論文

To examine the factors that influence substantial injuries for pregnant women and negative fetal outcomes in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), a retrospective analysis using the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System was performed in Shiga University of Medical Science. We analyzed data from 736 pregnant women who, between 2001 and 2015, had injuries that were an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score of one or more. The mean age was 25.9 ± 6.4 years and the mean gestational age was 26.2 ± 8.2 weeks. Additionally, 568 pregnant women had mild injuries and 168 had moderate to severe injuries. Logistic regression analysis revealed that seatbelt use (odds ratio (OR), 0.30), airbag deployment (OR, 2.00), and changes in velocity (21–40 km/h: OR, 3.03; 41–60 km/h: OR, 13.47; ≥61 km/h: OR, 44.56) were identified as independent predictors of having a moderate to severe injury. The positive and negative outcome groups included 231 and 12 pregnant women, respectively. Injury severity in pregnant women was identified as an independent predictor of a negative outcome (OR, 2.79). Avoiding moderate to severe maternal injuries is a high priority for saving the fetus, and education on appropriate seatbelt use and limiting vehicle speed for pregnant women is required.

We compared the independent predictive factors for moderate and severe injuries, along with characteristics and outcomes of motor vehicle collisions, between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Using 2001–2015 records from the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System, we selected 736 pregnant women and 21,874 non-pregnant women having any anatomi-cal injuries. Pregnant women showed less severe collisions, fewer fatalities, and less severe injuries in most body regions than non-pregnant women. In pregnant women, the rate of sustaining abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores 2+ injuries was higher for the abdomen only. For non-pregnant women, rear seat position, airbag deployment, multiple collisions, rollover, force from the left, and higher collision velocity had a positive influence on the likelihood of AIS 2+ injuries, and seatbelt use and force from the rear had a negative influence. There is a need for further development of passive safety technologies for restraint and active safety features to slow down vehicles and mitigate collisions. The influencing factors identified may be improved by safety education. Therefore, simple and effective interventions by health professionals are required that are tailored to pregnant women.

Saving children from motor vehicle collisions is a high priority because the injury rate among motor vehicle passengers has been increasing in Japan. This study aimed to examine the factors that influence death and serious injury in child motor vehicle passengers to establish effective preventive measures. To identify these factors, we performed a retrospective study using a nationwide medical database. The data of child motor vehicle passengers younger than 15 years (n = 1084) were obtained from the Japanese Trauma Data Bank, registered from 2004 to 2019. Physiological variables, outcomes, and injury severity were compared between fatal and non-fatal patients and between those with and without severe injuries. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors affecting fatality and severe injury. The Glasgow Coma Scale score (odds ratio (OR): 1.964), body temperature (OR: 2.578), and the Abbreviated Injury Scale score of the head (OR: 0.287) were identified as independent predictors of a non-fatal outcome. Systolic blood pressure (OR: 1.012), the Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR: 0.705), and Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma positivity (OR: 3.236) were identified as independent predictors of having severe injury. Decreasing the severity of head injury is the highest priority for child motor vehicle passengers to prevent fatality and severe injury.

Although the risks faced by passengers in near-side lateral collisions are understood, and despite the presence of side airbags for injury prevention, passengers involved in far-side lateral collisions also suffer serious and fatal injuries. The objective of this study was to determine the independent predictive factors of fatality of motor vehicle passengers involved in far-side lateral collisions. Using 2010 records from the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS), we selected 86 fatal and 325 non-fatal passengers with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of 2 or more. The background and injury severity of the passengers and collision characteristics were compared between the two groups. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables independently associated with fatalities were female sex (Ref, male) (odds ratio [OR], 0.396), age (OR, 1.029), body mass index (OR, 1.057), total delta-V (OR, 1.031), head AIS score (OR, 1.679), chest AIS score (OR, 1.330), and abdomen AIS score (OR, 1.294). This is the first report to determine factors affecting fatality in passengers involved in far-side lateral collisions. Improving the safety of the vehicle interior, such as by including additional seatbelt systems or a side airbag that deploys between seats, might help to avoid fatalities, and reduce injury severity.

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the characteristics of oral and maxillofacial injuries in children and determine factors influencing a treatment duration of more than 1 month using medical records. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records of 258 children (< 16 years of age) with maxillofacial trauma treated at a university hospital between 2011 and 2021. Patients with and without tooth fractures or dislocations were compared, and the prevalence of injuries was analyzed across three age groups (0–2, 3–5, ≥ 6 years). Long (> 1 month) and short (< 1 month) treatment durations were compared, and independent predictive factors for prolonged treatment were identified. Results: Tooth injuries were observed in 204 (79.1%) patients. Deciduous central incisors in the primary dentition and central incisors in the permanent dentition were the most commonly affected. Soft tissue injuries occurred in 165 (64.0%) patients, while maxillofacial fractures were present in 7 (2.7%). Tooth fractures significantly increased with age (p < 0.001), while dislocations showed no age-related differences. Logistic regression revealed that maxillofacial fractures, tooth fractures, and two or more dislocated teeth were independent predictors of prolonged treatment, with odds ratios of 14.666 (1.625–132.359), 2.411 (1.099–5.287), and 2.350 (1.208–4.570), respectively. Conclusions: Maxillofacial fractures, multiple tooth dislocations, and tooth fractures were confirmed as key factors influencing longer treatment durations. These findings may assist in the early management of maxillofacial injuries and improve communication with pediatric patients and their families.

