論文

© 2015 Konishi et al. Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) on an annuloplasty ring dehiscence is uncommon after mitral valve repair. Case Presentation: A 53-year-old man underwent mitral annuloplasty with a 24-mm ring for posterior mitral valve prolapse. He underwent repeat valve repair for recurrent mitral valve regurgitation 4 years later. He was re-hospitalised complaining of vomiting, nausea, general fatigue and left abdominal pain 2 months later, and presented with low-grade fever, leukocytosis and an elevated blood concentration of C-reactive protein. An abdominal computed tomography scan showed multiple embolisms in the liver, kidney and spleen. Transoesophageal echocardiography revealed mitral annuloplasty ring dehiscence and vegetations consistent with IE. The infected annuloplasty ring and vegetations were surgically excised. Blood cultures grew coagulasenegative staphylococcus aureus, consistent with the excised mitral valve histology. The postoperative course was uneventful, without recurrence of IE. Conclusions: Embolic ileus as initial manifestation of IE is rare and might confuse the diagnosis and delay its management. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms may be the initial manifestations of systemic embolization from infective endocarditis. Transoesophageal echocardiography effectively identified the presence of vegetations and mitral annuloplasty ring dehiscence.

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a rate-limiting enzyme of prostaglandin (PG) production, is overexpressed in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and its inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs protects against colorectal cancer. Mechanisms of cancer promotion by COX-2 are not fully understood, but signaling through prostaglandin (PG)E-2 receptors is a contributing factor. The major PGE(2) receptors on epithelial cells, EP2 and EP4, increase cAMP production, which promotes growth and inhibits apoptosis in some cell types. Here, we show that cAMP agonists, including PGE2, cholera toxin, and a membrane-permeant cAMP analog, protect normal and transformed intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli. This protection is associated with cAMP-mediated, rapid induction of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (c-IAP)-2 and delayed induction of LIVIN, but not of six other members of the IAP family. Concurrently and characteristic of IAP functions, the activity, but not generation, of the cleaved form of the central executioner caspase 3 is inhibited. Induction of c-IAP2 expression by cAMP agonists is accompanied by phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein and cAMP response element-dependent activation of transcriptional reporters. Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 in cells overexpressing the enzyme decreases c-IAP2 expression and promotes apoptosis, both of which are reversible by PGE2 addition, suggesting that COX-2-promoted antiapoptosis is mediated by release of PGE2 and subsequent cAMP-dependent c-IAP2 induction. These results help to explain the cancer chemoprotective effects of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs by defining a mechanism through which cAMP signaling can promote the development of colorectal and possibly other epithelial cancers by means of disruption of normal apoptotic processes.

Ephrin receptor A4 (EphA4) is overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and activate cell growth. Recent studies have identified small molecules that block EphA4. In this study, we investigated the correlation between EphA4 expression and the prognosis of patients with PDAC. We also examined the cytostatic efficacy of 2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl benzoic acid (compound 1), a small molecule that blocks EphA4, in PDAC cells. Overall survival of patients with EphA4 positivity was significantly shorter than that of patients with EphA4 negativity (P = 0.029). In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that EphA4 expression was an independent prognostic factor in PDAC patients (P = 0.039). Compound 1 showed a cytostatic efficacy in PDAC cells expressing EphA4 in vitro and in vivo. Our study indicated that compound 1 suppressed both EphA4 and Akt phosphorylations, and induced apoptosis in PDAC cells expressing EphA4. In conclusion,compound 1 has a high potential as a therapeutic agent for patients with PDAC.

© 2016 The Author(s) Introduction The localization of small intestine sources of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding has been a challenge. The use of indocyanine green (ICG) is effective in aiding intraoperative localization if a bleeding lesion is identified on angiography. Case presentation A 95-year-old Japanese man presented with hematochezia. Selective angiography of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) established an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). ICG injection into the feeding vessel was administered intraoperatively, and the demarcated segment of the jejunum was resected. Discussion Diluted ICG was injected in the SMA by intraoperative angiography, and the region could be easily and clearly visualized by the ICG fluorescence imaging; small patchy poolings of ICG were recognized. Ultimately, the region was diagnosed as an AVM of the jejunum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported description of this technique. Conclusion Our new technique of combining selective angiography with intraoperative ICG injection and focused enterectomy is a safe, accurate, and cost-effective treatment.

