class C, (3) macrovascular invasion or extrahepatic spread, within one year. We then analyzed factors contributing to treatment refractoriness. The Child–Pugh score/class, number of tumors, infiltrative radiological type, and recurrence were significant factors. Focusing on recurrence as a predictor, median time to untreatable progression (TTUP) was 17.2 months in the recurrence subgroup whereas 35.5 months in the initial occurrence subgroup (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.44–2.96; P = 0.001). Median TTUP decreased in cases with more later times of recurrence (3–5 recurrences, 17.3 months; ≥ 6 recurrences, 7.7 months). Recurrence, even more at later times, leads to increased treatment refractoriness. Early introduction of multidisciplinary treatment should be considered against HCC patients after multiple recurrent episodes.

Background: Despite recent medical advancements, surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with high complication and mortality rates. This may be partly attributed to the absence of established preoperative liver evaluation criteria for safe surgery. This study aimed to propose a reliable indicator for safe and well-planned management of major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection. Methods: We included 150 patients who underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection between 2013 and 2021 in Japan. The risk factors for post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) were retrospectively analyzed. Results: PHLF was observed in 24 (16.0 %) patients who underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection. In the multivariate analysis, the identified risk factors for PHLF were the ratio of future remnant liver volume to total liver volume (FRLV/TLV) ≤ 42 % and indocyanine green clearance fraction of the future remnant liver (ICGK-F) ≤ 0.07. Patients with these two factors were significantly associated with PHLF compared with those with either one or none of the risk factors (60.0 % vs 15.1 % and 8.1 %, respectively). Conclusion: The combinational use of ICGK-F and FRLV/TLV is useful for preoperative liver function assessment with a safety margin to avoid PHLF and postoperative mortality in hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

The efficacy of next‑generation sequencing (NGS) of tumor‑derived DNA from intraoperative peritoneal washing fluid (IPWF) of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocar‑ cinoma (PDAC) who intend to undergo curative resection remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether genomic mutations in tumor‑derived DNA from IPWF samples of patients with PDAC who intend to undergo curative resection could be detected using NGS. A total of 12 such patients were included in this study. Cytology of IPWF (CY) was assessed and NGS of genomic tumor‑derived DNA from the IPWF was performed to determine whether genomic mutations could be detected in these patient samples. A total of 2 patients (16.7%) had a CY(+) status and 1 patient (8.3%) showed intraoperative macro‑peritoneal dissemination; 11 patients underwent radical surgery. Actionable gene altera‑ tions were detected in 8 (80.0%) out of the 10 patients with CY(‑) status based on NGS of IPWF samples, and 3 (37.5%) patients among those with actionable gene mutations identi‑ fied from IPWF samples underwent peritoneal dissemination after surgery within ~12 months. The most common genomic mutation was in KRAS (9 patients, 75.0%), followed by TP53 (3 patients, 25.0%), SMAD4 (1 patient, 8.3%) and CDKN2A (1 patient, 8.3%). These findings indicated that the genomic

Aim: To evaluate the use of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in diagnosing graft injuries in Japanese liver transplantation (LTx), including family-related living donors. Methods: A total of 321 samples from 10 newly operated LTx recipients were collected to monitor the early dynamics of dd-cfDNA levels after LTx. Fifty-five samples from 55 recipients were collected during protocol biopsies (PB), whereas 36 samples from 27 recipients were collected during event biopsies, consisting of 11 biopsy-proven acute rejection (AR), 20 acute dysfunctions without rejection (ADWR), and 5 chronic rejections. The levels of dd-cfDNA were quantified using a next-generation sequencer based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results: The dd-cfDNA levels were elevated significantly after LTx, followed by a rapid decline to the baseline in patients without graft injury within 30 days post-LTx. The dd-cfDNA levels were significantly higher in the 11 samples obtained during AR than those obtained during PB (p < 0.0001), which decreased promptly after treatment. The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis of diagnostic ability yielded areas under the curve of 0.975 and 0.897 for AR (rejection activity index [RAI] ≥3) versus PB and versus non-AR (ADWR + PB). The dd-cfDNA levels during AR were elevated earlier and correlated more strongly with the RAI (r = 0.740) than aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase. The dd-cfDNA levels were neither associated with graft fibrosis based on histology nor the status of donor-specific antibodies in PB samples. Conclusions: Donor-derived cell-free DNA serves as a sensitive biomarker for detecting graft injuries in LTx. Further large-scale cohort studies are warranted to optimize its use in differentiating various post-LTx etiologies.

