Are Humans Selfish or Not? The Debates of Modern British Moralists Are Relevant Today

"Are humans inherently selfish or social?" "If humans are selfish, how do they become social?" Modern British moralists debated these questions for several centuries, from the 17th to the 19th century. I am researching this subject by accurately tracing their arguments and engaging in a dialogue with them.

Modern British moralists presented a wide variety of ideas and engaged in lively debates. Mandeville stated, "It is fine for humans to be selfish. Selfish desires develop the economy and enrich society." This became known as "Mandeville's Paradox," and resolving it became a major theme for later thinkers. One of them, Adam Smith, affirmed that "selfishness is not necessarily evil" and further argued that in a just society, selfish desires become an "invisible hand" that increases the happiness of society. In reality, however, the interests of the individual and society did not align. Subsequently, 19th-century moralists advanced the discussion to how to harmonize the interests of the individual and society by human hands.

Today, discussions on such subjects are rarely seen, and the high-level debates of that time are not well known. I believe that the subjects explored by the moralists are important and should be passed down through the ages. Even if one believes that "humans are selfish," the idea that "humans are inherently selfish" is not necessarily a truth. By learning that there are different perspectives and opinions, perhaps people can become a little more reflective. It is my hope and expectation that this, in turn, might change modern economic activities.

Ethics is the study that pursues the ideal state of people and society. It is not simply about learning the rules and norms of society. Of course, answers are not easily found. So, why do we continue to ponder questions that have no answers? One thing that can be said is that by thinking about extremely profound problems, we come to understand the depth and breadth of other problems. We can put our own problems into perspective and avoid making mistakes in life.

Thinking about life can become an academic pursuit. I learned this in high school and was both surprised and delighted. For those who wish to thoroughly contemplate the principles and ideals of humanity and society, I encourage you to study ethics.