論文

商学部創立50周年記念 = Commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the faculty50周年記念論文本稿では，『慶應義塾家計パネル調査』（2004～07年調査）のパネル・データを用いて，デフレを脱却しつつある2004～06年の日本経済において，労働者個々人の賃金がどの程度伸縮的であったかを検証するとともに，Dickens et al. （2007）の分析結果を用いて名目賃金の下方硬直性の度合いを国際比較する。分析の結果，日本の労働者個々人の名目賃金のうち，パートタイム労働者の時給やフルタイム労働者の所定内月給については，下方硬直性の度合いが国際的にみて大きい一方で，フルタイム労働者の年間給与は，国際的にみて下方硬直性の度合いが小さいとの結果が得られた。つまり，日本の近年のフルタイム労働者の名目賃金は，所定内給与は下方硬直的であるものの，残業手当や賞与による調整幅が大きいために，それらを合わせた年間給与でみれば，国際的にみて大きな伸縮性をもっていると評価できる。もっとも，2004～06年の景気回復期でもフルタイム労働者の所定内月給が下方硬直的であったことには留意すべきであり，日本の名目賃金は，所定内月給の調整を必要とするほどの大規模なショックに対しては必ずしも伸縮的には変動しない可能性があるとの解釈もできる。一方，フルタイム労働者のどのような属性で賃金の据え置きや賃金カットが顕著に生じているかを検証したところ，下方硬直性が確認された所定内月給が据え置かれる確率については，属性による大きな違いはみられず，ある特定の属性に偏って下方硬直性が生じていることはなかった。また，賃金カットについては，所定内月給，年間給与ともに，賃金水準の高い労働者ほど賃金カットを受けやすく，その度合いも大きいことがわかった。このことは，賃金格差が縮小傾向にあることを示唆する。

新型コロナウイルス感染症のパンデミックは、デジタル化やICTの利活用の進む環境で働く労働者を中心に、在宅勤務やテレワークなどの柔軟な働き方を普及させ、ショックに対するレジリエンスの高い働き方を推し進めた。急速な技術革新というメガトレンドを踏まえると、ポストコロナでは、テクノロジーの活用の有無により、所得格差のみならず、ショックに対するレジリエンスやウェルビーイングといった非金銭的な格差が拡大することが懸念される。本稿では、慶應義塾大学パネルデータ設計・解析センターが実施した「JHPSコロナ特別調査」を用い、金銭的に豊かな労働者ほど、柔軟な働き方を定着させ、仕事に対する熱意といったウェルビーイングにも格差が生じていることを指摘した。ポストコロナの労働市場において、こうしたウェルビーイング格差が、レジリエンス格差によってもたらされている可能性について、今後、慎重に検討する必要がある。

The association of socioeconomic status and lifestyle behaviours on mental health appears well-established in the literature, as several studies report that better socioeconomic status such as higher levels of disposable income and employment as well as practising healthy lifestyles can enhance mental well-being. However, the reliance on cross-sectional correlations and lack of adequate statistical controls are possible limitations. This study aims to add the evidence of longitudinal association to the literature by using Japanese representative longitudinal household panel data. We employed panel data analytical techniques such as the random-effects conditional logistic regression (RE-CLR) and the fixed-effects conditional logistic regression (FE-CLR) models with possible time variant confounders being controlled. Our sample was comprised of 14,717 observations of 3,501 individuals aged 22- 59 years for five waves of the Japanese Household Panel Survey. We confirmed many of the factors associated with mental health reported in existing studies by analysing crosssectional data. These significant associations are also longitudinal (within) associations estimated by the FE-CLR models. Such factors include unemployment, low household income, short nightly sleeping duration, and lack of exercise. However, we also found that several factors such as disposable income, living alone, and drinking habits are not significantly associated with mental health in the FE-CRL models. The results imply the reverse causality that poor mental health conditions cause lower disposal income, possibly due to the inability to exhibit higher productivity, but an increase in disposal income would not necessarily improve mental health conditions. In this case, aggressive policy interventions to increase the disposal income of people of lower socioeconomic backgrounds would not necessarily be effective to minimize health inequalities.

Owing to the rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) pandemic worldwide, individuals experience considerable psychological distress daily. The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence of psychological distress and determine the population most affected by risk factors such as the pandemic, socioeconomic status (SES), and lifestyle-related factors causing psychological distress in the early phases of the pandemic in Japan. This study was conducted via a web-based survey using quota sampling to ensure representativeness of the Japanese population aged 20-64 years. A crosssectional study of 11,342 participants (5,734 males and 5,608 females) was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire that included the Japanese version of the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and questions related to the pandemic, SES, and lifestyle. The prevalence of psychological distress, represented by a K6 score of 5 or more, was 50.3% among males and 52.6% among females. Both males and females with annual household incomes less than 2 million yen and males aged in their twenties had significantly higher K6 scores than those with annual household incomes above 2 million yen and males aged over 30 years. Binary logistic regression analyses found pandemic-related factors such as medical history, inability to undergo clinical tests immediately, having trouble in daily life, unavailability of groceries, new work style, and vague anxiety; SES-related factors such as lesser income; and lifestyle-related factors such as insufficient rest, sleep, and nutritious meals to be significantly related to psychological distress. Psychological distress was more prevalent among people with low income and in younger generations than among other groups. There is an urgent need to provide financial, medical, and social support to those affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Copyright: