論文

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish criteria that would indicate whether fertility preservation therapy would likely be safe for patients aged 40 years or less with endometrioid endometrial cancer based on their DNA methylation profile. Methods: Forty-nine fresh-frozen tissue samples from patients with endometrial cancer from an initial cohort and 31 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from a second cohort were subjected to genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Results: Epigenomic clustering of early-onset endometrial cancer was correlated with the widely used recurrence risk classification. Genes showing differences in DNA methylation levels between the low-recurrence-risk category and intermediate-and high-risk categories were accumulated in pathways related to fibroblast growth factor and nuclear factor-κB signaling. DNA hypomethylation and overexpression of ZBTB38 were frequently observed in the low-risk category. Eight hundred thirty-one marker CpG probes showed area under the curve values of >0.7 on the receiver operating characteristic curve for discrimination of patients belonging to the low-risk category. By combining marker CpG sites, seven panels for placing patients into the low-risk category with 91.3% or more sensitivity and specificity in both the initial and second cohorts were established. Conclusions: DNA methylation diagnostics criteria using up to 6 of 8 CpG sites for LPP, FOXO1, RNF4, EXOC6B, CCPG1, RREB1 and ZBTB38 may be applicable to recurrence risk estimation for patients aged 40 years or less with endometrial cancer, regardless of tumor cell content, even if formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy or curettage materials are used.

Background: The exosome-focused translational research for afatinib (EXTRA) study is the first trial to identify novel predictive biomarkers for longer treatment efficacy of afatinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via a comprehensive association study using genomic, proteomic, epigenomic, and metabolomic analyses. Objectives: We report details of the clinical portion prior to omics analyses. Design: A prospective, single-arm, observational study was conducted using afatinib 40 mg/day as an initial dose in untreated patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. Dose reduction to 20 mg every other day was allowed. Methods: Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results: A total of 103 patients (median age 70 years, range 42–88 years) were enrolled from 21 institutions in Japan between February 2017 and March 2018. After a median follow-up of 35.0 months, 21% remained on afatinib treatment, whereas 9% had discontinued treatment because of AEs. The median PFS was 18.4 months, with a 3-year PFS rate of 23.3%. The median afatinib treatment duration in patients with final doses of 40 (n = 27), 30 (n = 23), and 20 mg/day (n = 35), and 20 mg every other day (n = 18) were 13.4, 15.4, 18.8, and 18.3 months, respectively. The median OS was not reached, with a 3-year OS rate of 58.5%. The median OS in patients who did (n = 25) and did not (n = 78) receive osimertinib during the entire course of treatment were 42.4 months and not reached, respectively (p = 0.654). Conclusions: As the largest prospective study in Japan, this study confirmed favorable OS following first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC in a real-world setting. Further analysis of the EXTRA study is expected to identify novel predictive biomarkers for afatinib. Trial registration: UMIN-CTR identifier (UMIN000024935, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_his_list.cgi?recptno=R000028688

Careful microscopic observation of histopathological specimens, accumulation of large numbers of high-quality tissue specimens, and analysis of molecular pathology in relation to morphological features are considered to yield realistic data on the nature of multistage carcinogenesis. Since the morphological hallmark of cancer is disruption of the normal histological structure maintained through cell−cell adhesiveness and cellular polarity, attempts have been made to investigate abnormalities of the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion system in human cancer cells. It has been shown that the CDH1 tumor suppressor gene encoding E-cadherin is silenced by DNA methylation, suggesting that a “double hit” involving DNA methylation and loss of heterozygosity leads to carcinogenesis. Therefore, in the 1990s, we focused on epigenomic mechanisms, which until then had not received much attention. In chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis virus infection, DNA methylation abnormalities were found to occur frequently, being one of the earliest indications that such abnormalities are present even in precancerous tissue. Aberrant expression and splicing of DNA methyltransferases, such as DNMT1 and DNMT3B, was found to underlie the mechanism of DNA methylation alterations in various organs. The CpG island methylator phenotype in renal cell carcinoma was identified for the first time, and its therapeutic targets were identified by multilayer omics analysis. Furthermore, the DNA methylation profile of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma was clarified in groundbreaking studies. Since then, we have developed diagnostic markers for carcinogenesis risk in NASH patients and noninvasive diagnostic markers for upper urinary tract cancer, as well as developing a new high-performance liquid chromatography-based diagnostic system for DNA methylation diagnosis. Research on the cancer epigenome has revealed that DNA methylation alterations occur from the precancerous stage as a result of exposure to carcinogenic factors such as inflammation, smoking, and viral infections, and continuously contribute to multistage carcinogenesis through aberrant expression of cancer-related genes and genomic instability. DNA methylation alterations at the precancerous stages are inherited by or strengthened in cancers themselves and determine the clinicopathological aggressiveness of cancers as well as patient outcome. DNA methylation alterations have applications as biomarkers, and are expected to contribute to diagnosis, as well as preventive and preemptive medicine.

Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors is an important issue in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transcriptome analysis shows that adenocarcinoma can be divided into three molecular subtypes: terminal respiratory unit (TRU), proximal proliferative (PP), and proximal inflammatory (PI), and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSQ) into four. However, the immunological characteristics of these subtypes are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the immune landscape of NSCLC tissues in molecular subtypes using a multi-omics dataset, including tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) analyzed using flow cytometry, RNA sequences, whole exome sequences, metabolomic analysis, and clinicopathologic findings. In the PI subtype, the number of TILs increased and the immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was activated, as indicated by high levels of tertiary lymphoid structures, and high cytotoxic marker levels. Patient prognosis was worse in the PP subtype than in other adenocarcinoma subtypes. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression levels were upregulated and lactate accumulated in the TME of the PP subtype. This could lead to the formation of an immunosuppressive TME, including the inactivation of antigen-presenting cells. The TRU subtype had low biological malignancy and “cold” tumor-immune phenotypes. Squamous cell carcinoma (LUSQ) did not show distinct immunological characteristics in its respective subtypes. Elucidation of the immune characteristics of molecular subtypes could lead to the development of personalized immune therapy for lung cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors could be an effective treatment for the PI subtype. Glycolysis is a potential target for converting an immunosuppressive TME into an antitumorigenic TME in the PP subtype.

CADM1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule, acts as a tumor suppressor in a variety of human cancers. CADM1 is also ectopically expressed in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), conferring an invasive phenotype characteristic to ATL. Therefore, CADM1 plays dual roles in human oncogenesis. Here, we investigate the roles of CADM1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that 10 of 35 (29%) primary SCLC tumors express CADM1 protein. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses reveal that CADM1 is significantly expressed in 11 of 14 SCLC cells growing in suspension cultures but in neither of 2 SCLC cells showing attached growth to plastic dishes, suggesting that CADM1 is involved in anchorage-independent growth in SCLC. In the present study, we demonstrate that SCLC expresses a unique splicing variant of CADM1 (variant 8/9) containing additional extracellular fragments corresponding to exon 9 in addition to variant 8, a common isoform in epithelia. Variant 8/9 of CADM1 is almost exclusively observed in SCLC and testis, although this variant protein localizes along the membrane and shows similar cell aggregation activity to variant 8. Interestingly, both variant 8/9 and variant 8 of CADM1 show enhanced tumorigenicity in nude mice when transfected into SBC5, a SCLC cell lacking CADM1. Inversely, suppression of CADM1 expression by shRNA reduced spheroid-like cell aggregation of NCI-H69, an SCLC cell expressing a high amount of CADM1. These findings suggest that CADM1 enhances the malignant features of SCLC, as is observed in ATL, and could provide a molecular marker specific to SCLC. © 2012 Japanese Cancer Association.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity, but comprises a group of tumors including clear cell RCC, papillary RCC and chromophobe RCC, which arise from the epithelium of renal tubules. The majority of clear cell RCCs, the major histological subtype, have genetic or epigenetic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Germline mutations in the MET and fumarate hydratase (FH) genes lead to the development of type 1 and type 2 papillary RCCs, respectively, and such mutations of either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene increase the risk of RCC. Genomewide copy number alteration analysis has suggested that loss of chromosome 3p and gain of chromosomes 5q and 7 may be copy number aberrations indispensable for the development of clear cell RCC. When chromosome 1p, 4, 9, 13q or 14q is also lost, more clinicopathologically aggressive clear cell RCC may develop. Since renal carcinogenesis is associated with neither chronic inflammation nor persistent viral infection, and hardly any histological change is evident in corresponding non-tumorous renal tissue from patients with renal tumors, precancerous conditions in the kidney have been rarely described. However, regional DNA hypermethylation on C-type CpG islands has already accumulated in such non-cancerous renal tissues, suggesting that, from the viewpoint of altered DNA methylation, the presence of precancerous conditions can be recognized even in the kidney. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in precancerous conditions are basically inherited by the corresponding clear cell RCCs developing in individual patients: DNA methylation alterations at the precancerous stage may further predispose renal tissue to epigenetic and genetic alterations, generate more malignant cancers, and even determine patient outcome. The list of tumor-related genes silenced by DNA hypermethylation has recently been increasing. Genetic and epigenetic profiling provides an optimal means of prognostication for patients with RCCs. Recently developed high-throughput technologies for genetic and epigenetic analyses will further accelerate the identification of key molecules for use in the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of RCCs.