Background: De novo malignancies (DNMs) after liver transplantation (LT) are a major cause of long-term mortality. However, no definitive screening protocol has been established due to their diversity. This study aimed to evaluate DNM diagnosis methods, screening protocols, and prognoses. Methods: This retrospective study included 231 adult LT recipients from April 1997 to March 2021. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was analyzed to assess the impact of screening on prognosis. Most recipients underwent serum tests every three months, annual gastrointestinal endoscopy, and chest-abdominal CT as part of routine surveillance. Results: Twenty-five DNMs were diagnosed in 22 patients, with median age of 61 years (range, 23–72), of whom 13 (59.1%) were female. The duration from transplantation to DNM diagnosis of DNM was 88 months (range, 4–195). DNM was diagnosed as follows: seven patients (31.8%) through screening (screening group) and 15 patients (68.2%) by other means (non-screening group). Curative treatment was achieved in all of the patients diagnosed by screening, whereas it was possible in only 60.0% of patients diagnosed by other means (p = 0.026). DSS in the screening group was significantly longer than that in the non-screening group (p = 0.024). Conclusions: While screening was associated with earlier-stage diagnosis and improved outcomes in some patients, the overall efficacy of the protocol requires further validation in larger studies.

Background: The clinical importance of positive peritoneal cytology results in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas remains controversial. We evaluated the prognosis of these patients and the predictive preoperative risk factors for positive peritoneal cytology results. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent curative-intent surgery at our institution between May 2010 and June 2020. Preoperative risk factors for positive peritoneal cytology results were identified using logistic regression analysis. A scoring model was constructed using the total number of significant independent predictors for positive peritoneal cytology results. Results: Of 233 patients, 18 (7.7%) had positive peritoneal cytology results. The recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival were markedly worse in patients with positive peritoneal cytology results than in those with negative peritoneal cytology results (recurrence-free survival: 6.0 months vs. 16.6 months, p = 0.050; cancer-specific survival: 19.4 months vs. 47.5 months, p = 0.034). Tumor location (odds ratio: 3.760, 95% confidence interval: 1.099–11.818, p = 0.023), tumor size > 25 mm (odds ratio: 3.410, 95% confidence interval: 1.031–11.277, p = 0.046), preoperative serosal invasion (odds ratio: 5.193, 95% confidence interval: 1.099–24.531, p = 0.038), and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level > 5.6 ng/mL (odds ratio: 3.816, 95% confidence interval: 1.248–10.667, p = 0.019) were identified as significant independent predictive factors. Our predictive model’s optimal cutoff and positive predictive values for positive peritoneal cytology results were 3 and 27.9%, respectively. Conclusions: The indications for curative-intent surgery should be considered carefully in patients with high-risk factors for positive peritoneal cytology results.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal malignancy due to the difficulty in diagnosis and poor prognosis because of the high recurrence rate, necessitating reliable biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and prognosis. However, the existing markers have limitations. We previously identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) recognized by O-glycan-binding lectins (Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin [ACA]) as a novel diagnostic biomarker for PDAC using an EV-counting system (ExoCounter). This retrospective study analyzed changes in ACA-positive EVs in perioperative PDAC serum and its association with prognosis using ExoCounter. Absolute EV levels in the pre- and postoperative sera of 44 patients who underwent curative pancreatectomy for PDAC were quantified using ExoCounter. The carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels declined in most samples postoperatively, and presented no correlation with poor prognosis. In contrast, ACA-positive EVs increased in serum at 7 days postoperatively in 27 of 44 patients (61.4%). We therefore divided participants with ACA-positive EVs before and after surgery into elevation and decline groups. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with higher ACA-positive EVs were significantly shorter than those with lower ACA-positive EVs (26.1 months vs. not reached, P = 0.018; 11.9 vs. 38.6 months, P = 0.013). Multivariable analysis revealed that ACA-positive EV elevation in postoperative serum was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.891, P = 0.023) and RFS (HR = 2.650, P = 0.024). The detection of ACA-positive EVs in perioperative serum may be used to predict the prognosis of PDAC in the early postoperative period.

