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This seventeenth edition of the APO Productivity Databook describes the quality of economic growth and productivity by providing comparable accounts across countries with different accounting systems. This is intended to serve as a useful resource for policymakers and researchers. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more with the same inputs or to achieve the same output with fewer inputs, are crucial for ensuring sustainable economic growth in the long run. Improving national productivity performance is a key public policy objective, which requires reliable monitoring of past performance. This edition covers more than half a century of Asian economic development, from 1970 to 2022. Additionally, this edition includes projections for economic growth and labor productivity improvements up to 2035. Baseline economic growth and productivity indicators are calculated for 31 Asian economies, representing the 21 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO21) and the ten non-member economies in Asia.1 The APO21 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkiye, and Vietnam. The ten non-member economies in Asia are the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), France, Italy, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

The sixteenth edition of the APO Productivity Databook aims to provide a useful reference on the quality of economic growth and productivity, comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs, are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important public policy targets. This edition covers more than half a century’s history of Asian economic development, from 1970 to 2021, with our projections of economic growth and labor productivity improvements out to 2030. Baseline economic growth and productivity indicators are calculated for 31 Asian economies, representing the 21 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO21) and the ten non-member economies in Asia . The APO21 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkiye, and Vietnam. The ten non-member economies in Asia are the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), France, Italy, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

本稿は、戦後日本の経済成長の経験を振り返りながら、1980年後半以降の為替レートが多くの年で「過度の円高」であり、そして過度の円高が導く国内経済におけるコスト削減がどのように実現されたのかを解明する。見いだされることは、1980年代半ばまで「高圧経済」によって運営されていた日本経済が「低圧経済」へと移行してしまったことであり、それによる賃金抑制と生産性停滞こそが長期にわたり日本経済を苦しめてきたデフレ圧力の源泉となってきた。日本経済の復活に向け、高圧経済の実現への転換をいかにすべきかを論じる。

This is the seventh edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. The focus of the Databook is on long-term analysis. This is achieved by examining a country’s economic growth and productivity performance, as well as the sources and industry origins of the growth. This complete analysis provides readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics. Baseline indicators on economic growth and labor productivity are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO20) member economies and nine non-member economies in Asia. This edition covers the period 1970–2012. The APO20 include: Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The nine non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These two groups combine to make the Asia29. In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

This paper provides new benchmark estimates of industry-level price differentials between Japan and the United States for 2011 based on a bilateral price accounting model anchored to the Japan-US input-output tables. We apply the model to translate available demand-side data on purchaser's price purchasing power parities (PPPs) for final uses (e.g., the Eurostat-OECD PPPs) and intermediate uses (e.g., the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [METI] survey) to unmeasured producer's price PPPs for industry output. These PPPs allow us to produce price-level indexes at the industry level, which we use to assess price competitiveness between Japan and the United States We conclude that price competitiveness of Japanese service industries has considerably improved in the more recent time period. However, Japanese producers have a significant price disadvantage in comparison to their US counterparts in electricity and gas supply, and most of the agricultural producing industries.

This fifteenth edition of the APO Productivity Databook aims to provide a useful reference for the quality of economic growth and productivity, comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs, are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Thus, monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important public policy targets. This edition covers the half-century history of Asian economic development, from 1970 to 2020, with our projections of economic growth and labor productivity improvements through 2030. Baseline economic growth and productivity indicators are calculated for 31 Asian economies, representing the 21 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO21) and the ten non-member economies in Asia. The APO21 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The ten non-member economies in Asia are the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), France, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. The analyses in the Databook series are based on the comprehensive productivity accounts for Asian countries (APO Productivity Database), which have been developed by a joint research effort between the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University, since 2007. In this edition of the Databook, the productivity accounts are developed for 25 Asian economies (Asia25), consisting of the APO21 plus Bhutan, Brunei, China, and Myanmar, along with the US as a reference economy.

The Databook 2015 is the eighth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. The focus of the Databook is on long-term analysis. This is achieved by examining a country’s economic growth and productivity performance, as well as the sources and industry origins of the growth. This complete analysis provides readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics. Baseline indicators on economic growth and labor productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2013. The APO20 includes: Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan) – newly covered in this edition, Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

This is the ninth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a comprehensive cross-country comparison of economic growth, structural change, and productivity performance of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Therefore, it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important aspects of public policy, especially when many countries are facing aging population. Baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO20) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO20 includes: Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2014.