� 2016 The Author(s). Background: Left ventricular wall rupture remains a major lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction and hypertension is a well-known predisposing factor of cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction. Case presentation: An 87-year-old man was admitted to our hospital, diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The echocardiogram showed 0.67-cm 2 aortic valve, consistent with severe aortic stenosis (AS). A coronary angiography showed a chronic occlusion of the proximal left circumflex artery and a 99 % stenosis and thrombus in the mid right coronary artery. During percutaneous angioplasty of the latter, transient hypotension and bradycardia developed at the time of balloon inflation, and low doses of noradrenaline and etilefrine were intravenously administered as needed. The patient suddenly lost consciousness and developed electro-mechanical dissociation. Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation followed by insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support were initiated. The echocardiogram revealed moderate pericardial effusion, though the site of free wall rupture was not distinctly visible. A left ventriculogram clearly showed an infero-posterior apical wall rupture. Surgical treatment was withheld because of the interim development of brain death. Conclusions: In this patient, who presented with severe AS, the administration of catecholamine to stabilize the blood pressure probably increased the intraventricular pressures considerably despite apparently normal measurements of the central aortic pressure. IABP, temporary pacemaker, or both are recommended instead of intravenous catecholamines for patients with AMI complicated with significant AS to stabilize hemodynamic function during angioplasty.

© 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Mutations in the ALK gene are detectable in approximately 40% of ALK-rearranged lung cancers resistant to ALK inhibitors. Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism of resistance to various targeted drugs, its involvement in ALK inhibitor resistance is largely unknown. In this study, we report that both ALK-mutant L1196M and EMT were concomitantly detected in a single crizotinib-resistant lesion in a patient with ALK-rearranged lung cancer. Digital PCR analyses combined with microdissection after IHC staining for EMT markers revealed that ALK L1196M was predominantly detected in epithelial-type tumor cells, indicating that mesenchymal phenotype and ALK mutation can coexist as independent mechanisms underlying ALK inhibitor-resistant cancers. Preclinical experiments with crizotinib-resistant lung cancer cells showed that EMT associated with decreased expression of miR-200c and increased expression of ZEB1 caused cross-resistance to new-generation ALK inhibitors alectinib, ceritinib, and lorlatinib. Pretreatment with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor quisinostat overcame this resistance by reverting EMT in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that HDAC inhibitor pretreatment followed by a new ALK inhibitor may be useful to circumvent resistance constituted by coexistence of resistance mutations and EMT in the heterogeneous tumor. Significance: These findings show that dual inhibition of HDAC and ALK receptor tyrosine kinase activities provides a means to circumvent crizotinib resistance in lung cancer.

© 2018, Japan Society of Clinical Oncology. Background: The mechanism underlying the malignant transformation of inverted papilloma (IP) has not yet been elucidated. Methods: To clarify the genes responsible for the malignant transformation, we analyzed 10 cases of IP, 8 of IP with dysplasia, and 11 of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by targeted amplicon sequencing. Results: The number of mutant genes increased in the order of IP < dysplasia < SCC. Significant differences were observed in the mutation rates of three genes (KRAS, APC and STK11) in particular. TP53 was altered frequently in each group and might be involved in malignant transformation based on to the site of the mutation. A comparison of the genetic variants by region of IP tissue among patients with IP alone, and those with dysplasia or SCC revealed significant differences in the mutation rate of the KRAS gene. Conclusion: Identification of genetic mutations in KRAS is effective for predicting the malignant transformation of IP.

