Published papers

2011年3月11日に発生した東日本大震災から5年を迎えようとしている。政府が集中復興期間と定めた5年間が終了する。筆者は首都圏に在住であるが，最近はめっきり東日本大震災の被災地の話題に触れることが少なくなった印象を持っている。その理由の一つは2020年に開催予定の東京オリンピック・パラリンピックの話題が良い意味でも悪い意味でも増えていること，もう一つ2011年以降も日本では人的な被害を伴う災害が頻発していることではないかと考えている。被災者以外にとって確実に震災は過去になりつつある。被災地では復興は着実に進んでいるのだろうか。本論で主に扱う防災集団移転促進事業(以下防集)を見てみよう。宮城県の2016年1月12日時点の発表によれば，宮城県には12市町の195地区で防集が計画されていて，そのうち49地区で造成工事が完了している。残る146地区においてもすべて造成工事等に着手しているということである。完了した地区を時期ごとに見てみると，2013年度に終了していたのは，亘理町吉田南河原地区の1地区のみで，2014年度になると30地区で造成工事が完了した。既に完了しているものの多くの防集が被災から3年から4年かかったことになる。なお，これは造成工事の完了であるので，その移転地に住居を建てて移転するのは，それ以降になる。筆者は震災の1ヶ月後から気仙沼市に入り，様々な活動を行ってきているが，気仙沼市に関してみると最も早かったのが，大沢B地区で2015年1月末に完了している。気仙沼市では2014年度にさらに2地区完了し，2015年度に入りさらに6地区で完了した。後で紹介する舞根第2地区(以下では舞根地区と記載)は，2015年6月30日の完了であった。舞根地区では震災があった2011年3月末には被災した住民間で，高台移転の方針に合意していた。それから考えると実に4年3ヶ月以上の長い道のりであった。しかし，造成工事が完了している49地区はまだ恵まれているのかもしれない。宮城県では，まだ全体の4分の3の地区では完了しておらず，多くの住民は不自由な仮設住宅での暮らしを続けている。とても順調に復興しているとは言えないだろう。筆者は，慶應義塾大学湘南藤沢キャンパスの教員・学生とともに宮城県気仙沼市において様々な復興支援プロジェクトに取り組んできた。その過程で気仙沼市の被災状況や外部からの復興支援のあり方などをまとめているので，それらの詳細はそちらを参照いただきたい。また，本論では特に気仙沼市舞根地区の防集を取り上げる。気仙沼市全体の防集については別途論考をまとめているので，参照いただければ幸いである。

This study placed great importance on the understanding of city's structures in each the times, and I treated the historicity of Shizuoka through new ways of analysis. Although Shizuoka is a castle city was designed in the Edo period, many of the elements as a castle city have lost in various reasons. In urban planning, I shouldn't conclude that all historicity of castle cities originates from elements in Edo period, and we should discover the city's characters from urban structures in history and creations of ostensible characters are nonsense, for example the idea of rebuilding of a castle tower. Therefore, this study clarified changes of evaluations to the urban structure as to urban planning in center of Shizuoka city.

Bird communities on the II woodlots in a rural area near large cities were surveyed in wintering season from January to March 1995 to analyze the factors influencing the distribution of bird. Based on the species composition of bird, the woodlots were classified into three groups by TWINSPAN. The result showed that woodlot area is an important factor of the species composition. The ratios of edge with agricultural fields were significantly different between two woodlot groups. It was indicated that agricultural fields in the neighborhood influenced the species compositions of bird within woodlots. The necessary of buffer zones between agricultural field and woodlots against the invasion of agricultural bird species.

Species composition and vegetation structure of Quercus serrata woodlots were surveyed in the western part of Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, by line transect method. Forty transects were placed in 17 woodlots. Possible ways of succession of Q. serrata woodlots were discussed. No apparent differences in species composition were observed in the overstory of the studied woodlots; Q. serrata and Stylax japonica were dominant in the upper tree layer and in the lower tree layer, respectively. In the shrub layer, a large number of individuals of Q. myrsinaefolia, which is considered to be a dominant species of the potential natural vegetation of the studied area, was observed. Chamaecyparis obtusa, that is an evergreen coniferous tree species and is said to have been introduced artificially into the studied woodlots, was also recorded abundantly in the shrub layer. It appears that both Q. myrsinaefolia and C. obtusa can be dominant in future.

From November 1995 to early April 1996, 376 individuals were banded in an extensive forest and two isolated woodlots in the Sayama Hills, Central Japan. Each captured individual was fitted with a numbered metal ring and celluloid colored ring. A large number of individuals (15 or more) were banded for Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos kizuki, Brown-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis, Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus, Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus, Japanese Bush Warbler Cettia diphone, Varied Tit Parus varius, Great Tit Parus major, Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus and Black-faced Bunting Emberiza spodocephala. Pale Thrush, Varied Tit and Japanese White-eye were captured more frequently in the extensive forest than in the isolated woodlots, while Great Tit and Black-faced Bunting were captured more frequently in the woodlots. The number of the captured individuals took the maximum in January, perhaps because fruits of Eurya japonica, a typical shrub species favored by most birds in the study area, were a vailable during this month. Several movements of Varied Tit and Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus within the study area were observed. A Long-tailed Tit moved from one of the isolated woodlots to the other (a distance of about 100 m). Sixty of the 376 banded individuals were recaptured at the same banding site. Recapture ratios of Japanese Bush Warbler, Pale Thrush and Red-flanked Bluetail, which frequent the shrub layer, were very high. On the other hand, although a large number of Great Tit and Japanese White-eye were banded, recapture ratios for these two species were lower. These results suggest that during the wintering season, the former three species tend to settle in a restricted area, while the later two species tend to move about over a wide range of forest habitat.

The relation between wildbirds distribution and land use pattern was analyzed in the Sayama City, Saitama Pref., and the factors which influenced the avifauna were discussed. In this study multivariate methods based on grid cell data were used. Our results showed that avian species were classified into three categories, those are forest species, riparian species, and species occurring between forest and urban area, and that the species richness of forest or riparian species positivery correlated with each habitat area. It appeared that Species belonging to the third category utilized several types of habtat. From the viewpoint of avian conservation, the area of the Sayama City was divided into several parts based on the avifauna and land use should be the key of ecological management.

Bird distributions in isolated woodlots and urban parks in an urban area were censused during a wintering season to identify the factors influencing the distribution of wintering birds. The study sites were located in Tokorozawa City, that is almost 30 km northwest of Tokyo and a typical residential city around Tokyo. The results showed that the bird species richness significantly correlated with only area covered by woods. Based on the species composition of birds, the study sites were classified into two types by Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). One type included all of the urban parks and two isolated woodlots (Type A), while the other group consisted of the other isolated woodlots (Type B). It appeared that the ratio of edge contacting with urban land use to all edge explained the separation of the two groups in the best manner. The location of the observed bird individuals indicated that several species showed tendency to prefer particular layers of vegetation: for example, Emberiza spodocephala and Corvus macrorhynchos tended to be in shrub layer and on upper crown, respectively. This observation suggested that vegetation structure also influenced bird distribution.