This publication is the tenth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The Databook aims to provide a useful reference for the quality of economic growth in Asia. It presents authoritative estimates of productivity and its decomposition, which are comparable across countries at different development stages in the middle and long run. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs, are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Thus it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important targets of public policy. In this edition of the Databook, baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO20) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO20 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2015.

This is the eleventh edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. Productivity gains, which enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs, are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Thus, it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important targets of public policy. The Databook aims to provide a useful reference for the quality of economic growth and productivity, which are comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia. A significant achievement of this edition of the Databook is the projection out to 2030 of the future economic growth. In this edition of the Databook, baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO20) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO20 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2016.

In this twelfth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series, a useful reference is provided for the quality of economic growth and productivity, which are comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia. Productivity gains enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs. These gains are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Thus, it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important targets of public policy. Additionally, we develop the projections of economic growth and labor productivity improvements of Asian countries through 2030. Asia is a diverse regional economy in which countries have embarked on their own journey of economic development at different times and different paces. In this edition of the Databook, baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO20) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO20 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2017.

Productivity gains enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs. These gains are the only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run. Thus, it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity capability are important targets of public policy. In this thirteenth edition of the APO Productivity Databook series, a useful reference is provided for the quality of economic growth and productivity, which is comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia, covering the period from 1970 to 2018. In this edition, baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 31 Asian economies, representing the 21 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO21) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO21 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan,the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

In the 60th anniversary year of the foundation of APO, we present the fourteenth edition of the APO Productivity Databook. The Databook aims to provide a useful reference for the quality of economic growth and productivity, which is comparable across countries at different development stages in Asia. This edition covers almost half a century, from 1970 to 2019, with our projections of economic growth and labor productivity improvements through 2030. The only route to sustainable economic growth in the long run is through productivity gains that enable an economy to produce more for the same amount of inputs, or to consume less to produce the same amount of outputs. Thus, it follows that monitoring and improving national productivity are important targets of public policy. Baseline indicators on economic growth and productivity are calculated for 31 Asian economies, representing the 21 Asian Productivity Organization member economies (APO21) and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. The APO21 consists of Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan), Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), the People’s Republic of China (China), Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. The analyses in the Databook series are based on the comprehensive productivity accounts (APO Productivity Database), which have been developed by a joint research effort between the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University, since 2007. In this edition of the Databook, the productivity accounts are developed for 25 Asian economies (Asia25) – the APO21 plus Bhutan, Brunei, China, and Myanmar – along with the US as a reference economy. This edition reflects the revised productivity account for China in APO Productivity Database 2021, based on our study with Professor W. Erwin Diewert (University of British Columbia).

© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Deb Kusum Das; individual chapters, the contributors. Recovery from the global financial crisis of 2008-09 has been notably slow in the European economy, with its growth rate for 2010-14 steady at 0.5 percent per annum on average, relative to 2.1 percent growth in the pre-crisis period of 2000-07 (as represented by 15 member countries of EU prior to enlargement). In contrast, the United States has managed to raise its growth rate to 1.9 percent for 2010-14, and is beginning to return to its long-term growth track. The Asian economy, which has become increasingly autonomous from the Western economies and even contributed to stabilizing the global economy at the time of the global financial crisis, has been maintaining a stable economic growth of 5.3 percent per annum on average during 2010-14. Yet, this represents a slowdown of 1 percentage point from the level recorded in the pre-crisis period. Our study indicates that it is mainly due to the reduction in the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) of the Asian economy.

The aim of the APO Productivity Databook 2008 is to provide a regional perspective on economic and labor productivity performance among APO member countries and show how they compare with leading economies like the U.S. and EU. Comparisons are also made with the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), which is not an APO member. In this transitional period, measures and analysis for labor productivity provided in this publication are simple and basic due to data limitations.The data issues will be more thoroughly addressed and investigated in the future PDB (Productivity Database) Project, conducted as a joint research work of APO and Keio Economic Observatory, Keio University.