論文

© 2018 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibit resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) within 9–14 months of therapy. Recently, EGFR-mutated NSCLC has demonstrated the potential for heterogeneity; therefore, the manner of clonal heterogeneity may impact the duration of progression-free and overall survival and other parameters affecting EGFR-TKI treatment efficacy. However no predictive biomarker of these favorable treatment efficacies has been identified to date. The exosome-focused translational research for afatinib (EXTRA) study aims to identify a novel predictive biomarker and a resistance marker for afatinib by analyzing data from association studies of the clinical efficacy of afatinib and four “OMICs” (genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics) using peripheral blood from patients treated with afatinib. This study aims to: (i) conduct comprehensive multi-OMIC analyses in a prospective clinical trial, and (ii) focus on both sera/plasma and exosome as a source for OMIC analyses to identify a novel predictor of the efficacy of a specific drug. To eliminate the carryover bias of prior treatment, systemic treatment-naïve patients were enrolled. The candidates to be screened for biomarkers comprise a discovery cohort of 60 patients and an independent validation cohort of 40 patients. The EXTRA study is the first trial to screen novel biomarkers of longer treatment efficacy of EGFR-TKIs using four-OMICs analyses, focusing on both “naked or free” molecules and “capsulated” exosomal components in serially collected peripheral blood.

CD163 is one of the scavenger receptors expressed on macrophages. However, several immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CD163 is also detected on cancer cells, and is associated with a poor prognosis. In the present study, we detected CD163 staining on cancer cells in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and investigated the relationship between CD163 on cancer cells and the clinical prognosis. CD163 staining was seen in 128 of 342 adenocarcinoma cases and 35 of 103 SCC cases. Among the lung adenocarcinoma cases, the progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly shorter in the CD163 high group than the CD163 low group. A similar trend was observed among the SCC cases, but the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, a higher number of macrophages was detected in areas with CD163-positive cancer cells when compared to areas with CD163-negative cancer cells. In summary, we found that CD163-positive cancer cells are a predictor of a worse clinical course in lung adenocarcinoma and SCC.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. The present study was conducted to clarify the cooperative significance of epigenomic and genomic abnormalities during gastric carcinogenesis. Using 21 samples of normal control gastric mucosa (C), 109 samples of non-cancerous gastric mucosa (N) and 105 samples of cancerous tissue (T) from 109 patients with primary gastric adenocarcinomas, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed using Infinium assay. Among these samples, 66 paired N and corresponding T samples were subjected to whole-exome and single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses. As had been shown in our previous study, 109 patients were clustered clinicopathologically into least aggressive Cluster A (n = 20), most aggressive Cluster B1 (n = 20) and Cluster B2 (n = 69). Most DNA methylation alterations in each cluster had already occurred even in N samples compared with C samples, and DNA methylation alterations at the precancerous N stage were inherited by the established cancers themselves. Recurrent single nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions resulting in functional disruption of the proteins encoded by the ABCA10, BNC2, CDH1, CTNNB1, SMAD4 and VAV2 genes were specific to Cluster B1, whereas those of the APC, EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLH1 and MUC6 genes were specific to Cluster A. MetaCore pathway analysis revealed that the epigenomically affected TWIST1 gene and genomically affected CDH1, CTNNB1, MMP9, TLN2, ROCK1 and SMAD4 genes were accumulated in signaling pathways related to cell adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Cluster B1. These data indicate that epigenomic alterations at the precancerous stage are important in gastric carcinogenesis and that epigenomic and genomic alterations cooperatively underlie the aggressiveness of gastric adenocarcinomas.

消化管に限局した原発性アミロイドーシスは稀な疾患である。今回4例の腸限局性アミロイドーシスを経験した。いずれの症例も内視鏡的に大腸を中心とした多発性黄白色調粘膜下腫瘍様隆起として観察され、組織学的にはAL(λ)型アミロイド沈着を認めた。経過観察可能だった3例はいずれも生命予後良好で、進行は緩徐であった。また、非隆起部からアミロイド沈着初期像を検出するとともに、アミロイド沈着部にはCD34陽性細胞の軽度集簇が観察され、これらの所見はアミロイド沈着機序理解の新たな糸口となる可能性が示唆された。(著者抄録)

The majority of smooth muscle tumors found in the uterus are benign, but uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are extremely malignant, with high rates of recurrence and metastasis. The development of gynecologic tumors is often correlated with female hormone secretion; however, the development of uterine LMS is not substantially correlated with hormonal conditions, and the risk factors are not clearly understood. The presentation of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is important for tumor rejection by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Such antigenic peptides are generated as a result of the degradation of intracellular proteins by the proteasome pathway, a process that is influenced by the interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible low molecular mass polypeptide-2 (LMP2) subunit of the 20S proteasome. Homozygous deficient mice for LMP2 are now known to spontaneously develop uterine LMS. LMP2 expression is reportedly absent in human uterine LMS, but present in human myometrium. Further studies revealed a few infiltrating CD56+ NK cells in human uterine LMS tissues. This review aims at summarizing recent insights into the regulation of NK cell function and the T cell-mediated immune system as tumor immune surveillance, first attempts to exploit NK cell activation to improve immunity to tumors. © 2012 Hayashi T, et al.

Down-regulation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system is strongly related to cancer invasion and metastasis. Aberrant CpG hypermethylation in the promoter region of the E-cadherin gene has been shown to be responsible for reduction of E-cadherin expression. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) can restore the E-cadherin system and reduce the potential for metastasis. AZA treatment modified the methylation status of the 5' CpG island in the E-cadherin promoter, and induced re-expression of E-cadherin in human cancer cells whose E-cadherin expression had been silenced. The re-expressed E-cadherin was correlated with increased in vitro aggregation and reduced motility. After inoculation of cancer cells (MDA-MB-435S) into the mammary fat pads of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency, the mice were treated for nine consecutive weeks with AZA three times per week i.p. The AZA treatment suppressed both growth of the primary tumor and lung metastasis in comparison with untreated controls, suggesting that the suppression of metastasis may be, at least partly, attributable to restoration of E-cadherin expression. Therefore, inhibition of DNA methylation may be useful for preventing cancer metastasis.

We examined levels of mRNA and protein for N-cadherin, the predominant cadherin in neural tissues, and mRNA levels for the cadherin-associated protein, alpha-catenin, in a series of gliomas and in glioblastoma cell lines. mRNA levels for N-cadherin and alpha-catenin were significantly higher in glioblastomas than in low-grade astrocytomas or normal brain, while the levels of intact N-cadherin protein were similar in glioblastomas, low-grade astrocytomas and brain. In addition, there was no consistent relationship between invasiveness and expression of N-cadherin and alpha-catenin in highly invasive vs minimally invasive tumours within the same histopathological grade. To assess further the relationship between cadherin expression and neural tumour invasion, we measured N-cadherin expression, calcium-dependent cell adhesion and motility of several glioblastoma cell lines. While all N-cadherin-expressing lines were adhesive, no correlation was seen between the level of N-cadherin expression and cell motility. Together, these findings imply that, in contrast to the role played by E-cadherin in carcinomas, N-cadherin does not restrict the invasion of glioblastomas. © 1995 Stockton Press. All rights reserved.