Ligand-mediated drug delivery systems have enormous potential for improving the efficacy of cancer treatment. In particular, Arg-Gly-Asp peptides are promising ligand molecules for targeting αvβ3/ αvβ5 integrins, which are overexpressed in angiogenic sites and tumors, such as intractable human glioblastoma (U87MG). We here achieved highly efficient drug delivery to U87MG tumors by using a platinum anticancer drug-incorporating polymeric micelle (PM) with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) ligand molecules. Intravital confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the cRGD-linked polymeric micelles (cRGD/m) accumulated rapidly and had high permeability from vessels into the tumor parenchyma compared with the PM having nontargeted ligand, "cyclic-Arg-Ala-Asp" (cRAD). As both cRGD/m-and cRAD-linked polymeric micelles have similar characteristics, including their size, surface charge, and the amount of incorporated drugs, it is likely that the selective and accelerated accumulation of cRGD/m into tumors occurred via an active internalization pathway, possibly transcytosis, thereby producing significant antitumor effects in an orthotopic mouse model of U87MG human glioblastoma. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Background Cervical lymphadenopathy is a symptom that is frequently seen among outpatients, and it is important to differentiate malignant lesions from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has been widely used for the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. However, some limitations of the diagnostic accuracy using conventional smear (CS) cytology have been pointed out. The diagnostic value of liquid-based cytology (LBC) with FNA specimens has not yet been fully proven. Methods Forty-two patients with cervical lymphadenopathy who underwent FNA with CS cytology from 2007 to 2011 and 123 patients who underwent FNA with LBC utilizing LBCPREP2™ from 2011 to 2015 were studied. Diagnostic values were compared between the CS and the LBC groups. Results Of the total 165 patients representing the combined CS and LBC groups, 81 (49.1%) were diagnosed as benign lymph node and 84 (50.9%) were malignant diseases including 37 (22.4%) of metastatic carcinoma except for thyroid carcinoma, 30 (18.2%) of metastatic thyroid carcinoma, and 17 (10.3%) of malignant lymphoma. The overall statistical values including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the CS were 75%, 100%, 100%, 78.9%, and 87.1%, respectively, whereas those values for LBC were 91.2%, 100%, 100%, 90.7%, and 95.3%, respectively. The sensitivity of LBC for malignant diseases tended to be higher than that of CS cytology (p = 0.081). Conclusion LBC with FNA specimens from cervical lymphadenopathy is a useful and reliable method for the diagnosis of malignant diseases, especially of metastatic carcinomas, due to its increased sensitivity compared with CS cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:169-176.

Small cell glioblastoma is a histological subtype of glioblastoma with characteristic features of highly proliferative, monotonous small glial cells with high nuclear cytoplasm ratio. Morphologically, malignant lymphoma or small cell metastatic carcinoma should be carefully discriminated. Some cases are difficult to differentiate from anaplastic oligodendroglioma. In this report, we present a case of small cell glioblastoma of an elderly man. The lack of IDH1/2 mutation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the lower rates of chromosome 1p and 19q deletion. Microsatellite analysis disclosed partial 10q alteration near the PTEN locus. Not only morphological and immunohistochemical examinations, but also cytogenetical investigations for IDH1/2 mutation, 1p/19q loss, and PTEN alteration, are strongly supportive methods for the differential diagnosis of small cell glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma. © 2013 The Japan Society of Brain Tumor Pathology.

The CDM (ced-5 of Caenorhabditis elegans, DOCK180 [downstream of Crk with molecular weight of 180 kDa] of humans, and myoblast city of Drosophila melanogaster) family of proteins has been shown to play a pivotal role in the integrin-mediated signaling pathway under the regulation of an adaptor molecule c-CT10- related kinase II (c-Crk-II) in adherent cells. Recently, hematopoietic cell-specific CDM protein DOCK2 has been shown to be indispensable for lymphocyte migration. However, the regulatory mechanism for DOCK2 is still unknown because DOCK2 lacks a c-Crk-II binding consensus motif. In this study, we demonstrated that DOCK2 bound to CrkL, which is present exclusively in hematopoietic cells both in vivo and in vitro, and we also found that 2 separate regions of DOCK2 contributed to its binding to Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of CrkL. Colocalization of DOCK2 with Crk-like (CrkL) and F-actin was shown by immunocytochemical analysis with the use of Jurkat cells. We also found that CrkL-induced activation of small guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1 was significantly inhibited by the DOCK2-dCS mutant in 293T cells. Furthermore, the association of DOCK2 and Vav, the guanine-nucleotide exchanging factor (GEF) for Rac1, was demonstrated in Jurkat cells. Finally, the stable expression of DOCK2-dCS mutant in Jurkat cells was shown to reduce cell attachment. These data suggest the presence of a novel protein complex of CrkL, DOCK2, and Vav to regulate Rac1 in leukemia cell lines. (C) 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.

DOCK2, a CDM family protein exclusively found in hematopoietic cells, has been shown to play a role in lymphocyte migration by the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Although DOCK2 has been shown to induce the activation of Rac1, the regulatory mechanism of Rac2, which is a hematopoietic cell-specific small GTPase, is still unknown. In this study, we examined the role of DOCK2 in the activation of Rac2 in hematopoietic cells. DOCK2 was found to associate with the zeta subunit of the CD3 complex of T cell receptors in Jurkat cells and to activate forced expressed Rac2 in 293T cells. In addition, the stable expression of DOCK2 in Jurkat cells exhibited the elevated activity of endogenous Rac2. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) was enhanced in DOCK2-expressing Jurkat cells and the dominant negative form of Rac2 suppressed its elevated IL-2 promoter activity. These results suggest that DOCK2 mediates TCR-dependent activation of Rac2, leading to the regulation of IL-2 promoter activity in T cells. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