Background: Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD) is one of the most challenging surgeries for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a critical and fatal complication. The safety and efficacy of pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) for HPD compared to pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the short-term outcomes of PG and PJ for HPD in terms of the POPF rate. Methods: Two groups of patients (PG group vs. PJ group) were retrospectively compared between January 2013 and January 2024. The reconstruction method was changed from PJ to PG in March 2021. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study. The PG and PJ groups comprised 15 (30.0%) and 35 (70.0%) patients, respectively. In the PJ group, three (8.6%) patients died after surgery because of clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF), intraabdominal bleeding, and post-hepatectomy liver failure. The operative time was longer in the PG group (909 min vs. 706 min, P = 0.020); however, the CR-POPF rate was lower in the PG group than in the PJ group (0 [0%] vs. 19 [54.3%], P < 0.001). Moreover, the number of patients who developed massive postoperative ascites (≥ 1,500 mL/day) was lower in the PG group than in the PJ group (3 [20.0%] vs. 16 [45.7%] patients, P = 0.028). Conclusions: Changing the method of pancreatic reconstruction for HPD from PJ to PG improved the short-term outcomes of patients at our institution. PG reconstruction is safe and effective for HPD as it reduces the incidence of CR-POPF.

Purpose: Immunotherapies have led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies have revealed the single-cell catalogs of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the trajectories of their differentiation. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of these immune cells with distinct phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment and their clinicopathologic significance in resectable and unresectable HCCs are still largely unclear. Experimental Design: We analyzed the spatial dynamics of intratumoral CD4 and CD8 T cells and their association with B and plasma cells using 283 surgically resected HCC samples, 58 unresectable HCC samples before combined immunotherapy [atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo + Bev)], and autopsy specimens from 50 cases of advanced-stage HCC through multiplex IHC combined with transcriptomic and driver gene mutation analyses. Classification based on the spatial dynamics of T- and B-cell responses (refined immunosubtype) was developed, and its clinicopathologic significance was analyzed. Results: We found that stem-like CD4 and CD8 T cells were mainly observed in T-cell aggregates and T-cell zone of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS). The differentiation of T follicular helper cells was associated with the development of TLS, whereas the differentiation of CXCL13-expressing CD4 TCXCL13 cells with a phenotype resembling T peripheral helper cells was associated with the development of the lymphoplasmacytic microenvironment. The refined immunosubtype could predict clinical outcomes of resectable HCC after surgery and unresectable HCC after Atezo + Bev therapy. The immune microenvironment of metastatic lesions tended to reflect those of primary lesions. Conclusions: We revealed the spatial dynamics of T- and B-cell responses in HCC, which is closely associated with the clinical outcome after surgical resection or Atezo + Bev therapy.

Splenic metastases from solid tumors are rare, particularly when they occur after a long postsurgical interval. We report the case of a 69-year-old woman who developed a splenic metastasis from endometrial carcinoma, presenting as a hemorrhagic splenic cyst, 17 years after her initial surgery. Laparoscopic splenectomy achieving R0 resection was successfully performed; however, the patient subsequently developed multiple liver metastases. This case highlights the importance of periodic evaluation for recurrence, including monitoring for symptoms and elevated tumor markers, in patients with a history of endometrial carcinoma or other solid tumors.