Background: Reducing anxiety about motor vehicle driving in patients receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillators is important not only for improving quality of life but also for preventing vehicle collisions owing to driver distraction. This study aimed to clarify the driving-related anxiety of patients with these defibrillators and the factors that predict such anxiety. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire of patients who had been driving a vehicle after device implantation at a general hospital between August 2018 and November 2019. Results: The mean age was 60.8 ± 12.6 years. The reasons for implantation were primary prevention in 47 patients and secondary prevention in 30 patients. A total of 16 patients experienced anxiety about driving and 61 did not. Significantly more younger patients (mean age of 50.4 vs. 63.6 years, p < 0.001) and those with implantable cardioverter defibrillators had anxiety (100% vs. 73.8%, p = 0.02). Multivariable analysis indicated that age was the only independent factor that predicted driving-related anxiety (odds ratio, 0.937; 95% confidence interval, 0.883–0.993). Conclusions: Identifying and addressing driving-related anxiety in patients (particularly young patients) with defibrillators is important in preventing motor vehicle collisions and improving quality of life.

We investigated the real data regarding vehicle collisions due to an epileptic attack and the criminal liability of drivers after the implementation of the “Act on Punishment of Acts Inflicting Death or Injury on Others by Driving a Motor Vehicle, etc.”. Moreover, circumstances of the cases before and after the new law implementation were compared. The enforcement of the new law was meant to toughen the law for an appropriate effect. Nearly 90% of 26 cases were indicted for “Dangerous Driving Causing Death or Injury”. Out of theses cases, 19 drivers were found guilty, three were not proven guilty, and four were exempted from prosecution. Although the number of epileptic drivers supervised by a doctor is significantly increasing, some drivers disrespected this evaluation or discontinued the prescribed drugs. Hence, drivers with epilepsy require careful attention and supervision by a doctor. Furthermore, it would be critical to facilitate epilepsy diagnosis in the elderly because of the high rate of onset of epilepsy.

The Model Project for Child Death Review (CDR) was initiated in Japan, but parental consent is required for detailed investigations. We proposed an alternative method to review child deaths using death certificates and forensic autopsy results when parental consent is not provided. We extracted and reviewed death certificates for the deceased younger than 18 years from among all certificates submitted in Shiga Prefecture between 2015 and 2017. In addition, we analyzed autopsy records in cases that underwent forensic autopsy. The prevalence of each cause of death was compared among age groups. The situation and circumstances of unnatural deaths were analyzed in detail. Of 131 certificates, unnatural deaths accounted for 29.7 %. The prevalence of each cause of death significantly differed among age groups. Malignant disease and suicide were most common in school-aged children and congenital disease was most common in infants. Suicide was the leading cause of unnatural death, followed by suffocation, which was most common in infants. Situations where suffocation was reported included co-sleeping with the mother and breastfeeding. Despite parental consent not being obtained, the trends of regional child deaths and the circumstances of accidental deaths were clarified by the present method. However, the results of detailed investigation were lacking. This study provided basic information for implementing detailed methods and procedures for CDR at the governmental level. To perform optimal CDR, legislation for collecting detailed information without parental consent is required.

In Japan, falls from height result in the second highest trauma mortality rate after traffic motor vehicle collisions and the highest trauma-related mortality rate amongst young people. We aimed to identify factors that worsen injury severity and lower survival probability of patients who fell from height and to contribute to the improvement of their prehospital and in-hospital care. This retrospective analysis retrieved hospital records of 179 patients aged ≥ 15 years who were transported to our hospital after a fall from height during April 2014–March 2020. On multiple regression analysis, fall height ≥ 5 m more significantly resulted in higher the injury severity score. Logistic regression analysis revealed that fall height ≥ 5 m with the reference of 2–3 m significantly resulted in lower the survival probability with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.10 (0.02–0.55). Using ‘feet-first’ as the reference body position, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of survival for those who impacted the surface on the lateral or dorsal regions were 0.11 (0.02–0.64) and 0.17 (0.03–0.99), respectively. Collecting information on the abovementioned factors at pre-hospitalisation may facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment. These results may help improve prehospital and in-hospital care, avoiding preventable trauma deaths.