DOCK2; a member of the CDM protein family, regulates cell motility and cytokine production through the activation of Rac in mammalian hematopoietic cells and plays a pivotal role in the modulation of the immune system. Here we demonstrated the alternative function of DOCK2 in hematopoietic tumor cells, especially in terms of its association with the tumor progression. Immunostaining for DOCK2 in 20 cases of human B cell lymphoma tissue specimens including diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma revealed the prominent expression of DOCK2 in all of the lymphoma cells. DOCK2-knockdown (KD) of the B cell lymphoma cell lines, Ramos and Raji, using the lentiviral shRNA system presented decreased cell proliferation compared to the control cells. Furthermore, the tumor formation of DOCK2-KD Ramos cell in nude mice was significantly abrogated. Western blotting analysis and pull-down assay using GST-PAK-RBD kimeric protein suggested the presence of DOCK2-Rac-ERK pathway regulating the cell proliferation of these lymphoma cells. This is the first report to clarify the prominent role of DOCK2 in hematopoietic malignancy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive female reproductive tract tumors. Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used for the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, ovarian cancers often acquire chemotherapeutic resistance to this agent. We investigated the mechanism of chemoresistance by analysis of microRNAs using the ovarian cancer cell line KFr13 and its PTX-resistant derivative (KFr13Tx). We found that miR-31 was downregulated in KFr13Tx cells, and that re-introduction of miR31 re-sensitized them to PTX both in vitro and in vivo. miR-31 was found to bind to the 3′-UTR of mRNA of MET, and the decrease in MET correlated to higher sensitivity to PTX. Furthermore, co-treatment of KFr13Tx cells with MET inhibitors sensitized the tumor cells to PTX both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, lower levels of miR31 and higher expression of MET in human ovarian cancer specimens were significantly correlated with PTX chemoresistance and poor prognosis. This study demonstrated miR31-dependent regulation of MET for chemoresistance of ovarian cancer, raising the possibility that combination therapy with a MET inhibitor and PTX will increase PTX efficacy. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human tumors, and the establishment of an effective therapeutic reagent is a pressing priority. Recently, it has been shown that the tumor tissue consists of heterogeneous components and that a highly aggressive population should be the therapeutic target. Methods Through a single subcutaneous passage of GBM cell lines LN443 and U373 in mice, we have developed highly aggressive variants of these cells named LN443X, U373X1, and U373X2, which showed increased tumor growth, colony-forming potential, sphere-forming potential, and invasion ability. We further investigated using microarray analysis comparing malignant cells with their parental cells and mRNA expression analysis in grades II to IV glioma samples. Results Adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1, epiregulin (EREG), and microfibrillar associated protein 5 were identified as candidate genes associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analysis also indicated a correlation of a strong expression of EREG with short overall survival. Furthermore, both EREG stimulation and EREG introduction of GBM cell lines were found to increase phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and resulted in the promotion of colony formation, sphere formation, and in vivo tumor formation. Gefitinib treatment inhibited phosphorylation of EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and led to tumor regression in U373-overexpressed EREG. Conclusion These results suggested that EREG is one of the molecules involved in glioma malignancy, and EGFR inhibitors may be a candidate therapeutic agent for EREG-overexpressing GBM patients. © 2014 The Author(s).