Background: Vessels encapsulating tumor clusters (VETC) pattern is tumor vasculature of HCC and is a predictor of prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Recent radiological studies have demonstrated the predictability of VETC from preoperative images, but the mechanisms of image formation are not elucidated. This study aims to determine the relationship between VETC and intratumor heterogeneity in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB-MRI) and to provide its pathological evidence. Methods: Radiologists visually classified preoperative arterial- and hepatobiliary-phase EOB-MRI images of 204 surgically resected HCCs into patterns based on heterogeneity and signal intensity; these classifications were validated using texture analysis. Single and multiplex immunohistochemistry for CD34, h-caldesmon, and OATP1B3 were performed to evaluate VETC, arterial vessel density (AVD), and OATP1B3 expression. Recurrence-free survival was assessed using the generalized Wilcoxon test. The contribution of clinicoradiological factors to the prediction of VETC was evaluated by random forest and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Results: VETC was frequently found in tumors with arterial-phase heterogeneous hyper-enhancement patterns and in tumors with hepatobiliary-phase heterogeneous hyperintense/isointense patterns (HBP-Hetero). AVD and OATP1B3 expression positively correlated with signal intensity in the arterial and hepatobiliary phases, respectively. Intratumor spatial analysis revealed that AVD and OATP1B3 expression were lower in VETC regions than in tumor regions without VETC. Patients with HBP-Hetero tumors had shorter recurrence-free survival. Machine learning models highlighted the importance of serum PIVKA-II, tumor size, and enhancement pattern of arterial and hepatobiliary phase for VETC prediction. Conclusions: VETC is associated with local reductions of both AVD and OATP1B3 expression, likely contributing to heterogeneous enhancement patterns in EOB-MRI. Evaluation of the arterial and hepatobiliary phases of EOB-MRI would enhance the predictability of VETC.

Purpose: The postoperative mortality rate of distal pancreatectomy is lower than that of pancreaticoduodenectomy, although persistent complications may occur after distal pancreatectomy. Fluid collection (FC) is frequently observed after distal pancreatectomy; however, FC may occasionally progress to postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (PIAA), which requires conservative or progressive interventional treatment. This study aimed to compare the status between patients with or without PIAA, identify predictive factors for PIAA and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula, and investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with PIAA with interventional drainage. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy between January 2012 and December 2019 at two high-volume centers, where hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgeries were performed by expert specialist surgeons. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive factors for PIAA. Results: Overall, 242 patients were analyzed, among whom 49 (20.2%) had PIAA. The median postoperative period of PIAA formation was 9 (range: 3–49) days. Among the 49 patients with PIAA, 25 (51.0%) underwent percutaneous ultrasound, computed tomography, or endoscopic ultrasound-guided interventions for PIAA. In the univariate analysis, preoperative indices representing abdominal fat mass (i.e., body mass index, subcutaneous fat area, and visceral fat area) were identified as predictive factors for PIAA; in the multivariate analysis, C-reactive protein (CRP) level (continuous variable) on postoperative day (POD) 3 (odds ratio: 1.189, 95.0% confidence interval: 1.111 − 1.274; P < 0.001) was the only independent and significant predictive factor for PIAA. Conclusions: CRP level on POD 3 was an independent and significant predictive factor for PIAA after distal pancreatectomy.

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE), which is extremely rare, is considered to have a malignant grade between that of hepatic hemangioma and that of hepatic hemangiosarcoma; however, some cases progress so quickly that they present with portal hypertension. We report the case of a woman with findings similar to those of acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that was not diagnosed before liver transplantation. The patient presented with jaundice and ascites. A hematological examination revealed negative tumor markers, high IgG levels, and negative hepatitis virus markers. Computed tomography findings of the liver showed map-like signs characteristic of acute-onset AIH. Despite some response, immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisolone, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil did not improve liver failure, and she underwent liver transplantation after 200 days of treatment. The explanted liver exhibited white areas that extended in a map-like manner and were occupied by fibrous stroma. Tumors with WWTR1-CAMTA1 gene fusion were recognized and diagnosed as HEHE. Although a histological examination is essential, a percutaneous liver biopsy could not be performed preoperatively because of the presence of ascites. Furthermore, the rarity of the disease, similarity of imaging findings with non-neoplastic patterns, and serological findings made it difficult to differentiate this case from acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis.

