論文

This study develops a mathematical model to explain the mechanism of investments in shadow education. Many previous studies have shown that hierarchical factors such as income, occupation and educational background affect investment in shadow education. However, there is no model in the field of sociology that explains why hierarchical factors affect these investments. In this study, I apply an economics model of human capital investment theory to a mathematical model explaining the mechanism why parents invest in their children’s shadow education. The mathematical model in this study shows that parents invest to obtain utility from their children’s future income, and as previous studies have pointed out, higher income and higher educational attainment, parents invest more aggressively. In addition, parents with a hierarchical reproduction orientation invest more aggressively. The validity of the model was confirmed in an empirical analysis using the “Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century”.

本稿は，近年の社会階層論における資産の不平等に関する研究動向について，欧米の先行研究を中心に論点を整理し，社会学における資産研究の理論と知見の見取り図と近年の研究の到達点について考察する．ウェーバーは資産を，不平等を構成する重要な基盤ととらえたが，戦後の階層研究は，労働市場における職業的地位を中心に，階級・階層を概念化したことで，資産への関心は大きく後退した．欧米諸国では近年，資産格差と人々のライフ・チャンスへの影響について，いくつかの研究が行われている．本稿では，資産のとらえ方とその特徴を概観した後，資産が人々のライフ・チャンスにどう波及するかについて，教育達成と職業達成，結婚と家族形成，高齢期の階層という観点から検討を行う．その上で，近年の世代間における資産の連関や維持・再生産が生じるメカニズムを，ライフサイクル・モデルと世代間移動モデルの 2 つに区分して論じる．資産の世代間における維持・再生産については，従来の世代間移動研究で支配的な 2 世代モデルだけではなく，3 世代以上の多世代モデルが有効である．

    日本においては、主に人口学の領域で、個人が複数の子どもを持つ背景について検討されてきた。たとえば第3子出生に影響を与える要因として、子どもの性別に関する選好、男性の育児参加度、三世代同居をしていることなどが指摘されている。しかしながら、既往出生児に対する親の教育期待および教育投資が追加出生に与える影響について、出生タイミングを考慮に入れた検討は十分にはなされてこなかった。本稿では、「21世紀出生児縦断調査」の第1回から第15回の個票データを用いてこの課題に取り組む。分析結果は次の通りである。第1に、親の教育期待の高さは、第2子出生、第3出生のいずれに対しても有意な負の効果を示した。第2 に、子どもへの教育投資の多さも、追加出生に有意な負の効果を示した。この結果は、教育期待や教育投資の階層差が子どもの数に影響すること、階層維持戦略をめぐる階層差が存在することを示唆する。

This study examines which factors affect participation in telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inequality in access to telework is a sociologically relevant research topic because it also generates inequality in life chances in other important domains: employment, income, and health. This study focuses specifically on workers with young children because telework can produce a flexible workstyle and is very helpful to those people. The results of our analysis show that the utilization of ICT plays a critical role in explaining participation in telework. Professionals and managers are more likely to engage in telework than manual workers, and the telework participation rate in the professional service sector is higher than that of the manufacturing, construction, and agriculture sectors. In addition, the well-known factors that traditionally contribute to the expansion of inequality also affect telework participation. Workers who have graduated from university, work as regular workers, or work at large firms are more likely to engage in telework. We also explore how the intersection between occupation and industry affects access to telework and how telework participation differs by gender. Given that engagement in telework is related to inequality in the risk of infection in the COVID-19 pandemic era, we conclude that the spread of telework has reinforced existing inequality rather than alleviated it.

This paper aims to clarify the causal relationship between Chinese migrants' education and their income in Japan. I focus on the comparison between educational attainment in China and that in Japan. The result of my research shows that educational credentials obtained in Japan have a significant effect on the income of Chinese migrants and that there is a significant mutual relation between their Chinese and Japanese educational credentials in terms of income determination.