© 2016, E-Century Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. Background: Anaplastic meningioma is exceedingly rare, and its clinicopathological features are distinctive. Distant meningioma metastases have previously been reported to be very rare. The most common site of metastasis is the lung, which accounts for 61% of all meningioma metastases. The standard therapy for meningiomas is total resection and/or radiation therapy. Case Report: A 71-year-old man was admitted with headache and left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mass lesions at the right frontal convexity and left occipital lobe. Following surgery, pathological examinations demonstrated an anaplastic meningioma. At 3 months after the operation and radiation therapy, lung tumor was removed. The pathological findings for the lung tumor resembled those of the brain tumor. A diagnosis of metastatic lung tumor from anaplastic meningioma was made. At 2 months after the lung surgery, MRI disclosed focal recurrence in the frontal convexity area and progression into the cavernous sinus. Abdominal CT detected a new metastatic lesion in the patient’s liver. He underwent adjuvant reirradiation consisting of whole brain radiotherapy. In addition, he received chemotherapy using angiogenesis receptor (bevacizumab). Chemotherapy with hydroxyurea was initiated after 2 courses of the bevacizumab chemotherapy, because his hepatic lesion had become more aggressive. The intracranial mass was reduced by 50% at 8 weeks after initiation of the hydroxyurea chemotherapy. However, there was no significant effect on the liver and lung metastases. Analysis and Conclusion: Extracranial metastases have been estimated to occur in only 0.1% of all meningiomas and most often in association with anaplastic meningiomas. While total resection and/ or radiation treatment provide the standard therapy for meningiomas, use of chemotherapy against meningiomas has been limited to distant metastases or based on out of surgical criteria. Several reports have demonstrated that hydroxyurea provides on effective chemotherapy for meningiomas including grade I cases. Hydroxyurea halts meningioma cell growth through arrest of the S-phase of the cell cycle, thus inducing apoptosis. Our analysis revealed EXO1 homozygous deletion at exons 8 and 10 in the patient’s extracranial metastatic meningioma. The findings suggested that EXO1 homozygous deletion may be associated with suppression of hydroxyurea sensitivity in anaplastic meningiomas. Hydroxyurea should be a justified therapeutic adaptation in cases of anaplastic meningioma without EOX1 homozygous deletion.

Background: CD163 is a 130-kDa transmembrane protein expressed in human monocytes and macrophages, and the aberrant expression of CD163 in breast and colorectal cancer associated with patients' poor prognosis was reported. Here, we analyzed the expression of CD163 in meningioma, a common intracranial tumor, and its molecular mechanism in association with meningioma progression. Methods: First, we performed immunohistochemical analysis using 50 human meningioma specimens. Next, we established CD163-overexpressing human meningioma cell lines and investigated its roles in tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Results: Immunohistochemically, 26 of 50 human meningioma specimens (52.0%) were positive for CD163 in tumor cells, including benign grade I (48.5%) and grade II (71.4%) cases. Furthermore, CD163 expression was correlated with histological atypical parameters that directly predict the prognosis of meningioma. CD163-overexpressing meningioma cells showed significant suppression of apoptosis and accelerated tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, unexpected splenomegaly affiliated with the xenograft predicted tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production, which was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates CD163 expression in meningioma not only by immunohistochemistry but also by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, using primary culture cells, and provides the novel molecular function of CD163 to prevent apoptosis through the production of G-CSF in meningioma. © 2013 The Author(s).

To examine the function of JC virus (JCV) agnoprotein, we examined the brains of cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is caused by JCV infection, using a newly generated antibody. The antibody reacted with 8 kDa protein specific for JCV agnoprotein by Western blotting. In vitro analyses showed that JCV capsid protein VP1 and large T antigen (T-Ag) were localized in the nuclei, but that agnoprotein was mainly detected in the cytoplasm of JCV-infected cells with an occasional nuclear staining. In the PML brain, an immunoreactive signal for agnoprotein was distributed in the perinuclear areas and cytoplasmic processes with occasional punctate staining in demyelinating lesions as well as adjacent myelinated areas. Agnoprotein presented mostly in the infected oligodendrocytes and partly in the astrocytes. Using double immunostaining, agnoprotein was seen to be expressed in the cytoplasmic processes of the cells, the nuclei of which were labeled with VP1 and T-Ag, where virus particles existed. Thus, JCV agnoprotein was mostly expressed in the infected oligodendrocytes and mainly localized in the cytoplasmic processes apart from virus particles in the demyelinated lesions.

Notch signaling in tumorigenesis functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor according to the type of malignancy. Numb represses intracellular Notch signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that Notch signaling suppresses the proliferation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. However, in SCLC, the association between Notch1 and Numb expression and clinicopathological factors or prognosis has remained unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Notch1 and Numb in SCLC. We immunohistochemically assessed 125 SCLCs that were surgically resected at 16 institutions participating in either the Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group Trial (HOT) or the Fukushima Investigative Group for Healing Thoracic Malignancy (FIGHT) between 2003 and 2013. Correlations between Notch1 or Numb expression and various clinicopathological features were evaluated. Notch1 expression was associated with ECOG performance status. Numb expression was associated with age, sex, and pathological histology (SCLC or Combined SCLC). Analysis of cellular biological expression did not demonstrate a significant correlation between the expression of Notch1 and of Numb. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high Notch1 expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor for SCLC(hazard ratio = 0.503, P = 0.023). High Notch1 expression, but not Numb expression, is associated with favorable prognosis in SCLC.