Hepatocyte transplantation (HCT) is a potential bridging therapy or an alternative to liver transplantation. Conventionally, single-cell hepatocytes are injected via the portal vein. This strategy, however, has yet to overcome poor cell engraftment and function. Therefore, we developed an orthotopic HCT method using a liver-derived extracellular matrix (L-ECM) gel. PXB cells (flesh mature human hepatocytes) were dispersed into the hydrogel solution in vitro, and the gel solution was immediately gelated in 37°C incubators to investigate the affinity between mature human hepatocyte and the L-ECM gel. During the 3-day cultivation in hepatocyte medium, PXB cells formed cell aggregates via cell–cell interactions. Quantitative analysis revealed human albumin production in culture supernatants. For the in vivo assay, PXB cells were encapsulated in the L-ECM gel and transplanted between the liver lobes of normal rats. Pathologically, the L-ECM gel was localized at the transplant site and retained PXB cells. Cell survival and hepatic function marker expression were verified in another rat model wherein thioacetamide was administered to induce liver fibrosis. Moreover, cell–cell interactions and angiogenesis were enhanced in the L-ECM gel compared with that in the collagen gel. Our results indicate that L-ECM gels can help engraft transplanted hepatocytes and express hepatic function as a scaffold for cell transplantation.

Liver transplantation is often the only lifesaving option for acute liver failure (ALF); however, the predictors of short-term mortality (death within one year) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for ALF have yet to be defined. We retrospectively collected patients ≥18 years old who underwent LDLT for ALF between 2010 and 2020 at 35 centers in Asia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the clinical variables related to short-term mortality and establish a novel scoring system. The Kaplan-Meier method was performed to explore the association between the score and overall survival. Of the 339 recipients, 46 (13.6%) died within 1 year after LDLT. Multivariate analyses revealed 4 independent risk factors for death: use of vasopressors or mechanical ventilation, the higher model for end-stage liver disease score, and a lower graft-to-recipient weight ratio. The internally validated c-statistic of the short-term mortality after transplant (SMT) score derived from these 4 variables was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.74-0.87). The SMT score successfully stratified recipients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups with 1-year overall survival rates of 96%, 80%, and 50%, respectively. In conclusion, our novel SMT score based on 4 predictors will guide ALF recipient and living donor selection.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe presents surgical challenges due to the lack of distinct anatomical landmarks. This case report introduces a novel surgical approach combining Takasaki’s classification and indocyanine green negative counterstaining for precise anatomical caudate lobectomy. A 78-year-old patient with hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe underwent surgery following preoperative volumetric assessment. The method involved a glissonian approach for both left and right pedicles, coupled with meticulous dissection of hepatic pedicles of the caudate lobe guided by taping of left and right glissonian pedicles, followed by indocyanine green administration for improved visualization of caudate lobe boundaries. The procedure enabled complete tumor resection with minimal blood loss. At 50 months postsurgery, the patient maintains favorable liver function and performance status. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for precise resection of caudate lobe hepatocellular carcinoma, potentially improving surgical outcomes and long-term prognosis.

Purpose: To achieve a historical perspective, the chronological changes in primary liver cancer over a 20-year period were investigated at a single institution, focusing on shifts in etiology and the impact on imaging and pathological findings using The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of surgically resected primary liver cancer in 680 patients from 2001 to 2020 resulted in 434 patients with 482 nodules being analyzed. Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging and the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System 2018 classification were employed. Two pathologists and two radiologists independently evaluated specimens and images. Results: This study highlighted a significant decline in cases of viral hepatitis and cirrhosis in primary liver cancer patients but an increase in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma. Notably, there was a rise in non-viral hepatitis cases, potentially pointing toward an increase in steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma cases in the future. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma and steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma tumors exhibited slightly different distributions in the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System classification compared with ordinary hepatocellular carcinoma, which may reflect the presence of fibrosis and lipid in tumor parenchyma. Conclusions: Consistent with past reports, this study demonstrated the emergence of primary liver cancer against a backdrop of non-viral and non-cirrhotic liver. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System has been consistently useful in diagnosing primary liver cancer; however, among the histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma, an increase is anticipated in scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma and steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma, which may present imaging findings different from those of ordinary hepatocellular carcinoma. This development may necessitate a reevaluation of the current approach for diagnosing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma based solely on imaging.

