論文

We report a novel visual illusion, where a 2 × 2 two-colored checkerboard square rotating against an identical background appears to morph into a circle with a size change. This illusion can be categorized as a subtype of the breathing illusion (BI) based on its phenomenological characteristics. However, it also exhibits intriguing features that may offer new insights into BI's underlying mechanisms, not fully captured by existing displays.

When a photograph of the back of a hand with the fingers extended to the depth is observed upside-down, the hand appears vertically squashed, with extremely short fingers. The first aim of this study was to quantitatively measure the “frog hand illusion (FHI)”, named after its bizarre appearance, and the second aim was to examine whether the dominant hand affects the strength of FHI. We measured the apparent shortening of the fingers using the method of constant stimuli. The results showed that the fingers of the inverted hand appeared to be shorter than those of the upright hand by about 5% on average. No effect of the dominant hand was observed. We propose the hypothesis that FHI occurs because of the attenuation of perceptual constancy, which might stem from observing the hand image from an atypical viewpoint.

Prolonged inspection of a stimulus in a 3-D space produces an aftereffect in the depth dimension. This paper has two aims: (1) to review the previous studies on the depth aftereffects focusing on the level at which adaptation occurs, and (2) to propose a new model of the depth aftereffects. Conventionally, the depth aftereffects have been explained by adaptation of the lower level mechanisms specialized to each depth cue (e.g. ,binocular disparity or monocular depth cue) . However, recent studies suggest that the depth aftereffects are due to adaptation of the higher level mechanisms sensitive to 3-D shape rather than that of the lower level mechanisms. Author proposes a new model integrating both the conventional- and the recent theories.

Recent studies suggest that the shape of three-dimensional (3-D) objects causes the systematic distortion of their apparent size (Miura & Taya, 2001) and we have investigated which property of the objects may do this. The stimuli were stereograms defining four 3-D shapes: a pair of frontoparallel rectangles, a triangular ridge, a cylindrical ridge, and a trapezoidal ridge. The observer's task was to match the height of a line-drawing of a rectangle (comparison stimulus) to that of the stimuli. The results showed that the apparent height of the object decreased as the slant of their surface protruding from the background was increased. The results implied that our visual system takes account of the slant of a surface for size estimation.

To clarify whether stereo-slant aftereffects are independent of stimulated retinal position, two experiments compared the magnitude of aftereffects between the following two conditions: when the adaptation and test stimulus fell on (1) the same retinal position, and (2) on different retinal positions separated by 0.5 degrees-20 degrees. In Experiment 1, disc- or ring-shaped surface consisting of random-dots was presented at the central or peripheral visual fields. In Experiment 2, rectangular surface was presented at the upper or lower visual fields. After two minutes inspection of a random-dot stereogram depicting a +/- 30 degrees slanted surface, the observer adjusted the slant of the test stimulus to appear fronto-parallel. The results of the experiments showed that significant aftereffects were observed similarly in both conditions. Moreover, the separation nor the stimulus shape scarcely affected the magnitude of the aftereffects. Based on these results we concluded that the depth processing mechanism which operates independently from the stimulated retinal position is responsible for the depth aftereffects we found. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel illusion in apparent size is reported. We asked observers to estimate the width and depth of vertically oriented elliptic cylinders depicted with texture or luminance gradients (experiment 1), or the height of horizontally oriented elliptic cylinders depicted with binocular disparity (experiment 2). The estimated width or height of cylinders showed systematic shrinkage in the direction of the gradual depth change. The dissimilarity of 2-D appearance amongst our stimuli implies a large variation in spatial-frequency components and brightness contrasts, eliminating the possibility that these parameters contributed to the illusion. Also, the mechanism inappropriately triggered by pictorial depth cues (eg size scaling) may be irrelevant, because the illusion was obtained even when binocular disparity alone specified the shape of the cylinders. The illusion demonstrated here suggests that our visual system may determine the size of 3-D objects by accounting for their depth structures.

By using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we measured the changes in the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb, respectively) concentrations while performing visual tasks. We conducted experiments using two tasks: a shape recognition task and a position recognition task. It was found that the oxy-Hb concentration was substantially higher in the lateral occipital regions during shape recognition than during position recognition. The changes in the oxy-Hb concentration were considered to reflect the activation difference between the two tasks. No difference was observed in the oxy-Hb concentration during the memorization of shape and memorization of position. The deoxy-Hb concentration was different between the two tasks only when different stimuli were used but not when identical stimuli were used. In addition, it was suggested that the deoxy-Hb concentration is more sensitive to activation difference between the hemispheres and the activation at some regions. Measurements of the oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb concentrations would reflect different aspects of cortical activations. The present results showed that measuring the oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb concentrations separately can differentiate the activation of the regional cortical functions. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