Purpose: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes represent the host immune response to cancer. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the immune reaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance and roles of Tregs and CD8 + Tcells during hepatocarcinogenesis. Experimental Design: We examined the infiltration of FOXP3+ Tregs and CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma and nontumorous liver parenchyma using 323 hepatic nodules including precursor lesions, early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and advanced HCC, along with 39 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and 59 metastatic liver adenocarcinomas. We did immunohistochemical comparative studies. Results: The prevalence of Tregs was significantly higher in HCC than in the nontumorous liver (P < 0.001). The patient group with a high prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC showed a significantly lower survival rate (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC was an independent prognostic factor. The prevalence of Tregs increased in a stepwise manner (P < 0.001) and that of CD8+ T cells decreased during the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis (P < 0.001). Regardless of the presence of hepatitis virus infection or histopathologic evidence of hepatitis, the prevalence of Tregs was significantly increased in non-tumorous liver bearing primary hepatic tumors. Conclusions: Tregs play a role in controlling the immune response to HCC during the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. It has been suggested that primary hepatic cancers develop in liver that is immunosuppressed by a marked infiltration of Tregs. A high prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC is thought to be an unfavorable prognostic indicator. © 2007 American Association for Cancer Research.

Although activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway is considered to be one of the main driving forces of hepatocarcinogenesis, no somatic mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene have been found in sporadic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to date. Here we present a case of a sporadic nodule-in-nodule-type HCC that provides the first evidence that biallelic genetic inactivation of the APC gene contributed to the development of the tumor. High-density array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed to clarify genome-wide chromosomal structural alteration profiles of both early and advanced components of this nodule-in-nodule HCC. aCGH analysis revealed a chromosomal loss of the APC gene locus only in the inner advanced component of this tumor. Direct sequencing of the remaining allele revealed a nonsense mutation at codon 682 in the Armadillo repeats, resulting in a truncated protein that lacked all of the β-catenin-binding motifs. Nonsense mutations at this location are rare among other types of cancer. In conclusion, combined with an immunohistochemical analysis of the β-catenin protein, this case provides the first evidence that genetic inactivation of the APC gene can play a significant role in the progression of sporadic HCC, probably by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

© 2018 The Author(s). Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. It is thought to originate from cholangiocytes, which are the component cells of intrahepatic bile ducts. However, as patients with viral hepatitis often develop IHCC, it has been suggested that transformed hepatocytes may play a role in IHCC development. To investigate whether IHCC cells can be converted to functional hepatocytes, we established organoids derived from human IHCC and cultured them under conditions suitable for hepatocyte differentiation. IHCC organoids after hepatocyte differentiation acquired functions of mature hepatocytes such as albumin secretion, bile acid production and increased CYP3A4 activity. Studies using a mouse model of IHCC indicate that Wnt3a derived from macrophages recruited upon inflammation in the liver may promote the malignant transformation of hepatocytes to IHCC cells. The results of the present study support the recently proposed hypothesis that IHCC cells are derived from hepatocytes.

© The Author 2017. The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of DNA methylation alterations during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocarcinogenesis. Single-CpG-resolution genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed on 264 liver tissue samples using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. After Bonferroni correction, 3331 probes showed significant DNA methylation alterations in 113 samples of non-cancerous liver tissue showing NASH (NASH-N) as compared with 55 samples of normal liver tissue (NLT). Principal component analysis using the 3331 probes revealed distinct DNA methylation profiles of NASH-N samples that were different from those of NLT samples and 37 samples of non-cancerous liver tissue showing chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (viral-N). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified 194 probes that were able to discriminate NASH-N samples from viral-N samples with area under the curve values of more than 0.95. Jonckheere- Terptsra trend test revealed that DNA methylation alterations in NASH-N samples from patients without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were inherited by or strengthened in NASH-N samples from patients with HCC, and then inherited by or further strengthened in 22 samples of NASH-related HCC (NASH-T) themselves. NASH- and NASH-related HCC-specific DNA methylation alterations, which were not evident in viral-N samples and 37 samples of HCC associated with HBV or HCV infection, were observed in tumor-related genes, such as WHSC1, and were frequently associated with mRNA expression abnormalities. These data suggested that NASH-specific DNA methylation alterations may participate in NASH-related multistage hepatocarcinogenesis.

© 2019 The Author(s) Biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs) are among the most aggressive malignancies and have a poor prognosis. Here, we successfully established organoid lines derived from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. These organoids derived from BTCs were cultured stably for >1 year and closely recapitulated the histopathology, gene expression, and genetic alterations evident in the primary tumors. Gene expression profiling of the organoids revealed that SOX2 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with BTC. We screened a compound library consisting of drugs used clinically for their ability to suppress organoids derived from BTCs and found that the antifungal drugs amorolfine and fenticonazole significantly suppressed the growth of organoids derived from BTCs with minimal toxicity to normal biliary epithelial cells. Patient-derived organoids may be a powerful research tool for the clarification of molecular pathogenesis and the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for refractory cancers.

© 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. The present study was performed to clarify the significance of DNA methylation alterations during endometrial carcinogenesis. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and targeted sequencing of tumor-related genes were performed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip and the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2, respectively, for 31 samples of normal control endometrial tissue from patients without endometrial cancer and 81 samples of endometrial cancer tissue. Principal component analysis revealed that tumor samples had a DNA methylation profile distinct from that of control samples. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed significant differences of DNA methylation at 1034 CpG sites between early-onset endometrioid endometrial cancer (EE) tissue (patients aged ≤40 years) and late-onset endometrioid endometrial cancer (LE) tissue, which were accumulated among 'transcriptional factors'. Mutations of the CTNNB1 gene or DNA methylation alterations of genes participating in Wnt signaling were frequent in EEs, whereas genetic and epigenetic alterations of fibroblast growth factor signaling genes were observed in LEs. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering grouped EE samples in Cluster EA (n = 22) and samples in Cluster EB (n = 12). Clinicopathologically less aggressive tumors tended to be accumulated in Cluster EB, and DNA methylation levels of 18 genes including HOXA9, HOXD10 and SOX11 were associated with differences in such aggressiveness between the two clusters. We identified 11 marker CpG sites that discriminated EB samples from EA samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity. These data indicate that genetically and epigenetically different pathways may participate in the development of EEs and LEs, and that DNA methylation profiling may help predict tumors that are less aggressive and amenable to fertility preservation treatment.

© 2018, Japan Human Cell Society and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. Adult wound healing can result in fibrotic scarring (FS) characterized by excess expression of myofibroblasts and increased type I/type III collagen expression. In contrast, fetal wound healing results in complete regeneration without FS, and the mechanism remains unclear. Amniotic fluid cells could contribute to scar-free wound healing, but the effects of human amniotic fluid cells are not well characterized. Here, we determined the effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFS) on FS during wound healing. Human amniotic fluid was obtained by amniocentesis at 15–17 weeks of gestation. CD117-positive cells were isolated and defined as hAFS. hAFS (1 × 10 6 ) suspended in PBS or cell-free PBS were injected around wounds created in the dorsal region of BALB/c mice. Wound size was macroscopically measured, and re-epithelialization in the epidermis, granulation tissue area in the dermis and collagen contents in the regenerated wound were histologically analyzed. The ability of hAFS to engraft in the wound was assessed by tracking hAFS labeled with PKH-26. hAFS fulfilled the minimal criteria for mesenchymal stem cells. hAFS injection into the wound accelerated wound closure via enhancement of re-epithelialization with less FS. The process was characterized by lower numbers of myofibroblasts and higher expression of type III collagen. Finally, transplanted hAFS were clearly observed in the dermis until day 7 implying that hAFS worked in a paracrine manner. hAFS can function in a paracrine manner to accelerate cutaneous wound healing, producing less FS, a process resembling fetal wound healing.

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. The aim of this study was to establish permutation for cancer risk estimation in the urothelium. Twenty-six samples of normal control urothelium obtained from patients without urothelial carcinomas (C), 47 samples of non-cancerous urothelium without noticeable morphological changes obtained from patients with urothelial carcinomas (N), and 46 samples of the corresponding cancerous tissue (T) in the learning cohort and 64 N samples in the validation cohort, i.e. 183 tissue samples in total, were analyzed. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed using the Infinium HumanMethylation 450K BeadChip, and DNA methylation levels were verified using pyrosequencing and MassARRAY. Amplicon sequencing was performed using the GeneRead DNAseq Targeted Panels V2. Although N samples rarely showed genetic mutations or copy number alterations, they showed DNA methylation alterations at 2502 CpG sites compared to C samples, and such alterations were inherited by or strengthened in T samples, indicating that DNA methylation alterations may participate in field cancerization in the urothelium. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed the feasibility of cancer risk estimation to identify urothelium at the precancerous stage by DNA methylation quantification. Cancer risk estimation permutation was established using a combination of two marker CpG loci on the HOXC4, TENM3 and TLR1 genes (sensitivity and specificity 96-100%). Among them, the diagnostic impact of 10 patterns of permutation was successfully validated in the validation cohort (sensitivity and specificity 94-98%). These data suggest that cancer risk estimation using procedures such as urine tests during health checkups might become applicable for clinical use.