Background: Neoadjuvant therapy is recommended for treating resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, its appropriate use in patients with resectable PDAC remains debatable. Objective: This study aimed to identify independent poor prognostic factors and evaluate the clinical significance of neoadjuvant therapy in patients with resectable PDAC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients diagnosed with resectable PDAC at our institute between January 2003 and December 2022. We analyzed poor prognostic factors at the time of diagnosis in patients who underwent upfront surgery using the Cox proportional hazards model for overall survival (OS). The prognostic score was calculated by adding the individual prognostic factor scores. Results: Overall, 359 patients were included in this study, with 308 patients undergoing upfront surgery and the remaining 51 patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. The R0 resection rate was significantly higher in the neoadjuvant therapy group (70.6%) than in the upfront surgery group (64.0%). Multivariate analysis in the upfront surgery group revealed the following independent poor prognostic factors: tumor size ≥ 35 mm, serum albumin level ≤.5 g/dL, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 3.5, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level ≥ 250 U/mL, and Duke pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 level ≥ 750 U/mL. Among patients with prognostic scores of 0–1 (n = 263), the intention-to-treat OS did not significantly differ between the neoadjuvant therapy and upfront surgery groups. Among those patients with a prognostic score of ≥ 2 (n = 96), the neoadjuvant therapy group had significantly longer intention-to-treat OS than the upfront surgery group. Conclusions: Prognostic score-based stratification can help identify patients who could benefit from neoadjuvant therapy.

Background: Optimal preoperative biliary drainage for patients with pancreatic cancer before pancreatoduodenectomy remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the comparison of efficacy and safety between a metallic stent (MS) and a plastic stent (PS). Methods: Comparative studies on the use of MS and PS for pancreatic cancer before pancreatoduodenectomy were systematically searched using the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Pre- and postoperative data also were extracted. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to compare post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complications as well as intra- and postoperative outcomes between the two arms of the study, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) were calculated with 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The study analyzed 12 studies involving 683 patients. Insertion of MS was associated with a lower incidence of re-intervention (OR, 0.06; 95% CI 0.03–0.15; P < 0.001), increased post-ERCP adverse events (OR, 2.22; 95% CI 1.13–4.36; P = 0.02), and similar operation time (MD, 18.0 min; 95% CI –29.1 to 65.6 min; P = 0.46), amount of blood loss (MD, 43.0 ml; 95% CI –207.1 to 288.2 ml; P = 0.73), and surgical complication rate (OR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.53–1.15; P = 0.21). The cumulative stent patency rate after 3 months was higher in the MS group than in the PS group (70–100 % vs 30.0–45.0 %). Conclusion: For biliary drainage in patients with pancreatic cancer during this era of multidisciplinary treatment, MS use might be the first choice because MS provides a more durable biliary drainage and a similar risk of postoperative outcomes compared with PS.

Aim: Liver allografts from brain-dead donors, which were declined and were eventually not transplanted due to accompanying marginal factors, have never been surveyed in Japan. We surveyed the declined allografts and discussed the graft potential focusing on various marginal factors. Methods: We collected data on brain-dead donors between 1999 and 2019 from the Japan Organ Transplant Network. We divided their liver allografts into declined (nontransplanted) and transplanted ones, and then characterized declined ones focusing on their timepoints of decline and accompanying marginal factors. For each marginal factor, we calculated the decline rate from the number of declined and transplanted allografts, and assessed the 1-year graft survival rate from transplanted allografts. Results: A total of 571 liver allografts were divided into 84 (14.7%) declined and 487 (85.3%) transplanted ones. In the declined allografts, a majority was declined after laparotomy (n = 55, 65.5%), most of which had steatosis and/or fibrosis (n = 52). Out of the moderate steatotic (without F ≥ 2 fibrosis) allografts (n = 33), 21 were declined and 12 were transplanted, leading to a 63.6% decline rate. The latter 12 achieved a 92.9% 1-year graft survival rate after transplantation. Comparison of donor background showed no significant difference between the declined and transplanted allografts. Conclusion: Pathological abnormalities of steatosis/fibrosis seem to be the most common donor factor leading to graft decline in Japan. Allografts with moderate steatosis were highly declined; however, transplanted ones achieved promising outcomes. This national survey highlights the potential utility of liver allografts with moderate steatosis.