We tested contrasting predictions derived from perceptual load theory and from recent feature-based selection accounts. Observers viewed moving, colored stimuli and performed low or high load tasks associated with one stimulus feature, either color or motion. The resultant motion aftereffect (MAE) was used to evaluate attentional allocation. We found that task-irrelevant visual features received less attention than co-localized task-relevant features of the same objects. Moreover, when color and motion features were co-localized yet perceived to belong to two distinct surfaces, feature-based selection was further increased at the expense of object-based co-selection. Load theory predicts that the MAE for task-irrelevant motion would be reduced with a higher load color task. However, this was not seen for co-localized features; perceptual load only modulated the MAE for task-irrelevant motion when this was spatially separated from the attended color location. Our results suggest that perceptual load effects are mediated by spatial selection and do not generalize to the feature domain. Feature-based selection operates to suppress processing of task-irrelevant, co-localized features, irrespective of perceptual load.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is attracting growing interest as a powerful tool for monitoring cortical activation associated with various psychological phenomena. Many NIRS studies have aimed to explore brain functions associated with visual perception. However, how NIRS can monitor hemodynamic responses in the visual cortex corresponding to stimulation of each visual quadrant is not well known. Here we measured changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the human visual cortex with a 24-ch NIRS instrument. Through individual stimulation of visual quadrants we found that NIRS could differentially monitor activation of the left and right hemisphere when the lower visual field was stimulated, but hardly detected activation of both hemispheres when the upper visual field was stimulated. The result of fMRI scans using the same stimuli suggests that the different measurement responses to upper- and lower visual field stimulation are caused by the differences in the depth from the scalp of the region representing each visual field. On the basis of the present results, we discuss the limitations and potential of NIRS measurements.

Observers tend to localize the final position of a suddenly vanished moving target farther along in the direction of the target motion (representational momentum). We report here that such localization errors are mediated by perceived motion rather than by retinal motion. By manipulating the cast shadow of a moving target, we induced illusory motion to a target stimulus while keeping the retinal motion constant. Participants indicated the vanishing point of the target by directing a mouse cursor. The resulting magnitude of localization errors was modulated on the basis of the induced direction of the target. Such systematic localization biases were not obtained in a control condition in which the motion paths of the ball and shadow were switched. Our results suggest that cues to object motion trajectory, such as cast shadows, are used for the localization task, supporting a view that a predictive mechanism is responsible for the production of localization errors.

To explore how numbers are represented in depth in our mental space, we asked participants to sequentially speak random numbers while they observed forward/backward vection. We found that participants tended to generate larger numbers when they perceived backward self-motion. The results suggest that numerical magnitudes were topographically mapped onto our mental space from front to rear in an ascending order.

Several studies have reported that task instructions influence eye-movement behavior during static image observation. In contrast, during dynamic scene observation we show that while the specificity of the goal of a task influences observers' beliefs about where they look, the goal does not in turn influence eye-movement patterns. In our study observers watched short video clips of a single tennis match and were asked to make subjective judgments about the allocation of visual attention to the items presented in the clip (e. g., ball, players, court lines, and umpire). However, before attending to the clips, observers were either told to simply watch clips (non-specific goal), or they were told to watch the clips with a view to judging which of the two tennis players was awarded the point (specific goal). The results of subjective reports suggest that observers believed that they allocated their attention more to goal-related items (e. g. court lines) if they performed the goal-specific task. However, we did not find the effect of goal specificity on major eye-movement parameters (i.e., saccadic amplitudes, inter-saccadic intervals, and gaze coherence). We conclude that the specificity of a task goal can alter observer's beliefs about their attention allocation strategy, but such task-driven meta-attentional modulation does not necessarily correlate with eye-movement behavior.

Current eye-tracking research suggests that our eyes make anticipatory movements to a location that is relevant for a forthcoming task. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that with more practice anticipatory gaze control can improve. However, these findings are largely limited to situations where participants are actively engaged in a task. We ask: does experience modulate anticipative gaze control while passively observing a visual scene? To tackle this we tested people with varying degrees of experience of tennis, in order to uncover potential associations between experience and eye movement behaviour while they watched tennis videos. The number, size, and accuracy of saccades (rapid eye-movements) made around 'events,' which is critical for the scene context (i.e. hit and bounce) were analysed. Overall, we found that experience improved anticipatory eye-movements while watching tennis clips. In general, those with extensive experience showed greater accuracy of saccades to upcoming event locations this was particularly prevalent for events in the scene that carried high uncertainty (i.e. ball bounces). The results indicate that, even when passively observing, our gaze control system utilizes prior relevant knowledge in order to anticipate upcoming uncertain event locations. © 2013 Taya et al.

Early studies on numeric cognition reported that numbers are spatially organised according to a left-to-right small-to-large 'number line'. We investigated whether this spatial-number organisation is dictated by visual experience. We tested congenitally and late blind, and blindfolded sighted participants in a random number generation task where in one block their heads were alternately turned left or right before uttering the number. We found that the 'random' number generation was biased according to the side where the head was turned to. Consistent with the standard number line, participants with visual experience generated smaller numbers for left turns, and larger numbers for right turns. In contrast, participants without any visual experience showed the opposite pattern of results. These results suggest a role for visual experience in the development of spatial and numerical representations, which is supported by cultural differences in number representation, and provide converging evidence for visually driven organisation of the parietal cortex. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.